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Expand Up @@ -3,20 +3,20 @@ title: "Plagues of the Past and Present"
authors: "Katherine Eaton"
dataset: "http://localhost:4000/plague150Local?d=map&legend=closed"
abstract: "
'The Plague' is a mystifying and devastating disease that has re-emerged multiple times throughout history. From the Plague of Justinian (6th century) to the Madagascar Plague Outbreak (2017), this infectious disease has resulted in exceptional mortality and societal upheaval.
'The Plague' is a mystifying and devastating disease that has re-emerged multiple times throughout history. From the Plague of Justinian (6th century), through the centuries long Black Death Pandemic (14th-19th century), to the Madagascar Plague Outbreak (2017), this infectious disease has resulted in exceptional mortality and societal upheaval.
### While our knowledge of plague has grown tremendously, there are many outstanding questions:
### While our knowledge of the plague has grown tremendously, there are many outstanding questions:
<br><br>
1. __Where__ did the ancient pandemics originate?
<br>
2. __When__ might modern plague foci re-activate?
2. __When__ might dormant plague zones re-activate?
<br>
3. __Why__ has plague gone extinct in some regions?
<br>
4. __How__ does a city respond to losing 30-50% of its population?
4. __How__ does a community respond to losing a large portion of its population?
<br><br>
### The mysteries of plague bring together researchers from a wide variety of disciplines from art history to microbiology. While each field stands to make a unique contribution, there remains a unified fascination over how people are affected and cope with this disease, as well as where, when, and why it suddenly appears...
### The mysteries of plague bring together researchers from a wide variety of disciplines from art history to microbiology. Each field contributes a unique perspective to the questions of how people are affected and cope with this disease, as well as where, when, and why it suddenly appears...
## Table of Contents
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# [Origins: The Ancient Plagues](http://localhost:4000/plague150Local?d=map)
#### The plagues of the ancient world have intriguing geographic origins.

#### Early hypotheses on the 'origins' of the ancient plagues varied greatly including regions in [Central and East Africa](https://www.jstor.org/stable/600071)[<sup>1</sup>](http://localhost:4000/narratives/plagueSCDS2020Local?n=8), [the Middle East, as well as Western and Central Asia](https://boydellandbrewer.com/the-black-death-1346-1353-the-complete-history.html)[<sup>2</sup>](http://localhost:4000/narratives/plagueSCDS2020Local?n=8).<br>
#### Early hypotheses on the 'origins' of the ancient plagues varied greatly including regions in [Central and East Africa](https://doi.org/10.2307/600071)[<sup>1</sup>](http://localhost:4000/narratives/plagueSCDS2020Local?n=8), [the Middle East, as well as Western and Central Asia](https://boydellandbrewer.com/the-black-death-1346-1353-the-complete-history.html)[<sup>2</sup>](http://localhost:4000/narratives/plagueSCDS2020Local?n=8).<br>

# The Power of Maps

#### Iconic maps produced in the mid-20th century have [largely influenced the discussion](https://academic.oup.com/past/article-abstract/211/1/3/1381253)[<sup>3</sup>](http://localhost:4000/narratives/plagueSCDS2020Local?n=8) on the spread of plague. The historical sources used to estimate plague mortality consist of documents such as parish records, financial transactions, wills, and local testimonies [(Christakos et al. 2005)](https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783540257943).
#### Iconic maps produced in the mid-20th century have [largely influenced the discussion](https://academic.oup.com/past/article-abstract/211/1/3/1381253)[<sup>3</sup>](http://localhost:4000/narratives/plagueSCDS2020Local?n=8) on the spread of plague. The historical sources used to [estimate plague mortality](https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783540257943)[<sup>4</sup>](http://localhost:4000/narratives/plagueSCDS2020Local?n=8) consist of documents such as parish records, financial transactions, wills, and local testimonies.

#### However, these source documents can be of poor quality or are sparsely found leading to high levels of uncertainty [(Skog and Hauska, 2013)](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9671.2012.01369.x). As a result, the historical sources used in the construction of these maps are experiencing renewed critical re-examination [(Bossak and Welford, 2015)](https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781315610252/chapters/10.4324%2F9781315610252-12).
#### However, these source documents can be of poor quality or are sparsely found leading to [high levels of uncertainty](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9671.2012.01369.x)[<sup>5</sup>](http://localhost:4000/narratives/plagueSCDS2020Local?n=8). As a result, the historical sources used in the construction of these maps are experiencing [renewed critical re-examination](https://www.routledge.com/Spatial-Analysis-in-Health-Geography/Kanaroglou-Delmelle/p/book/9781138546615)[<sup>6</sup>](http://localhost:4000/narratives/plagueSCDS2020Local?n=8).


