hand.js

var Pointable = require("./pointable")
  , Bone = require('./bone')
  , glMatrix = require("gl-matrix")
  , mat3 = glMatrix.mat3
  , vec3 = glMatrix.vec3;

/**
 * Constructs a Hand object.
 *
 * An uninitialized hand is considered invalid.
 * Get valid Hand objects from a Frame object.
 * @class Hand
 * @memberof Leap
 * @classdesc
 * The Hand class reports the physical characteristics of a detected hand.
 *
 * Hand tracking data includes a palm position and velocity; vectors for
 * the palm normal and direction to the fingers; properties of a sphere fit
 * to the hand; and lists of the attached fingers.
 *
 * Note that Hand objects can be invalid, which means that they do not contain
 * valid tracking data and do not correspond to a physical entity. Invalid Hand
 * objects can be the result of asking for a Hand object using an ID from an
 * earlier frame when no Hand objects with that ID exist in the current frame.
 * A Hand object created from the Hand constructor is also invalid.
 * Test for validity with the [Hand.valid]{@link Leap.Hand#valid} property.
 */
var Hand = module.exports = function(data) {
  /**
   * A unique ID assigned to this Hand object, whose value remains the same
   * across consecutive frames while the tracked hand remains visible. If
   * tracking is lost (for example, when a hand is occluded by another hand
   * or when it is withdrawn from or reaches the edge of the Leap field of view),
   * the Leap may assign a new ID when it detects the hand in a future frame.
   *
   * Use the ID value with the {@link Frame.hand}() function to find this
   * Hand object in future frames.
   *
   * @member id
   * @memberof Leap.Hand.prototype
   * @type {String}
   */
  this.id = data.id;
  /**
   * The center position of the palm in millimeters from the Leap origin.
   * @member palmPosition
   * @memberof Leap.Hand.prototype
   * @type {number[]}
   */
  this.palmPosition = data.palmPosition;
  /**
   * The direction from the palm position toward the fingers.
   *
   * The direction is expressed as a unit vector pointing in the same
   * direction as the directed line from the palm position to the fingers.
   *
   * @member direction
   * @memberof Leap.Hand.prototype
   * @type {number[]}
   */
  this.direction = data.direction;
  /**
   * The rate of change of the palm position in millimeters/second.
   *
   * @member palmVeclocity
   * @memberof Leap.Hand.prototype
   * @type {number[]}
   */
  this.palmVelocity = data.palmVelocity;
  /**
   * The normal vector to the palm. If your hand is flat, this vector will
   * point downward, or "out" of the front surface of your palm.
   *
   * ![Palm Vectors](images/Leap_Palm_Vectors.png)
   *
   * The direction is expressed as a unit vector pointing in the same
   * direction as the palm normal (that is, a vector orthogonal to the palm).
   * @member palmNormal
   * @memberof Leap.Hand.prototype
   * @type {number[]}
   */
  this.palmNormal = data.palmNormal;
  /**
   * The center of a sphere fit to the curvature of this hand.
   *
   * This sphere is placed roughly as if the hand were holding a ball.
   *
   * ![Hand Ball](images/Leap_Hand_Ball.png)
   * @member sphereCenter
   * @memberof Leap.Hand.prototype
   * @type {number[]}
   */
  this.sphereCenter = data.sphereCenter;
  /**
   * The radius of a sphere fit to the curvature of this hand, in millimeters.
   *
   * This sphere is placed roughly as if the hand were holding a ball. Thus the
   * size of the sphere decreases as the fingers are curled into a fist.
   *
   * @member sphereRadius
   * @memberof Leap.Hand.prototype
   * @type {number}
   */
  this.sphereRadius = data.sphereRadius;
  /**
   * Reports whether this is a valid Hand object.
   *
   * @member valid
   * @memberof Leap.Hand.prototype
   * @type {boolean}
   */
  this.valid = true;
  /**
   * The list of Pointable objects (fingers) detected in this frame
   * that are associated with this hand, given in arbitrary order. The list
   * can be empty if no fingers or tools associated with this hand are detected.
   *
   * Use the {@link Pointable} tool property to determine
   * whether or not an item in the list represents a tool or finger.
   * You can also get only the fingers using the Hand.fingers[] list.
   *
   * @member pointables[]
   * @memberof Leap.Hand.prototype
   * @type {Leap.Pointable[]}
   */
  this.pointables = [];
  /**
   * The list of fingers detected in this frame that are attached to
   * this hand, given in arbitrary order.
   *
   * The list can be empty if no fingers attached to this hand are detected.
   *
   * @member fingers[]
   * @memberof Leap.Hand.prototype
   * @type {Leap.Pointable[]}
   */
  this.fingers = [];
  
