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asia
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# @(#)asia 8.68
# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
#
# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
#
# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
# of the IATA's data after 1990.
#
# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
#
# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
# I found in the UCLA library.
#
# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
#
# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
# Corrections are welcome!
# std dst
# LMT Local Mean Time
# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern European Time
# 2:00 IST IDT Israel
# 3:00 AST ADT Arabia*
# 3:30 IRST IRDT Iran
# 4:00 GST Gulf*
# 5:30 IST India
# 7:00 ICT Indochina*
# 7:00 WIT west Indonesia
# 8:00 CIT central Indonesia
# 8:00 CST China
# 9:00 CJT Central Japanese Time (1896/1937)*
# 9:00 EIT east Indonesia
# 9:00 JST JDT Japan
# 9:00 KST KDT Korea
# 9:30 CST (Australian) Central Standard Time
#
# See the `europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
# From Guy Harris:
# Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
# additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental
# Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide -
# Worldwide Edition). The names for time zones are guesses.
###############################################################################
# These rules are stolen from the `europe' file.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule EUAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
Rule EUAsia 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
Rule EUAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
Rule E-EurAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
Rule E-EurAsia 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
Rule E-EurAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
Rule RussiaAsia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
Rule RussiaAsia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule RussiaAsia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
Rule RussiaAsia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
Rule RussiaAsia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule RussiaAsia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
Rule RussiaAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
# While Russia abandoned DST in 2011, Armenia may choose to
# follow Russia's "old" rules.
# Afghanistan
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Kabul 4:36:48 - LMT 1890
4:00 - AFT 1945
4:30 - AFT
# Armenia
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# Shanks & Pottenger have Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST)
# in spring 1991, then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then
# readopting Russian DST in 1997. Go with Shanks & Pottenger, even
# when they disagree with others. Edgar Der-Danieliantz
# reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
# in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995. IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
# Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
# but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Yerevan 2:58:00 - LMT 1924 May 2
3:00 - YERT 1957 Mar # Yerevan Time
4:00 RussiaAsia YER%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3:00 1:00 YERST 1991 Sep 23 # independence
3:00 RussiaAsia AM%sT 1995 Sep 24 2:00s
4:00 - AMT 1997
4:00 RussiaAsia AM%sT
# Azerbaijan
# From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
# According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
# Resolution available at: http://aif.az/docs/daylight_res.pdf
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Azer 1997 max - Mar lastSun 4:00 1:00 S
Rule Azer 1997 max - Oct lastSun 5:00 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Baku 3:19:24 - LMT 1924 May 2
3:00 - BAKT 1957 Mar # Baku Time
4:00 RussiaAsia BAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3:00 1:00 BAKST 1991 Aug 30 # independence
3:00 RussiaAsia AZ%sT 1992 Sep lastSat 23:00
4:00 - AZT 1996 # Azerbaijan time
4:00 EUAsia AZ%sT 1997
4:00 Azer AZ%sT
# Bahrain
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Bahrain 3:22:20 - LMT 1920 # Al Manamah
4:00 - GST 1972 Jun
3:00 - AST
# Bangladesh
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
# According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce
# Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30
#
# Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16
# <a href="http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288">
# http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288
# </a>
# or
# <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html">
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html
# </a>
#
# "... Bangladesh government has decided to switch daylight saving time from
# June
# 16 till September 30 in a bid to ensure maximum use of daylight to cope with
# crippling power crisis. "
#
# The switch will remain in effect from June 16 to Sept 30 (2009) but if
# implemented the next year, it will come in force from April 1, 2010
# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-02):
# They have finally decided now, but changed the start date to midnight between
# the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet.
#
# Some sources:
# <a href="http://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601">
# http://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
# </a>
# <a href="http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2">
# http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2
# </a>
#
# Our wrap-up:
# <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html">
# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
# </a>
# From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15):
# Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start
# time is mentioned as Jun 19 2009, 23:00 from BTRC (Bangladesh
# Telecommunication Regulatory Commission).
#
# No DST end date has been announced yet.
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-25):
# Bangladesh won't go back to Standard Time from October 1, 2009,
# instead it will continue DST measure till the cabinet makes a fresh decision.
#
# Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday":
# "DST change awaits cabinet decision-Clock won't go back by 1-hr from Oct 1"
# <a href="http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021">
# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021
# </a>
# or
# <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html">
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html
# </a>
# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13):
# IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports:
# Bangladesh has decided that the clock advanced by an hour to make
# maximum use of daylight hours as an energy saving measure would
# "continue for an indefinite period."
#
# One of many places where it is published:
# <a href="http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html">
# http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html
# </a>
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):
# According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
# Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.