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<div>
<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anne_Laudisoit2/publication/315837122">
<img alt="microscopy image of coronaviruses" width="500" src="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anne_Laudisoit2/publication/315837122/figure/fig1/AS:652961457897473@1532689551350/a-leftThe-origin-and-spread-of-Justinian-plague.png"/>
<pre> Spread of the Justinian Plague (Laudisoit, 2009)</pre>
<pre> Spread of the Justinian Plague [7] </pre>
</a>
<a href="https://books.google.ca/books/about/The_Black_Death_1346_1353.html?id=KjLHAOE7irsC">
<a href="https://boydellandbrewer.com/the-black-death-1346-1353-the-complete-history.html">
<img alt="illustration of a coronavirus" width="600" src="https://www.historytoday.com/sites/default/files/blackdeathmap.jpg"/>
<pre> Spread of the Black Death Plague (Benedictow, 2010)</pre>
<pre> Spread of the Black Death Plague [2] </pre>
</a>
</div>
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# [References](http://localhost:4000/plague150Local?d=tree,map&legend=closed)
1. Dols, M. W. (1974). [Plague in early Islamic history](https://www.jstor.org/stable/600071). *Journal of the American Oriental Society*, 94(3), 371–383.
1. Dols, M. W. (1974). [Plague in early Islamic history](https://doi.org/10.2307/600071). *Journal of the American Oriental Society*, 94(3), 371–383.
2. Benedictow, O. J. (2004). [The Black Death, 1346-1353: The Complete History](https://boydellandbrewer.com/the-black-death-1346-1353-the-complete-history.html). Woodbridge, Suffolk, United Kingdom: Boydell Press.
3. Mengel, D. C. (2011). [A plague on Bohemia? Mapping the Black Death](https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtq069). *Past & Present*, 211(1), 3–34.
4. Christakos, G., Olea, R. A., Serre, M. L., Yu, H.-L., & Wang, L.-L. (2005). [Interdisciplinary Public Health Reasoning and Epidemic Modelling: The Case of Black Death](https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-28165-7). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
5. Skog, L., & Hauska, H. (2013). [Spatial Modeling of the Black Death in Sweden]https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9671.2012.01369.x. *Transactions in GIS*, 17(4), 589–611.
6. Bossak, B. H., & Welford, M. R. (2016). [Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of the Medieval Black Death](https://www.routledge.com/Spatial-Analysis-in-Health-Geography/Kanaroglou-Delmelle/p/book/9781138546615). In P. Kanaroglou & E. D. Delmelle (Eds.), Spatial Analysis in Health Geography (pp. 93–106). Routledge.
7. Laudisoit, A. (2009). [Diversity, ecology and status of potential hosts and vectors of the plague bacillus *Yersinia pestis* (PhD Thesis)](https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.25362.25281). University of Liège and Antwerpen.



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<!-- 9 : LS : References -->
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# [References](http://localhost:4000/plague150Local?d=tree,map&legend=closed)
Bossak, B. H. & Welford, M. R. (2015). [Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of the Medieval Black Death](https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781315610252/chapters/10.4324%2F9781315610252-12). In E. Delmelle, A. Páez, & P. Kanaroglou (Eds.), Spatial Analysis in Health Geography. Surrey, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
Bossak, B. H. & Welford, M. R. (2015). [Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of the Medieval Black Death](https://www.routledge.com/Spatial-Analysis-in-Health-Geography/Kanaroglou-Delmelle/p/book/9781138546615). In E. Delmelle, A. Páez, & P. Kanaroglou (Eds.), Spatial Analysis in Health Geography. Surrey, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
<br><br>
Christakos, G., Olea, R. A., Serre, M. A., Yu, H.-L., & Wang, L.-L. (2005). [Interdisciplinary Public Health Reasoning and Epidemic Modelling: The Case of the Black Death](https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783540257943). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
<br><br>
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