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<html>
<HEAD> <TITLE>Mellon Project: Advanced Hindi</title>
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<a name=top>
<center> <FONT SIZE="+1" FACE="Xdvng"
COLOR=#0000FF>y:Ün:iv:es:ýXi Aaôf em:eS:g:n: </font>
</center> <p>
<center> Derived intransitive verbs (antitransitives) </center> <p>
<center> (adapted from Chapter Sixteen of <cite><a
href="publication.html#hindi-urdu">Hindi Structures</a></cite>.)
</center> <p>
In Hindi-Urdu it is possible to derive
intransitive verbs from transitive by dropping the agent and making
certain changes in the verb stem: <p>
<center> <table width="560" border cellspacing="1">
<tr> <td> 1a. Transitive: </td>
<td> <font
face="Xdvng">K:aðl:</font>- </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">dØkan:dar s:Øb:h AaY b:j:ð
dØkan: K:aðl:t:a hò.</font> <br>
'The shopkeeper opens his shop at 8AM.' </td>
<tr> <td> 1b. Derived Intransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">K:Øl:</font>- </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">dØkan: s:Øb:h AaY b:j:ð
K:Øl:t:i hò.</font> <br>
'The shop opens at 8AM.' </td> </table> </center> <p>
For the sake of brevity we shall refer to derived intransitives as
"antitransitives".<p>
<center> <table width="560" border cellspacing="1">
<tr> <td> 2a. Transitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">D:að</font>- </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">Vy:a n:aòkran:i n:ð kp:_ð
Ab: t:k n:hiø D:aðO</font> ? <br>
'Didn't the maid wash the clothes yet? ' </td>
<tr> <td> 2b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">D:Øl:</font>- </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">Vy:a kp:_ð Ab: t:k n:hiø
D:Ùl:ð</font> ? <br> 'Aren't the clothes washed
yet'? </td>
<tr> <td> 3a. Transitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">b:n:a</font>- </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">b:`I</font>, <font face="Xdvng">Aap:
kÙs:i ý j:ldi hi b:n:a dðøg:ð</font>,
<font face="Xdvng">n:</font> ? <br> 'Carpenter, you'll
make the chair soon, won't you?' </td>
<tr> <td> 3b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">b:n:</font>- </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">b:`I</font>, <font
face="Xdvng">kÙs:i ý j:ldi hi b:n: j:aOg:i</font>,
<font face="Xdvng">n:</font> ?<br> 'Carpenter, the chair
will be done soon, won't it?' </td>
</table> </center> <p>
Antitransitives are used when the speaker is
not interested in <i>who</i> does something, but merely in the fact that
it gets done. For example, in English, 'Has the mail come yet?' more
accurately reflects what really matters to the speaker than does the
fuller 'Did the mailman bring the mail yet?' even though they both
describe the same event. In Hindi this strategy of expression is
even more commonly used than it is in English: used not only when we are
not interested in who does something, as in the examples given above, but
also when the identity of the doer has been previously established.
For example, in describing the activities of her mother a speaker
uses the antitransitive forms <font face="Xdvng">b:n:i</font> and
<font face="Xdvng">S:Ø- hað g:y:a</font>: <p>
4. <font face="Xdvng">j:òs:ð b:cc:ð skÝl:
s:ð AaO t:B:i c:ay: b:n:i. ePr K:an:ð ka Eøt:z:am:
S:Ø- hað g:y:a. us:kñ b:ad ePr Amm:aú</font> . .
