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V-krrh.html
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<html>
<HEAD> <TITLE>Mellon Project: Advanced Hindi</title>
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<center> <FONT SIZE="+1" FACE="Xdvng" COLOR="#0000FF">
y:Üen:v:es:ýXi Aaôf em:eS:g:n: </font> </center>
<br>
<center> <H4> Mellonsite for Advanced Learners of Hindi and Urdu </H4>
</center> <p>
<center>Notes on <b>V-</b> <font face="Xdvng">kr rh</font>-
and expressing determination.</center> <br>
In Hindi-Urdu the conjunctive
participle in <font face="Xdvng">kr</font> (or <font
face="Xdvng">kñ </font>) is typically used to express
the anteriority of one action to another: <p>
<a name=01001>
1. <font face="Xdvng">j:Üt:ð</font>, <font
face="Xdvng">p:g:_i Aaòr t:m:aK:Ü ka b:XÙAa l:akr
s:am:n:ð p:Xk edy:ð.</font> <br>
'...bringing (his) shoes, turban, and tobacco pouch, she
threw them down in front (of him).' <br>
(from Chapter One of <font
face="Xdvng">)ðm:c:nd</font>'s <font
face="Xdvng">g:aðdan:</font>. See <a
href="godan01.html#01001">context</a>.) <br>
<a name=02737>
2. <font face="Xdvng">kÙC n: p:ÜCað</font>,
<font face="Xdvng">dada</font>, <font face="Xdvng">j:i y:hi
c:aht:a T:a ek khiø <b>j:akñ</b> RÜb:
m:-û.</font> <br>
'Don't ask, Dada! I really feel like going somewhere and
drowning myself.' <br>
(from Chapter Three of <font face="Xdvng">g:aðdan:</font>. See <a
href="godan03.html#02737">context</a>.) <br>
There are contexts, however, where the conjunctive
participle cannot be understood in this way. In construction with the verb
<font face="Xdvng">rh</font>, for instance, the <b>V-</b>
<font face="Xdvng">kr</font> must be interpreted as
expressing determination on the part of the subject: <p>
<a name=09316>
3. <font face="Xdvng">m:òø t:að y:h n:aXk
K:ðl:kr rhÜúg:a</font>, <font face="Xdvng">c:ahñ dØK:ant: hi Vy:aðø n:
hað</font> ! <br>
'I will play this drama to the end, even if it turns out
to be a tragedy!' <br>
(from Chapter Seven of <font face="Xdvng">g:aðdan:</font>. See <a
href="godan07.html#09316">context</a>.) <br>
The sense of determination may be reinforced by interposing the
particle <font face="Xdvng">hi</font>: <p>
<a name=34017>
4. <font face="Xdvng">,p:O Q:c:ü krn:ð s:ð
AcCa haðt:a</font>, <font face="Xdvng">t:að
c:ahð B:iK: hi m:aúg:n:a p:_t:a</font>, <font
face="Xdvng">v:h us:ð AcCa krkñ hi rhðg:a</font>
. . . <br>
'If spending money could make him well, then even if he
had to beg, he was determined to make him well.' <br>
(from Chapter Thirty-three of <font face="Xdvng">g:aðdan:</font>. See <a
href="godan33.html#34017">context</a>.) <br>
The sense of determination
in V- <font face="Xdvng">kr rh </font> is lost if instead
of <font face="Xdvng">rh</font>, the compound form
<font face="Xdvng">rh j:a</font> is used. Contrast (5)
with (6): <p>
<a name=33913>
5. <font face="Xdvng">edn: kað t:að
daðn:aðø c:n:a</font>- <font face="Xdvng">c:b:ðn:a K:akr rh j:at:ð.</font> <br>
'During the day the two of them would content themselves
with eating roasted chickpeas...' <br>
(from Chapter Thirty-three of <font
face="Xdvng">g:aðdan:</font>. See <a
href="godan33.html#33913">context</a>.) <br>
6. <font face="Xdvng">edn: kað t:að
daðn:aðø m:Ø^:ü</font>- <font face="Xdvng">m:Ùs:ll:m: K:akr rht:ð.</font> <br>
'During the day the two of them would insist on having
roasted chicken...' <p>
The implication in (5) is that they would have liked more; in (6), that
they would not take less. For more on this difference, see <a
href="V-krrhj:a.html">notes</a> on V- <font face="Xdvng">kr rh j:a</font>. <br>
If the meaning of determination is
desired, the conjunctive participle V- <font face="Xdvng">kr</font> permits a number of alternatives to <font
face="Xdvng">rh</font>: <br>
<a name=34010> <a name=V240ebna.choR>
7. <font face="Xdvng">m:al:t:i</font>: <font
face="Xdvng">t:Øm: m:ÜúCðø s:af
Vy:aðø n:hiø kr l:ðt:ð</font> ?<br>
<font
face="Xdvng">m:ðht:a</font>: <font
face="Xdvng">m:ðri m:ÜúCðø
m:ØJ:ð )aN:aðø s:ð e)y:
hòø.</font> <br> <font
face="Xdvng">m:al:t:i</font>: <font face="Xdvng">Ab:ki
p:k_ l:ðg:a</font>, <font face="Xdvng">t:að
uK:a_kr hi Cað_ðg:a</font> ! <p>
Malati: 'Why don't you shave off your moustache?' <br>
Mehta: 'My moustache is dearer to me than my life!' <br>
Malati: 'This time if he (the baby) gets a grip on it,
there's no way he won't tear it out by the roots!' <p>
(from Chapter Thirty-three of <font
face="Xdvng">g:aðdan:</font>. See <a
href="godan33.html#34010">context</a>.) <br>
Use of the masculine singular oblique form of the past passive participle
plus <font face="Xdvng">eb:n:a</font> with negation of the
following verb is another way of expressing determination. See <a
href="V240ebna.html">notes</a>. <p>
8. <font face="Xdvng">Ab:ki p:k_ l:ðg:a</font>,
<font face="Xdvng">t:að uK:a_ð eb:n:a n:hiø
Cað_ðg:a</font> ! <br>
The meaning of some of these
constructions can also be expressed with a <font face="Xdvng">j:b: t:k</font>-clause. See <a
href="j:b:t:k.html">notes</a>. <br>
9. <font face="Xdvng">j:b: t:k uK:a_ n: l:ð t:b: t:k
n:hiø Cað_ðg:a.</font> <p>
To <a href="gramdex.html">index</a> of grammatical notes. <p>
To <a href="mindex.html">index</a> of <font face="Xdvng">m:lhar</font> <p>
Drafted and posted 3-4 Feb 2001. Augmented 29 Oct 2001.
Reformatted and relinked 30 June 2004. <p>
</html>