  if (data.armBasis){
    this.arm = new Bone(this, {
      type: 4,
      width: data.armWidth,
      prevJoint: data.elbow,
      nextJoint: data.wrist,
      basis: data.armBasis
    });
  }else{
    this.arm = null;
  }
  
  this._translation = data.t;
  function flattenDeep(arr) {
    return Array.isArray(arr)
      ? arr.reduce(function (a, b) { return a.concat(flattenDeep(b)) }, [])
      : [arr];
  }
  this._rotation    = flattenDeep(data.r);
  this._scaleFactor = data.s;

  /**
   * Time the hand has been visible in seconds.
   *
   * @member timeVisible
   * @memberof Leap.Hand.prototype
   * @type {number}
   */
   this.timeVisible = data.timeVisible;

  /**
   * The palm position with stabalization
   * @member stabilizedPalmPosition
   * @memberof Leap.Hand.prototype
   * @type {number[]}
   */
   this.stabilizedPalmPosition = data.stabilizedPalmPosition;

   /**
   * Reports whether this is a left or a right hand.
   *
   * @member type
   * @type {String}
   * @memberof Leap.Hand.prototype
   */
   this.type = data.type;
   this.grabStrength = data.grabStrength;
   this.pinchStrength = data.pinchStrength;
   this.confidence = data.confidence;
}

/**
 * The finger with the specified ID attached to this hand.
 *
 * Use this function to retrieve a Pointable object representing a finger
 * attached to this hand using an ID value obtained from a previous frame.
 * This function always returns a Pointable object, but if no finger
 * with the specified ID is present, an invalid Pointable object is returned.
 *
 * Note that the ID values assigned to fingers persist across frames, but only
 * until tracking of a particular finger is lost. If tracking of a finger is
 * lost and subsequently regained, the new Finger object representing that
 * finger may have a different ID than that representing the finger in an
 * earlier frame.
 *
 * @method finger
 * @memberof Leap.Hand.prototype
 * @param {String} id The ID value of a finger from a previous frame.
 * @returns {Leap.Pointable} The Finger object with
 * the matching ID if one exists for this hand in this frame; otherwise, an
 * invalid Finger object is returned.
 */
Hand.prototype.finger = function(id) {
  var finger = this.frame.finger(id);
  return (finger && (finger.handId == this.id)) ? finger : Pointable.Invalid;
}

/**
 * The angle of rotation around the rotation axis derived from the change in
 * orientation of this hand, and any associated fingers, between the
 * current frame and the specified frame.
 *
 * The returned angle is expressed in radians measured clockwise around the
 * rotation axis (using the right-hand rule) between the start and end frames.
 * The value is always between 0 and pi radians (0 and 180 degrees).
 *
 * If a corresponding Hand object is not found in sinceFrame, or if either
 * this frame or sinceFrame are invalid Frame objects, then the angle of rotation is zero.
 *
 * @method rotationAngle
 * @memberof Leap.Hand.prototype
 * @param {Leap.Frame} sinceFrame The starting frame for computing the relative rotation.
 * @param {numnber[]} [axis] The axis to measure rotation around.
 * @returns {number} A positive value representing the heuristically determined
 * rotational change of the hand between the current frame and that specified in
 * the sinceFrame parameter.
 */
Hand.prototype.rotationAngle = function(sinceFrame, axis) {
  if (!this.valid || !sinceFrame.valid) return 0.0;
  var sinceHand = sinceFrame.hand(this.id);
  if(!sinceHand.valid) return 0.0;
  var rot = this.rotationMatrix(sinceFrame);
  var cs = (rot[0] + rot[4] + rot[8] - 1.0)*0.5
  var angle = Math.acos(cs);
  angle = isNaN(angle) ? 0.0 : angle;
  if (axis !== undefined) {
    var rotAxis = this.rotationAxis(sinceFrame);
    angle *= vec3.dot(rotAxis, vec3.normalize(vec3.create(), axis));
  }
  return angle;
}