. <br>
'As soon as the kids came home from school the tea
became ready and then preparations for dinner began. <br>
After that Mother...' (Southworth tape
H-3-121) <p>
Since the entire passage concerns the actions of one agent the speaker
feels free to vary the tone by sometimes describing these actions as if
they occurred independently of the agent. <br>
Deliberate suppression of information can have
ironic effect. Antitransitives are often used by Hindi speakers to
that end. For example, in Mohan Rakesh's play <font
face="Xdvng">AaD:ð AD:Ürð</font> a little girl is desperate
for attention from her parents. She reproaches them for not having
brought her the things she needs for school:<p>
5. <font face="Xdvng">Aaòr t:Øm:n:ð kha T:a
¡Vl:p: Aaòr m:aðz:ð Es: hFt:ð z:-r Aa
j:ay:ðøg:ð</font>, <font face="Xdvng">Aa g:y:ð
hòø</font> ? <br>
'And you said that you would surely bring me the clip
and socks this week. Did you?' (page 35) <p>
Here, by purposely using the antitransitive <font
face="Xdvng">Aa</font> instead of the corresponding transitive <font
face="Xdvng">l:a</font>, and by dropping <font
face="Xdvng">t:Øm:</font>, the girl gives her words a sarcastic
edge. <br>
<a name=03317>
The antitransitive is useful to the Hindi
speaker for another reason. It spares him or her from having to
choose the most appropriate second person pronoun, a choice which is
not always easy or obvious (and sometimes is even dangerous) to make.
For example, in the following, by using the antitransitive, a
peasant woman is able not only to avoid choosing between <font
face="Xdvng">t:Øm:</font> and <font
face="Xdvng">t:Ü</font>, but also to maintain the appearance of
not having directly addressed a strange male at all:<p>
6. <font face="Xdvng">hira</font>-<font
face="Xdvng">b:hÜ</font> ... <font face="Xdvng">c:aòD:ri
kað b:aús: kaXt:ð dðK:kr G:ÜúG:X kñ
Andr s:ð b:aðl:i</font>, " <font face="Xdvng">kaòn:
b:aús: kaXt:a hò</font> ? <font face="Xdvng">y:haú
b:aús: n: kXðøg:ð</font> !"<br>
'Hîrâ's wife, seeing Chaudharî
cutting the bamboo, spoke from behind her veil, "Who's cutting the bamboo?
<br>   You're not to cut our bamboo!"'
(literally: 'Here the bamboo will not be cut!') <br>
(from Chapter Four of <font
face="Xdvng">g:aðdan:</font>. See <a
href="godan04.html#03314">context</a>.) <br>
One of the most important uses of the antitransitive, namely, the
expression of incapacity, is discussed in detail in a separate set of <a
href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~pehook/intransincap.html">notes</a>. <br>
Antitransitive verbs are derived from the
transitives by rules which are similar to those used for the derivation of
transitives from intransitives (see <a href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~pehook/dertrans">notes</a>):<p>
I. If the stem of the transitive has long <font
face="Xdvng">I</font>, <font face="Xdvng">U</font>, or <font
face="Xdvng">Aa</font>, the stem of the antitransitive has the
corresponding short vowel:<br>
<center> <table width="640" border cellspacing="1">
<tr> <td> 7a. Transitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">p:iX</font>- 'beat'
</td>
<td> => </td>
<td> 7b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">ep:X</font>- 'get a beating'
</td>
<tr> <td> 8a. Transitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">kÝX</font>- 'grind up'
</td>
<td> => </td>
<td> 8b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">kÙX</font>- 'be ground
up' </td>
<tr> <td> 9a. Transitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">Cap:</font>- 'print'
</td>
<td> => </td>
<td> 9b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">Cp:</font>- 'be printed'
</td>
</table> </center> <p>
II. An <font face="Xdvng">Aað</font> in the stem is
replaced by <font face="Xdvng">u</font>; and an <font
face="Xdvng">O</font>, by <font face="Xdvng">E</font>.