#
# Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.
# <a href="http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228">
# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228
# </a>
# and
# <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html">
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html
# </a>
#
# "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour
# on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,
# 2010 midnight. The decision came at a cabinet meeting at the Prime
# Minister's Office last night..."
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):
# According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
# Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time
# <a href="http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817">
# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
# </a>
# or
# <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html">
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html
# </a>
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Jun 19 23:00 1:00 S
Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Dec 31 23:59 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Dhaka 6:01:40 - LMT 1890
5:53:20 - HMT 1941 Oct # Howrah Mean Time?
6:30 - BURT 1942 May 15 # Burma Time
5:30 - IST 1942 Sep
6:30 - BURT 1951 Sep 30
6:00 - DACT 1971 Mar 26 # Dacca Time
6:00 - BDT 2009
6:00 Dhaka BD%sT
# Bhutan
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Thimphu 5:58:36 - LMT 1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
5:30 - IST 1987 Oct
6:00 - BTT # Bhutan Time
# British Indian Ocean Territory
# Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
# 1997 and later maps say 6:00. Assume the switch occurred in 1996.
# We have no information as to when standard time was introduced;
# assume it occurred in 1907, the same year as Mauritius (which
# then contained the Chagos Archipelago).
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Indian/Chagos 4:49:40 - LMT 1907
5:00 - IOT 1996 # BIOT Time
6:00 - IOT
# Brunei
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Brunei 7:39:40 - LMT 1926 Mar # Bandar Seri Begawan
7:30 - BNT 1933
8:00 - BNT
# Burma / Myanmar
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Rangoon 6:24:40 - LMT 1880 # or Yangon
6:24:36 - RMT 1920 # Rangoon Mean Time?
6:30 - BURT 1942 May # Burma Time
9:00 - JST 1945 May 3
6:30 - MMT # Myanmar Time
# Cambodia
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Phnom_Penh 6:59:40 - LMT 1906 Jun 9
7:06:20 - SMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Saigon MT?
7:00 - ICT 1912 May
8:00 - ICT 1931 May
7:00 - ICT
# China
# From Guy Harris:
# People's Republic of China. Yes, they really have only one time zone.
# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
# No they don't. See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52. Even though
# China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
# Peking (Bejing) time zone was recognized. Since that date, China
# has two of 'em -- Peking's and Urumqi (named after the capital of
# the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region). I don't know about DST for it.
#
# . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
# painful to suck in another copy.. So, here is what I have for
# DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP):
#
# 1986 May 4 - Sept 14
# 1987 mid-April - ??
# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
# CHINA 8 H AHEAD OF UTC ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN
# CHINA 9 H AHEAD OF UTC APR 17 - SEP 10
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# Shanks & Pottenger write that China (except for Hong Kong and Macau)
# has had a single time zone since 1980 May 1, observing summer DST
# from 1986 through 1991; this contradicts Devine's
# note about Time magazine, though apparently _something_ happened in 1986.
# Go with Shanks & Pottenger for now. I made up names for the other
# pre-1980 time zones.
# From Shanks & Pottenger:
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Shang 1940 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Shang 1940 1941 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