/**
 * The axis of rotation derived from the change in orientation of this hand, and
 * any associated fingers, between the current frame and the specified frame.
 *
 * The returned direction vector is normalized.
 *
 * If a corresponding Hand object is not found in sinceFrame, or if either
 * this frame or sinceFrame are invalid Frame objects, then this method returns a zero vector.
 *
 * @method rotationAxis
 * @memberof Leap.Hand.prototype
 * @param {Leap.Frame} sinceFrame The starting frame for computing the relative rotation.
 * @returns {number[]} A normalized direction Vector representing the axis of the heuristically determined
 * rotational change of the hand between the current frame and that specified in the sinceFrame parameter.
 */
Hand.prototype.rotationAxis = function(sinceFrame) {
  if (!this.valid || !sinceFrame.valid) return vec3.create();
  var sinceHand = sinceFrame.hand(this.id);
  if (!sinceHand.valid) return vec3.create();
  return vec3.normalize(vec3.create(), [
    this._rotation[7] - sinceHand._rotation[5],
    this._rotation[2] - sinceHand._rotation[6],
    this._rotation[3] - sinceHand._rotation[1]
  ]);
}

/**
 * The transform matrix expressing the rotation derived from the change in
 * orientation of this hand, and any associated fingers, between
 * the current frame and the specified frame.
 *
 * If a corresponding Hand object is not found in sinceFrame, or if either
 * this frame or sinceFrame are invalid Frame objects, then this method returns
 * an identity matrix.
 *
 * @method rotationMatrix
 * @memberof Leap.Hand.prototype
 * @param {Leap.Frame} sinceFrame The starting frame for computing the relative rotation.
 * @returns {number[]} A transformation Matrix containing the heuristically determined
 * rotational change of the hand between the current frame and that specified in the sinceFrame parameter.
 */
Hand.prototype.rotationMatrix = function(sinceFrame) {
  if (!this.valid || !sinceFrame.valid) return mat3.create();
  var sinceHand = sinceFrame.hand(this.id);
  if(!sinceHand.valid) return mat3.create();
  var transpose = mat3.transpose(mat3.create(), this._rotation);
  var m = mat3.multiply(mat3.create(), sinceHand._rotation, transpose);
  return m;
}

/**
 * The scale factor derived from the hand's motion between the current frame and the specified frame.
 *
 * The scale factor is always positive. A value of 1.0 indicates no scaling took place.
 * Values between 0.0 and 1.0 indicate contraction and values greater than 1.0 indicate expansion.
 *
 * The Leap derives scaling from the relative inward or outward motion of a hand
 * and its associated fingers (independent of translation and rotation).
 *
 * If a corresponding Hand object is not found in sinceFrame, or if either this frame or sinceFrame
 * are invalid Frame objects, then this method returns 1.0.
 *
 * @method scaleFactor
 * @memberof Leap.Hand.prototype
 * @param {Leap.Frame} sinceFrame The starting frame for computing the relative scaling.
 * @returns {number} A positive value representing the heuristically determined
 * scaling change ratio of the hand between the current frame and that specified in the sinceFrame parameter.
 */
Hand.prototype.scaleFactor = function(sinceFrame) {
  if (!this.valid || !sinceFrame.valid) return 1.0;
  var sinceHand = sinceFrame.hand(this.id);
  if(!sinceHand.valid) return 1.0;