If the stem of the transitive has only one syllable and ends in a
vowel, a final <font face="Xdvng">l:</font> is often found in
the stem of the antitransitive.<p>
<center> <table width="640" border cellspacing="1">
<tr> <td> 10a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng">K:aðl:</font>- 'open' </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 10b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">K:Øl:</font>- 'be opened'
</td>
<tr> <td> 11a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng">Cð_</font>- 'annoy' </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 11b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">eC_</font>- 'get riled up'
</td>
<tr> <td> 12a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng">D:að</font>- 'wash' </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 12b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">D:Øl:</font>- 'be washed'
</td>
<tr> <td> 13a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng">s:i</font>- 'stitch' </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 13b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">es:l:</font>- 'be stitched'
</td>
</table> </center> <br>
(Note: The polite imperative of <font
face="Xdvng">s:i</font> is <font
face="Xdvng">s:iEy:ð</font> or <font
face="Xdvng">s:iej:y:ð</font>.) <br>
III. A nasal vowel in the stem of the transitive is sometimes
answered by a nasal short in the antitransitive; sometimes by a plain
short. Either may be used:<p>
<center> <table width="644" border cellspacing="1">
<tr> <td> 14a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng">b:aúX</font>- 'divide' </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 14b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">b:úX</font>- or <font
face="Xdvng">b:X</font>- 'be divided' </td>
<tr> <td> 15a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng">K:iøc:</font>- 'pull' </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 15b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">eK:úc:</font>- or <font
face="Xdvng">eK:c:</font>- 'be pulled' </td>
<tr> <td> 16a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng">s:ðøk</font>- 'heat' </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 16b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">es:úk</font>- or <font
face="Xdvng">es:k</font>- 'be heated; bask' </td>
</table> </center> <br>
IV. There are a few transitive verbs that have short vowels to begin
with. Accordingly their antitransitives are homonymous with their
transitive counterparts:<p>
<center> <table width="640" border cellspacing="1">
<tr> <td> 17a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng">B:r</font>- 'fill' </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 17b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">B:r</font>- 'get filled'
</td>
<tr> <td> 18a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng">b:dl:</font>- 'change' (trans) </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 18b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">b:dl:</font>- 'change'
(intrans) </td>
<tr> <td> 19a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng">b:Øn:</font>- 'weave' </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 19b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">b:Øn:</font>- 'be woven'
</td>
<tr> <td> 20a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng">p:k_</font>- 'catch' </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 20b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">p:k_</font>- 'get caught'
</td>
</table> </center> <br>
<a name=09431>
21. <font face="Xdvng">dðhat:i s:kp:ka g:y:a.
Rra</font>, <font face="Xdvng">khiø b:ðg:ar
m:ðø n: p:k_ j:ay:.</font> <br>
'The villager was startled. He was afraid
he might get caught in a corvée.' <p>
(from Chapter Seven of <font
face="Xdvng">g:aðdan:</font>. See <a
href="godan07.html#09426">context</a>.) <br>
V. Exceptions: a. One or two disyllabic stems yield
antitransitives by dropping a final <font
face="Xdvng">Aa</font> :<p>
<center> <table width="640" border cellspacing="1">
<tr> <td> 22a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng">b:n:a</font>- 'make' </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 22b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">b:n:</font>- 'be made; become'
</td>
<tr> <td> 23a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng">m:n:a</font>- 'celebrate' </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 23b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">m:n:</font>- 'be celebrated'
</td>
</table> </center> <br>
In most cases, however, the stem <b>with</b> the <font
face="Xdvng">Aa</font> is the derived one and the stem
<b>without</b> the <font face="Xdvng">Aa</font> is the basic
one (see <a href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~pehook/dertran">notes</a> on derived transitives).<p>
V. There are other exceptions to rules I through IV: b. One is
a set of verbs ending in <font face="Xdvng">_</font>, many of which
refer to kinds of destruction:<p>
<center> <table width="640" border cellspacing="1">
<tr> <td> 24a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng">Pað_</font>- 'burst' (trans) </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 24b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">PÝX</font>- 'burst'
(intrans) </td>
<tr> <td> 25a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng">t:að_</font>- 'break' (trans) </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 25b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">XÜX</font>- 'break'
(intrans) </td>
<tr> <td> 26a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng">Pa_</font>- 'tear' (trans) </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 26b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">PX</font>- 'tear' (intrans)
</td>
<tr> <td> 27a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng">Cað_</font>- 'leave; let go of' </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 27b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">CÜX</font>- 'be left; get
free of' </td>
</table> </center> <br>
V. c. Other transitive - antitransitive pairs show few
regularities:<p>
<center> <table width="640" border cellspacing="1">
<tr> <td> 28a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng">b:ðc:</font>- 'sell' </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 28b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">eb:k</font>- 'be sold'
</td>
<tr> <td> 29a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng">b:K:ðr</font>- 'scatter' </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 29b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">eb:K:r</font>- 'be strewn'
</td>
<tr> <td> 30a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng">G:s:ðX</font>- 'drag' </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 30b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">eG:s:X</font>- 'be dragged'
</td>
</table> </center> <br>
VI. Suppletion. Suppletive pairs are those in which their is
no resemblance at all in the shape of the transitive and the shape of the
antitransitive. Still, on the basis of meanings and the clause
structures associated with them, they can be considered to form pairs.
