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<HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>Oblique past participle plus binaa</title>
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<center> <FONT SIZE="+1" FACE="Xdvng" COLOR="#0000FF">
y:Üen:v:es:ýXi Aaôf em:eS:g:n: </font> </center> <br>
<center> <font face="Xdvng">m:ar K:aO eb:n:a n:hiø
m:an:t:a H </font> Notes on V- <font face="Xdvng">O
eb:n:a</font> </center> <br>
In Hindi-Urdu the postpositions
<font face="Xdvng">eb:n:a</font> and <font
face="Xdvng">b:^:òr</font> 'without' are used with the oblique
masculine singular form of the past participle of any verb to express
'without V-ing': <p>
<a name=21912>
1. <font face="Xdvng">hús:ð eb:n:a t:að
ej:y:a n:hiø j:a s:kt:a.</font> <br>
'A man cannot live without laughing.' <p>
(from Chapter Twenty-one of <font
face="Xdvng">)ðm:c:nd</font>'s <font
face="Xdvng">g:aðdan:</font>. See <a
href="godan21.html#21908">context</a>.) <br>
<a name=10123>
However, unlike most postpositions in Hindi-Urdu, <font
face="Xdvng">eb:n:a</font> is also used as a preposition: <br>
2. <font face="Xdvng">unhaðøn:ð
p:Økara</font> -- <font face="Xdvng">z:ra s:Øen:O</font>,
<font face="Xdvng">em:z:aüj:i</font>, <font
face="Xdvng">Aap: t:að B:ag:ð j:a rhð hòø. <br>
em:z:aüj:i n:ð eb:n:a ,kñ hØO
j:v:ab: edy:a</font> -- <font face="Xdvng">v:h ^:rib: b:aðJ:
el:y:ð Et:n:i t:ðz:i s:ð c:l:a j:a rha hò. </font>
<br>
'He called out, "Listen, would you, Mirza Ji? You are
(practically) running!" <br> Without stopping Mirza
Ji answered, "That poor man is running so fast (and he is) carrying all
(our) stuff."' <p>
(from Chapter Seven of <font
face="Xdvng">g:aðdan:</font>. See <a
href="godan07.html#10118">context</a>.) <br>
<font face="Xdvng">eb:n:a</font> is especially likely
to appear as a preposition (rather then as a postposition) if its object
is an entire clause, as in (3): <p>
<a name=04813>
3. <font face="Xdvng">us: p:r B:i t:Ü eb:n:a ds: g:al:i
edy:ð raðXi n: dðt:i T:i. </font> <br>
'Even so you wouldn't give me food without giving a
dozen curses as well.' <p>
(from Chapter Four of <font
face="Xdvng">g:aðdan:</font>. See <a
href="godan04.html#04809">context</a>.) <br>
If the subject of a <font face="Xdvng">eb:n:a</font>-clause differs
from the subject of the main clause, it is expressed as the possessor of
V-<font face="Xdvng">O</font>: <br>
4. <font face="Xdvng">edn:</font>-<font face="Xdvng">rat:
t:Ømhara Dy:an: hò</font>, <font face="Xdvng">eb:n:a
t:Ømharð em:l:ð un:kað kb: Aaram: hò</font> ?
<br>
'Day and night he thinks of you. How can he be at
rest without having you?' <p>
<a name=ikenai>
(from <font face="Xdvng">b:y:an:</font> Four of
Part One of <font face="Xdvng">K:*:i</font>'s <font
face="Xdvng">c:ndÒkant:a</font>.) <p>
<a name=10424>
V-<font face="Xdvng">O eb:n:a</font> is often used
with another negated verb (in a construction parallel to the V-<i>nakute
naranai / ikenai</i> of colloquial Japanese) as a double negative in the
meaning of 'have to V' or 'must': <p>
5. <font face="Xdvng">Aaòr g:y:ð eb:n:a kam:
n:hiø c:l:t:a. </font> <br>
<a name=sher03>
'And she had to go.' (Lit: 'Without going it would
not be okay.') <p>
(from Chapter Seven of <font
face="Xdvng">g:aðdan:</font>. See <a
href="godan07.html#10420">context</a>.) <p>
6. <font face="Xdvng">eb:n: m:ðrð s:t:ay:ð n:
b:n:ð</font> <br>
'She must torture me.' (Lit: 'May she be unable not
to torture me.') <p>
(from a <font face="Xdvng">^:z:l:</font> by
<font face="Xdvng">^:ael:b:</font>. See <a
href="^zlinaae.html">context</a>.) <p>
For more examples of this use of V-<font face="Xdvng">O
eb:n:a</font>, see <a href="passincap.html#ikenai">notes</a> on the
passive of incapacity. <p>
A related idiom is the use of V-<font
face="Xdvng">O eb:n:a</font> with the negated form of either
<font face="Xdvng">rh</font> or <font
face="Xdvng">Cað_</font> to express determination or
ineluctability: <p>
<a name=28726>
7. <font face="Xdvng">b:ij: Aødr p:_a</font>,
<font face="Xdvng">t:að AúK:ØAa
en:kl:ð eb:n:a n:hiø rht:a. </font> <br>
'Once the seed's gone in, there's no way
the shoot's not gonna come out!'<p>
(from Chapter Twenty-seven of
<font face="Xdvng">g:aðdan:</font>. See <a
href="godan27.html#28722">context</a>.) <p>
<a name=viDambanaa.008>
8. <font face="Xdvng">g:eN:t: kñ keYn: s:ð
keYn: )Sn: Vy:aðø n: hað</font>, . . .
<font face="Xdvng">j:y:dðv: eb:n:a us:ð
s:Øl:J:aO Cað_t:a n: T:a. </font> <br>
'No matter how hard the math problem might
be, Jayadeva never failed to solve it.' (= 'never left it
unsolved.') <p>
(from the story
<font face="Xdvng">ev:Rmb:n:a</font> by <font
face="Xdvng">n:rðndÓ kÙm:ar es:nha</font>. See <a
href="viDambanaa.html#viDambanaa.008">context</a>.) <br>
For discussion of constructions convergent with this one see the <a
href="cmpnd2vrb.html#V240ebna">notes</a> on compound-compound
verbs and <a href="V-krrh.html#V240ebna.choR">notes</a> on
V-<font face="Xdvng">kr rh</font>- . <p>
To <a href="V240ebnax.html">exercise</a> on V-<font face="Xdvng">O
eb:n:a</font>. <p>
Other sections dealing with negation: <p>
1. V-<font
face="Xdvng">n:ðv:al:a</font> to express <a
href="Vnevaal@neg.html">disapproval, disbelief, defiance or
denial</a>. <br>
2. <font face="Xdvng">m:j:al:
hò </font>! <a href="majaala.html">Warning and
warding off</a>. <br>
3. <font face="Xdvng">rha
n:hiø j:at:a H</font> Passive of <a
href="passincap.html">incapacity</a> <br>
4. <font face="Xdvng">b:n:aO
n: b:n:ð H</font> <a href="banaaenabane.html">Paired
verbs and incapacity</a>. <br>
5. <font
face="Xdvng">j:an:ð ka n:am: n:hiø l:ðt:a
H</font> <a href="emphneg.html">Empahtic
negation</a>. <p>
To <a href="gramdex.html">index</a> of grammatical notes. <p>
To <a href="mindex.html">index</a> of <font
face="Xdvng">m:lhar</font> <p>
First drafted and posted in Jan 2001. Reformatted in Oct 2001.
IE-enabled 15 June 2002. Augmented 30 June 2004.
Cross-referenced 22 Aug 2004. <p>
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