Firecracker is a new virtualization technology that enables customers to deploy lightweight micro Virtual Machines or microVMs. Firecracker microVMs combine the security and workload isolation properties of traditional VMs with the speed, agility and resource efficiency enabled by containers. They provide a secure, trusted environment for multi-tenant services, while maintaining minimal overhead.
The scope of this document is to describe the features and architecture of the Firecracker virtual machine manager (VMM).
- Firecracker can safely run workloads from different customers on the same machine.
- Customers can create microVMs with any combination of vCPU and memory to match their application requirements.
- Firecracker microVMs can oversubscribe host CPU and memory. The degree of oversubscription is controlled by customers, who may factor in workload correlation and load in order to ensure smooth host system operation.
- With a microVM configured with a minimal Linux kernel, single-core CPU, and 128 MiB of RAM, Firecracker supports a steady mutation rate of 5 microVMs per host core per second (e.g., one can create 180 microVMs per second on a host with 36 physical cores).
- The number of Firecracker microVMs running simultaneously on a host is limited only by the availability of hardware resources.
- Each microVM exposes a host-facing API via an in-process HTTP server.
- Each microVM provides guest-facing access to host-configured metadata via
the
/mmdsAPI.
Firecracker's technical specifications are available in the Specifications document.
The following diagram depicts an example host running Firecracker microVMs.
Firecracker runs on Linux hosts with 4.14 or newer kernels and with Linux
guest OSs (from this point on, referred to as guests). In production
environments, Firecracker should be started only via the jailer binary.
The firecracker binary can also be executed directly, but this will no longer
be possible in the future. After launching the process, users interact with
the Firecracker API to configure the microVM, before issuing the
InstanceStart command.
Firecracker emulated network devices are backed by TAP devices on the host. To make use of Firecracker, we expect our customers to leverage on-host networking solutions.
Firecracker emulated block devices are backed by files on the host. To be able to mount block devices in the guest, the backing files need to be pre-formatted with a filesystem that the guest kernel supports.
Each Firecracker process encapsulates one and only one microVM. The process
runs the following threads: API, VMM and vCPU(s). The API thread is responsible
for Firecracker's API server and associated control plane. It's never in the
fast path of the virtual machine. The VMM thread exposes the machine model,
minimal legacy device model, microVM metadata service (MMDS) and VirtIO device
emulated Net, Block and Vsock devices, complete with I/O rate limiting. In
addition to them, there are one or more vCPU threads (one per guest CPU core).
They are created via KVM and run the KVM_RUN main loop. They execute
synchronous I/O and memory-mapped I/O operations on devices models.
From a security perspective, all vCPU threads are considered to be running malicious code as soon as they have been started; these malicious threads need to be contained. Containment is achieved by nesting several trust zones which increment from least trusted or least safe (guest vCPU threads) to most trusted or safest (host). These trusted zones are separated by barriers that enforce aspects of Firecracker security. For example, all outbound network traffic data is copied by the Firecracker I/O thread from the emulated network interface to the backing host TAP device, and I/O rate limiting is applied at this point. These barriers are marked in the diagram below.
Firecracker provides guests with storage and network access via emulated VirtIO Net and VirtIO Block devices. It also exposes a serial console and partial keyboard controller, the latter being used by guests to reset the VM (either soft or hard reset). Within Firecracker, the purpose of the I8042 device is to signal the microVM that the guest has requested a reboot.
In addition to the Firecracker provided device models, guests also see the Programmable Interrupt Controllers (PICs), the I/O Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller (IOAPIC), and the Programmable Interval Timer (PIT) that KVM supports.
Firecracker allows the exposure of either the host processor information or any other family/model/stepping as a way to keep compatibility for services that were not running on top of it. In addition, Firecracker supports feature masking via CPUID. To simplify customer operation, CPU feature templates can be set via the Firecracker API. Currently, the available feature templates to choose from are EC2 C3 and EC2 T2 instance types.
Firecracker only exposes kvm-clock to customers.
Firecracker provides VirtIO/block and VirtIO/net emulated devices, along with the application of rate limiters to each volume and network interface to make sure host hardware resources are used fairly by multiple microVMs. These are implemented using a token bucket algorithm based on two buckets. One is associated with the number of operations per second and the other one with the bandwidth. The customer can create and configure rate limiters via the API by specifying token bucket configurations for ingress and egress. Each token bucket is defined via the bucket size, I/O cost, refill rate, maximum burst, and initial value. This enables the customer to define flexible rate limiters that support bursts or specific bandwidth/operations limitations.
Firecracker microVMs expose access to a minimal MicroVM-Metadata Service (MMDS) to the guest through the API endpoint. The metadata stored by the service is fully configured by users.
Seccomp filters are used by default to further limit the system calls Firecracker can use. There are 3 possible levels of seccomp filtering, configurable by passing a command line argument to Firecracker: 0 (disabled), 1 (allows a set of trusted system calls by their identifiers) and 2 (allows a set of trusted system calls with trusted parameter values), the latter being the most restrictive and the recommended one. The filters are loaded in the Firecracker process, immediately before the execution of the untrusted guest code starts.
The Firecracker process can be started by another jailer process. The jailer
sets up system resources that require elevated permissions (e.g., cgroup,
chroot), drops privileges, and then exec()s into the Firecracker binary, which
then runs as an unprivileged process. Past this point, Firecracker can only
access resources that a privileged third-party grants access to (e.g., by
copying a file into the chroot, or passing a file descriptor).
Each Firecracker microVM can be further encapsulated into a cgroup. By setting the affinity of the Firecracker microVM to a node via the cpuset subsystem, one can prevent the migration of said microVM from one node to another, something that would impair performance and cause unnecessary contention on shared resources. In addition to setting the affinity, each Firecracker microVM can have its own dedicated quota of the CPU time via the cpu subsystem, thus guaranteeing that resources are fairly shared across Firecracker microVMs.
Firecracker emits logs and metric counters, each on a named pipe that is passed via the API. Logs are flushed line by line, whereas metrics are emitted when the instance starts, then every 60 seconds while it's running, and on panic. Firecracker customers are responsible for collecting data in the Firecracker log files. In production builds, Firecracker does not expose the serial console port, since it may contain guest data that the host should not see.