Rule Shang 1941 only - Mar 16 0:00 1:00 D
Rule PRC 1986 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 D
Rule PRC 1986 1991 - Sep Sun>=11 0:00 0 S
Rule PRC 1987 1991 - Apr Sun>=10 0:00 1:00 D
# From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):
# BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five
# historic timezones from some Taiwan websites. And yes, there are official
# Chinese names for these locales (before 1949).
#
# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
# I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the
# http://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
# boundaries summarized below].... A few other exceptions were two
# counties on the Sichuan side of the Xizang-Sichuan border,
# counties Dege and Baiyu which lies on the Sichuan side and are
# therefore supposed to be GMT+7, Xizang region being GMT+6, but Dege
# county is GMT+8 according to astro.com while Baiyu county is GMT+6
# (could be true), for the moment I am assuming that those two
# counties are mistakes in the astro.com data.
# From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
# I just now checked Google News for western news sources that talk
# about China's single time zone, and couldn't find anything before 1986
# talking about China being in one time zone. (That article was: Jim
# Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
# time--sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05. By the way, this
# article confirms the tz database's data claiming that China began
# observing daylight saving time in 1986.
#
# From Thomas S. Mullaney (2008-02-11):
# I think you're combining two subjects that need to treated
# separately: daylight savings (which, you're correct, wasn't
# implemented until the 1980s) and the unified time zone centered near
# Beijing (which was implemented in 1949). Briefly, there was also a
# "Lhasa Time" in Tibet and "Urumqi Time" in Xinjiang. The first was
# ceased, and the second eventually recognized (again, in the 1980s).
#
# From Paul Eggert (2008-06-30):
# There seems to be a good chance China switched to a single time zone in 1949
# rather than in 1980 as Shanks & Pottenger have it, but we don't have a
# reliable documentary source saying so yet, so for now we still go with
# Shanks & Pottenger.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area)
# Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
Zone Asia/Harbin 8:26:44 - LMT 1928 # or Haerbin
8:30 - CHAT 1932 Mar # Changbai Time
8:00 - CST 1940
9:00 - CHAT 1966 May
8:30 - CHAT 1980 May
8:00 PRC C%sT
# Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time")
# most of China
Zone Asia/Shanghai 8:05:52 - LMT 1928
8:00 Shang C%sT 1949
8:00 PRC C%sT
# Long-shu Time (probably due to Long and Shu being two names of that area)
# Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
# most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; west Qinghai; and the Guangdong
# counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
# Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
Zone Asia/Chongqing 7:06:20 - LMT 1928 # or Chungking
7:00 - LONT 1980 May # Long-shu Time
8:00 PRC C%sT
# Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time")
# The Gansu counties Aksay, Anxi, Dunhuang, Subei; west Qinghai;
# the Guangdong counties Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi, Lianjiang,
# Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Maoming, Dianbai, and Xinyi;
# east Tibet, including Lhasa, Chamdo, Shigaise, Jimsar, Shawan and Hutubi;
# east Xinjiang, including Urumqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
# Wusu, Qiemo, Xinyan, Wulanwusu, Jinghe, Yumin, Tacheng, Tuoli, Emin,
# Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami,
# Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan.