For example, transitive expressions formed with <font
face="Xdvng">kr</font>- may have antitransitive counterparts in
<font face="Xdvng">hað</font>- : <br>
<a name=23222> <a name=32629>
<center> <table width="644" border cellspacing="1">
<tr> <td> 31a. Transitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">Eøt:z:am: kr</font>- </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">us:n:ð Eøt:z:am: n:hiø
eky:a</font> ? <br>
'Didn't he make the arrangement?' </td>
<tr> <td> 31b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">Eøt:z:am: hað</font>- </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">Eøt:z:am: n:hiø hØAa</font>
? <br>
'Wasn't the arrangement made?' </td>
<tr> <td> 32a. Transitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">S:Ø- kr</font>- </td>
<td> ...<font face="Xdvng">ray: s:ahb: n:ð b:at:c:it:
S:Ø- kr di.</font> <br>
'...Rây Sâhab began (his son's marriage) negotiations.'
( <font face="Xdvng"><a href="godan22.html#23216">g:aðdan:</a></font>
) </td>
<tr> <td> 32b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">S:Ø- hað</font>- </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">Es:kñ b:ad ,dÓp:al: kñ
ev:v:ah ki b:at:c:it: S:Ø- hØI.</font> <br>
'After this negotiations for Rudrapâl's marriage began.'
( <font face="Xdvng"><a
href="godan31.html#32625">g:aðdan:</a></font> ) </td>
</table> </center> <br>
For further examples of transitive and antitransitive pairs in <font
face="Xdvng">kr</font>- and <font face="Xdvng">hað</font>-,
see <a href="incorp.html">notes</a> on noun incorporation. <br>
Sometimes antitransitives in <font
face="Xdvng">hað</font>- are <font
face="Xdvng">kað</font>-expressions and as such allow the expression
of an "experiencer" agent:<p>
<center> <table width="640" border cellspacing="1">
<tr> <td> 33a. Transitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">Eøt:z:ar kr</font>- </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">Vy:a t:Øm: eks:i ka Eøt:z:ar kr
rhi hað</font> ?   <br>
'Are you waiting for someone?' </td>
<tr> <td> 33b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">Eøt:z:ar hað</font>- </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">Vy:a</font> ( <font
face="Xdvng">t:Øm:kað</font> ) <font face="Xdvng">eks:i ka
Eøt:z:ar hò</font> ? <br>
'Are you waiting for someone?' </td>
</table> </center> <br>
Not every transitive verb yields an antitransitive.