  return Math.exp(this._scaleFactor - sinceHand._scaleFactor);
}

/**
 * The change of position of this hand between the current frame and the specified frame
 *
 * The returned translation vector provides the magnitude and direction of the
 * movement in millimeters.
 *
 * If a corresponding Hand object is not found in sinceFrame, or if either this frame or
 * sinceFrame are invalid Frame objects, then this method returns a zero vector.
 *
 * @method translation
 * @memberof Leap.Hand.prototype
 * @param {Leap.Frame} sinceFrame The starting frame for computing the relative translation.
 * @returns {number[]} A Vector representing the heuristically determined change in hand
 * position between the current frame and that specified in the sinceFrame parameter.
 */
Hand.prototype.translation = function(sinceFrame) {
  if (!this.valid || !sinceFrame.valid) return vec3.create();
  var sinceHand = sinceFrame.hand(this.id);
  if(!sinceHand.valid) return vec3.create();
  return [
    this._translation[0] - sinceHand._translation[0],
    this._translation[1] - sinceHand._translation[1],
    this._translation[2] - sinceHand._translation[2]
  ];
}

/**
 * A string containing a brief, human readable description of the Hand object.
 * @method toString
 * @memberof Leap.Hand.prototype
 * @returns {String} A description of the Hand as a string.
 */
Hand.prototype.toString = function() {
  return "Hand (" + this.type + ") [ id: "+ this.id + " | palm velocity:"+this.palmVelocity+" | sphere center:"+this.sphereCenter+" ] ";
}

/**
 * The pitch angle in radians.
 *
 * Pitch is the angle between the negative z-axis and the projection of
 * the vector onto the y-z plane. In other words, pitch represents rotation
 * around the x-axis.
 * If the vector points upward, the returned angle is between 0 and pi radians
 * (180 degrees); if it points downward, the angle is between 0 and -pi radians.
 *
 * @method pitch
 * @memberof Leap.Hand.prototype
 * @returns {number} The angle of this vector above or below the horizon (x-z plane).
 *
 */
Hand.prototype.pitch = function() {
  return Math.atan2(this.direction[1], -this.direction[2]);
}

/**
 *  The yaw angle in radians.
 *
 * Yaw is the angle between the negative z-axis and the projection of
 * the vector onto the x-z plane. In other words, yaw represents rotation
 * around the y-axis. If the vector points to the right of the negative z-axis,
 * then the returned angle is between 0 and pi radians (180 degrees);
 * if it points to the left, the angle is between 0 and -pi radians.
 *
 * @method yaw
 * @memberof Leap.Hand.prototype
 * @returns {number} The angle of this vector to the right or left of the y-axis.
 *
 */
Hand.prototype.yaw = function() {
  return Math.atan2(this.direction[0], -this.direction[2]);
}

/**
 *  The roll angle in radians.
 *
 * Roll is the angle between the y-axis and the projection of
 * the vector onto the x-y plane. In other words, roll represents rotation
 * around the z-axis. If the vector points to the left of the y-axis,
 * then the returned angle is between 0 and pi radians (180 degrees);
 * if it points to the right, the angle is between 0 and -pi radians.
 *
 * @method roll
 * @memberof Leap.Hand.prototype
 * @returns {number} The angle of this vector to the right or left of the y-axis.
 *
 */
Hand.prototype.roll = function() {
  return Math.atan2(this.palmNormal[0], -this.palmNormal[1]);
}

/**
 * An invalid Hand object.
 *
 * You can use an invalid Hand object in comparisons testing
 * whether a given Hand instance is valid or invalid. (You can also use the
 * Hand valid property.)
 *
 * @static
 * @type {Leap.Hand}
 * @name Invalid
 * @memberof Leap.Hand
 */
Hand.Invalid = {
  valid: false,
  fingers: [],
  pointables: [],
  left: false,
  pointable: function() { return Pointable.Invalid },
  finger: function() { return Pointable.Invalid },
  toString: function() { return "invalid frame" },
  dump: function() { return this.toString(); },
  rotationAngle: function() { return 0.0; },
  rotationMatrix: function() { return mat3.create(); },
  rotationAxis: function() { return vec3.create(); },
  scaleFactor: function() { return 1.0; },
  translation: function() { return vec3.create(); }
};