Zone Asia/Urumqi 5:50:20 - LMT 1928 # or Urumchi
6:00 - URUT 1980 May # Urumqi Time
8:00 PRC C%sT
# Kunlun Time
# West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule;
# West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke,
# Zhaosu, Tekesi, Gongliu, Chabuchaer, Huocheng, Bole, Pishan, Suiding,
# and Yarkand.
# From Luther Ma (2009-10-17):
# Almost all (>99.9%) ethnic Chinese (properly ethnic Han) living in
# Xinjiang use Chinese Standard Time. Some are aware of Xinjiang time,
# but have no need of it. All planes, trains, and schools function on
# what is called "Beijing time." When Han make an appointment in Chinese
# they implicitly use Beijing time.
#
# On the other hand, ethnic Uyghurs, who make up about half the
# population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two
# hours behind Beijing time, or UTC +0600. The government of the Xinjiang
# Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as
# local governments such as the Urumqi city government use both times in
# publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as
# "Urumqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
# they almost invariably use Xinjiang time.
#
# (Their ethnic Han compatriots would typically have no clue of its
# widespread use, however, because so extremely few of them are fluent in
# Uyghur, comparable to the number of Anglo-Americans fluent in Navajo.)
#
# (...As with the rest of China there was a brief interval ending in 1990
# or 1991 when summer time was in use. The confusion was severe, with
# the province not having dual times but four times in use at the same
# time. Some areas remained on standard Xinjiang time or Beijing time and
# others moving their clocks ahead.)
#
# ...an example of an official website using of Urumqi time.
#
# The first few lines of the Google translation of
# <a href="http://www.fjysgl.gov.cn/show.aspx?id=2379&cid=39">
# http://www.fjysgl.gov.cn/show.aspx?id=2379&cid=39
# </a>
# (retrieved 2009-10-13)
# > Urumqi fire seven people are missing the alleged losses of at least
# > 500 million yuan
# >
# > (Reporter Dong Liu) the day before 20:20 or so (Urumqi Time 18:20),
# > Urumqi City Department of International Plaza Luther Qiantang River
# > burst fire. As of yesterday, 18:30, Urumqi City Fire officers and men
# > have worked continuously for 22 hours...
# From Luther Ma (2009-11-19):
# With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common
# English "transliterations" (w/o using non-English symbols):
#
# 1. Wulumuqi...
# 2. Kashi...
# 3. Urumqi...
# 4. Kashgar...
# ...
# 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Urumqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
# 1960's. I know of one Han, now over 50, who grew up in the surrounding
# countryside and used Xinjiang time as a child.
#
# 6. Likewise for Kashgar and the rest of south Xinjiang I don't know of any
# start date for Xinjiang time.
#
# Without having access to local historical records, nor the ability to legally
# publish them, I would go with October 1, 1949, when Xinjiang became the Uyghur
# Autonomous Region under the PRC. (Before that Uyghurs, of course, would also
# not be using Beijing time, but some local time.)
Zone Asia/Kashgar 5:03:56 - LMT 1928 # or Kashi or Kaxgar
5:30 - KAST 1940 # Kashgar Time
5:00 - KAST 1980 May
8:00 PRC C%sT
# From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
# I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
# Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
# it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
# and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
# and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
# think 3:30 is correct. The official DST record for Hong Kong can be
# obtained from
# <a href="http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm">
# http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
# </a>.
# From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
# Here are the dates given at
# <a href="http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm">
# http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
# </a>
# as of 2009-10-28:
# Year Period
# 1941 1 Apr to 30 Sep
# 1942 Whole year
# 1943 Whole year
# 1944 Whole year
# 1945 Whole year
# 1946 20 Apr to 1 Dec
# 1947 13 Apr to 30 Dec
# 1948 2 May to 31 Oct
# 1949 3 Apr to 30 Oct
# 1950 2 Apr to 29 Oct
# 1951 1 Apr to 28 Oct
# 1952 6 Apr to 25 Oct
# 1953 5 Apr to 1 Nov
# 1954 21 Mar to 31 Oct
# 1955 20 Mar to 6 Nov
# 1956 18 Mar to 4 Nov
# 1957 24 Mar to 3 Nov
# 1958 23 Mar to 2 Nov
# 1959 22 Mar to 1 Nov
# 1960 20 Mar to 6 Nov
# 1961 19 Mar to 5 Nov
# 1962 18 Mar to 4 Nov
# 1963 24 Mar to 3 Nov
# 1964 22 Mar to 1 Nov
# 1965 18 Apr to 17 Oct
# 1966 17 Apr to 16 Oct
# 1967 16 Apr to 22 Oct
# 1968 21 Apr to 20 Oct
# 1969 20 Apr to 19 Oct
# 1970 19 Apr to 18 Oct
# 1971 18 Apr to 17 Oct
# 1972 16 Apr to 22 Oct
# 1973 22 Apr to 21 Oct
# 1973/74 30 Dec 73 to 20 Oct 74
# 1975 20 Apr to 19 Oct
# 1976 18 Apr to 17 Oct
# 1977 Nil
# 1978 Nil
# 1979 13 May to 21 Oct
# 1980 to Now Nil
# The page does not give start or end times of day.
# The page does not give a start date for 1942.
# The page does not givw an end date for 1945.
# The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began on 1941-12-25.
# The Japanese surrender of Hong Kong was signed 1945-09-15.
# For lack of anything better, use start of those days as the transition times.
# Hong Kong (Xianggang)
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule HK 1941 only - Apr 1 3:30 1:00 S
Rule HK 1941 only - Sep 30 3:30 0 -
Rule HK 1946 only - Apr 20 3:30 1:00 S
Rule HK 1946 only - Dec 1 3:30 0 -
Rule HK 1947 only - Apr 13 3:30 1:00 S
Rule HK 1947 only - Dec 30 3:30 0 -
Rule HK 1948 only - May 2 3:30 1:00 S
Rule HK 1948 1951 - Oct lastSun 3:30 0 -
Rule HK 1952 only - Oct 25 3:30 0 -
Rule HK 1949 1953 - Apr Sun>=1 3:30 1:00 S
Rule HK 1953 only - Nov 1 3:30 0 -
Rule HK 1954 1964 - Mar Sun>=18 3:30 1:00 S
Rule HK 1954 only - Oct 31 3:30 0 -
Rule HK 1955 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 3:30 0 -
Rule HK 1965 1976 - Apr Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
Rule HK 1965 1976 - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
Rule HK 1973 only - Dec 30 3:30 1:00 S
Rule HK 1979 only - May Sun>=8 3:30 1:00 S
Rule HK 1979 only - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Hong_Kong 7:36:36 - LMT 1904 Oct 30