In particular very few "reflexives" have them: <font
face="Xdvng">K:a</font> (* <font face="Xdvng">K:l:</font> ), <font
face="Xdvng">p:i</font> (* <font face="Xdvng">ep:l:</font> ), <font
face="Xdvng">l:ð</font> (* <font face="Xdvng">el:l:</font> ),
<font face="Xdvng">Q:rid</font> (* <font face="Xdvng">Q:erd</font>
), etc. Those antitransitive reflexives that do exist are usually
suppletive <font face="Xdvng">kað</font>-expressions: <br>
<center> <table width="640" border cellspacing="1">
<tr> <td> 34a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng">dðK:</font>- 'see' </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 34b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">edK:aI dð</font>- 'be
seen, be visible' </td>
<tr> <td> 35a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng">s:Øn:</font>- 'hear' </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 35b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">s:Øn:aI dð</font>-
'be heard, be audible' </td>
</table> </center> <br>
36. <font face="Xdvng">Vy:a us: s:iX s:ð Aap:kað
s#in: edK:aI dð rha hò</font> ?<br>
'Can you see the screen from that seat?' <p>
37. <font face="Xdvng">m:ðrð dadaj:i kað Ab:
eb:l:kÙl: s:Øn:aI n:hiø dðt:a.</font> <br>
'My grandfather has completely lost his
hearing.' <p>
In general all verbs expressing jobs or tasks
have antitransitive counterparts: <p>
<center> <table width="680" border cellspacing="1">
<tr> <td> 38a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng"> m:aúj:</font>- 'scour' </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 38b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng"> m:új:</font>- 'be
scoured, come clean' </td>
<tr> <td> 39a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng">s:iøc:</font>- 'water (fields)' </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 39b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">es:úc:</font>- 'be
watered' </td>
<tr> <td> 40a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng">p:is:</font>- 'grind (into flour)' </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 40b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">ep:s:</font>- 'be ground (into
flour)' </td>
<tr> <td> 41a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng">b:aúD:</font>- 'tie up (luggage)'
</td>
<td> => </td> <td> 41b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">b:úD:</font>- 'get tied up'
</td>
</table> </center> <br>
There are other transitive-antitransitive pairs which are suppletive (and
which, unlike the X <font face="Xdvng">kr</font>- versus X
<font face="Xdvng">hað</font>- pairs, do not play a role in the
expression of incapacity. See <a href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~pehook/intransincap.html">notes</a>
on use of antitransitives to express incapacity):<p>
<center> <table width="640" border cellspacing="1">
<tr> <td> 42a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng">l:a</font>- 'bring' </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 42b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">Aa</font>- 'come; be brought'
</td>
<tr> <td> 43a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng"> B:ðj:</font>- 'send' </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 43b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">j:a</font>- 'go; be sent'
</td>
<tr> <td> 44a. Transitive: </td> <td> <font
face="Xdvng"> Ral:</font>- 'pour; put in' </td>
<td> => </td> <td> 44b. Antitransitive: </td>
<td> <font face="Xdvng">p:_</font>- 'fall; be put in'
</td>
</table> </center> <br>
<center> <table width="640" border cellspacing="1">
<tr> <td> 45a. </td> <td> <font face="Xdvng">Vy:a
t:Øm:n:ð n:m:k Ral:a hò</font> ? <br> 'Have
you put in the salt?' </td> <td> => </td>
<td> 45b. </td> <td> <font face="Xdvng">Vy:a n:m:k
p:_a hò</font> ?<br> 'Has the salt gone in?' </td>
</table> </center> <br>
As must be clear from this last example an
antitransitive can sometimes be indistinguishable from an underived
intransitive. It is only from context and from knowledge of the speaker's
intentions that one can be sure that he means 'Has the salt been added?'