8:00 HK HK%sT 1941 Dec 25
9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 15
8:00 HK HK%sT
###############################################################################
# Taiwan
# Shanks & Pottenger write that Taiwan observed DST during 1945, when it
# was still controlled by Japan. This is hard to believe, but we don't
# have any other information.
# From smallufo (2010-04-03):
# According to Taiwan's CWB,
# <a href="http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm">
# http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
# </a>
# Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
# From Arthur David Olson (2010-04-07):
# Here's Google's translation of the table at the bottom of the "summert.htm" page:
# Decade Name Start and end date
# Republic of China 34 years to 40 years (AD 1945-1951 years) Summer Time May 1 to September 30
# 41 years of the Republic of China (AD 1952) Daylight Saving Time March 1 to October 31
# Republic of China 42 years to 43 years (AD 1953-1954 years) Daylight Saving Time April 1 to October 31
# In the 44 years to 45 years (AD 1955-1956 years) Daylight Saving Time April 1 to September 30
# Republic of China 46 years to 48 years (AD 1957-1959) Summer Time April 1 to September 30
# Republic of China 49 years to 50 years (AD 1960-1961) Summer Time June 1 to September 30
# Republic of China 51 years to 62 years (AD 1962-1973 years) Stop Summer Time
# Republic of China 63 years to 64 years (1974-1975 AD) Daylight Saving Time April 1 to September 30
# Republic of China 65 years to 67 years (1976-1978 AD) Stop Daylight Saving Time
# Republic of China 68 years (AD 1979) Daylight Saving Time July 1 to September 30
# Republic of China since 69 years (AD 1980) Stop Daylight Saving Time
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Taiwan 1945 1951 - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Taiwan 1945 1951 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
Rule Taiwan 1952 only - Mar 1 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Taiwan 1952 1954 - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
Rule Taiwan 1953 1959 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Taiwan 1955 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
Rule Taiwan 1960 1961 - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
Rule Taiwan 1979 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Taiwan 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 S
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Taipei 8:06:00 - LMT 1896 # or Taibei or T'ai-pei
8:00 Taiwan C%sT
# Macau (Macao, Aomen)
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Macau 1961 1962 - Mar Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
Rule Macau 1961 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 3:30 0 -
Rule Macau 1963 only - Mar Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Macau 1964 only - Mar Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
Rule Macau 1965 only - Mar Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Macau 1965 only - Oct 31 0:00 0 -
Rule Macau 1966 1971 - Apr Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
Rule Macau 1966 1971 - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
Rule Macau 1972 1974 - Apr Sun>=15 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Macau 1972 1973 - Oct Sun>=15 0:00 0 -
Rule Macau 1974 1977 - Oct Sun>=15 3:30 0 -
Rule Macau 1975 1977 - Apr Sun>=15 3:30 1:00 S
Rule Macau 1978 1980 - Apr Sun>=15 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Macau 1978 1980 - Oct Sun>=15 0:00 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Macau 7:34:20 - LMT 1912
8:00 Macau MO%sT 1999 Dec 20 # return to China
8:00 PRC C%sT
###############################################################################
# Cyprus
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Cyprus 1975 only - Apr 13 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Cyprus 1975 only - Oct 12 0:00 0 -
Rule Cyprus 1976 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Cyprus 1976 only - Oct 11 0:00 0 -
Rule Cyprus 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Cyprus 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 -
Rule Cyprus 1978 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
Rule Cyprus 1979 1997 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
Rule Cyprus 1981 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Nicosia 2:13:28 - LMT 1921 Nov 14