and not 'Has the salt fallen?' It follows from this that there is nothing
in principle to prevent the derivation of antitransitives from transitives
which are themselves derived from intransitives. For example, in (46) the
verb in the second clause is not the basic intransitive <font
face="Xdvng">eg:r</font>- 'fall' but the antitransitive <font
face="Xdvng">eg:r</font>- 'be knocked down' derived from the transitive
<font face="Xdvng">eg:ra</font>- 'make fall, knock down' which in
turn is derived from basic <font face="Xdvng">eg:r</font>- 'fall':
<br>
46. <font face="Xdvng">m:z:dÜraðø n:ð
pl:ðXfam:ü eg:ran:ð ki kaðeS:S: ki p:r v:h n:hiø
eg:ra.</font> <br>
'The workers attempted to knock down the platform but
it wouldn't come down.' <p>
Another example: <p>
47. <font face="Xdvng">ez:ndg:i m:aòt: kað
Q:Üb: m:n:at:i hò p:r m:aòt: n:hiø m:an:t:i.</font>
<br>
'Life tries to bring Death around but Death
doesn't listen.'<p>
It is even possible to derive an antitransitive from the derived
transitive form of an ingesto-reflexive. In (48) <font
face="Xdvng">K:aOg:i</font> may be regarded not as a form of basic
<font face="Xdvng">K:a</font>- 'eat' but as a form of the
antitransitive <font face="Xdvng">K:a</font>- 'be fed' derived from
<font face="Xdvng">eK:l:a</font>- 'feed'. <br>
48. <font face="Xdvng">B:I</font>, <font
face="Xdvng">b:cc:i t:Øm:s:ð K:an:a n:hiø
K:aOg:i.</font><br>
'You won't be able to feed the child her
food.'<p>
Transitives with corresponding antitransitives occur
as co-ordinated pairs in a number of idiomatic expressions which are
discussed in other places: <p>
49. <font face="Xdvng">b:aðJ: v:h s:r s:ð eg:ra
hò ek uYaO n: uYð. </font> <br>
'A burden has fallen from my head and cannot
be lifted.' <p>
(from a <font face="Xdvng">^:z:l:</font>
by <font face="Xdvng">^:ael:b:</font>. See <a
href="banaaenabane.html">notes</a>.) <p>
<a name=31917>
50. <font face="Xdvng">b:n:ð</font>- <font
face="Xdvng">b:n:aO b:øg:l:ð s:st:ð dam:aðø
m:ðø em:l: g:O.</font> <br>
'Ready made bungalows were available at low
prices.' <p>
(from Chapter Thirty-one of <font
face="Xdvng">g:aðdan:</font>. See <a
href="godan31.html#31913">context</a>.) <p>
51. <font face="Xdvng">eb:radri hi</font> ( <font
face="Xdvng">hm:ðø</font> ) <font
face="Xdvng">t:arðg:i t:að </font> ( <font
face="Xdvng">hm:</font> ) <font
face="Xdvng">t:rðøg:ð.</font> <br>
' Only the caste(-brotherhood) will be able to
save us.' <br>
(Literally: 'Only (if) the caste(-brotherhood)
will save us, will we be saved.') <p>
(based on Chapter Eleven of <font
face="Xdvng">g:aðdan:</font>. See <a
href="karetokare.html">notes</a>.) <br>
When the antitransitive is used in the expression of
incapacity, the agent noun phrase is often retained, as a postpositional
phrase in <font face="Xdvng">s:ð</font>: <br>
<a name=salim.008>
52. <font face="Xdvng">m:òø Et:n:a
m:aðXa</font>-<font face="Xdvng">t:aj:a T:a ek us:s:ð
s:úB:l:t:a n:hiø T:a.</font> <br>
'(As a baby) I was so big and "healthy" that he was
unable to keep hold of me.' <p>
(from monolog by <font face="Xdvng">s:l:im:
Q:an:</font>. See <a href="salim.html#salim.008">context</a>.) <br>
See discussion of the passive of <a href="passincap.html">incapacity</a>.
<p>
<a href="intranex.html">Exercise 1</a>. <p>
<a href="intranex2.html">Exercise 2</a>. <p>
To <a href="gramdex.html">index</a> of grammatical notes. <p>
To <a href="mindex.html">index</a> of <font
face="Xdvng">m:lhar</font>.<p>
Keyed in by <font face="Xdvng">ev:v:ðk Ag:rv:al:</font> Aug 2001.
<br> Posted 1-2 Sept 2001. Revamped 12-14 Oct 2001. Linked 26 Oct 2001.
Augmented 1 July 2002. <p>
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