2:00 Cyprus EE%sT 1998 Sep
2:00 EUAsia EE%sT
# IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
# Classically, Cyprus belongs to Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
# However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
Link Asia/Nicosia Europe/Nicosia
# Georgia
# From Paul Eggert (1994-11-19):
# Today's _Economist_ (p 60) reports that Georgia moved its clocks forward
# an hour recently, due to a law proposed by Zurab Murvanidze,
# an MP who went on a hunger strike for 11 days to force discussion about it!
# We have no details, but we'll guess they didn't move the clocks back in fall.
#
# From Mathew Englander, quoting AP (1996-10-23 13:05-04):
# Instead of putting back clocks at the end of October, Georgia
# will stay on daylight savings time this winter to save energy,
# President Eduard Shevardnadze decreed Wednesday.
#
# From the BBC via Joseph S. Myers (2004-06-27):
#
# Georgia moved closer to Western Europe on Sunday... The former Soviet
# republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow. As a result it
# is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
# ahead. The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
# Mikhail Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
# of integration into Europe.
# From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07):
# Government of Georgia ... decided to NOT CHANGE daylight savings time on
# [Oct.] 30, as it was done before during last more than 10 years.
# Currently, we are in fact GMT +4:00, as before 30 October it was GMT
# +3:00.... The problem is, there is NO FORMAL LAW or governmental document
# about it. As far as I can find, I was told, that there is no document,
# because we just DIDN'T ISSUE document about switching to winter time....
# I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our
# DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Tbilisi 2:59:16 - LMT 1880
2:59:16 - TBMT 1924 May 2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
3:00 - TBIT 1957 Mar # Tbilisi Time
4:00 RussiaAsia TBI%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3:00 1:00 TBIST 1991 Apr 9 # independence
3:00 RussiaAsia GE%sT 1992 # Georgia Time
3:00 E-EurAsia GE%sT 1994 Sep lastSun
4:00 E-EurAsia GE%sT 1996 Oct lastSun
4:00 1:00 GEST 1997 Mar lastSun
4:00 E-EurAsia GE%sT 2004 Jun 27
3:00 RussiaAsia GE%sT 2005 Mar lastSun 2:00
4:00 - GET
# East Timor
# See Indonesia for the 1945 transition.
# From Joao Carrascalao, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
# <a href="http://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm">
# East Timor may be late for its millennium
# </a> (1999-12-26/31):
# Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
# rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
# Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
# conflicts with their way of life.
# From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
# We don't have any record of the above attempt.
# Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
# <a href="http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/last/00-08-16.undh.html">
# From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
# (2000-08-16)</a>:
# The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
# today to advance East Timor's time by one hour. The time change,
# which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
# midnight on Saturday, September 16.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Dili 8:22:20 - LMT 1912
8:00 - TLT 1942 Feb 21 23:00 # E Timor Time
9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 23
9:00 - TLT 1976 May 3
8:00 - CIT 2000 Sep 17 00:00
9:00 - TLT
# India
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Kolkata 5:53:28 - LMT 1880 # Kolkata
5:53:20 - HMT 1941 Oct # Howrah Mean Time?
6:30 - BURT 1942 May 15 # Burma Time
5:30 - IST 1942 Sep
5:30 1:00 IST 1945 Oct 15
5:30 - IST
# The following are like Asia/Kolkata:
# Andaman Is
# Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is)
# Nicobar Is
# Indonesia
#
# From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks & Pottenger:
# <http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime>
# says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01. Looking at some
# time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
# and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-10):
# Here is another correction to Shanks & Pottenger.
# JohnTWB writes that Japanese forces did not surrender control in
# Indonesia until 1945-09-01 00:00 at the earliest (in Jakarta) and
# other formal surrender ceremonies were September 9, 11, and 13, plus
# September 12 for the regional surrender to Mountbatten in Singapore.
# These would be the earliest possible times for a change.
# Regimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Editions
# Traditionnelles, 1987, Paris) says that Java and Madura switched
# from JST to UTC+07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
# (Hollandia). For now, assume all Indonesian locations other than Jayapura
# switched on 1945-09-23.
#
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Jakarta 7:07:12 - LMT 1867 Aug 10
# Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
# but this must be a typo.
7:07:12 - JMT 1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Jakarta
7:20 - JAVT 1932 Nov # Java Time
7:30 - WIT 1942 Mar 23
9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 23
7:30 - WIT 1948 May
8:00 - WIT 1950 May
7:30 - WIT 1964
7:00 - WIT
Zone Asia/Pontianak 7:17:20 - LMT 1908 May
7:17:20 - PMT 1932 Nov # Pontianak MT
7:30 - WIT 1942 Jan 29
9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 23
7:30 - WIT 1948 May
8:00 - WIT 1950 May
7:30 - WIT 1964
8:00 - CIT 1988 Jan 1
7:00 - WIT
Zone Asia/Makassar 7:57:36 - LMT 1920
7:57:36 - MMT 1932 Nov # Macassar MT
8:00 - CIT 1942 Feb 9
9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 23
8:00 - CIT
Zone Asia/Jayapura 9:22:48 - LMT 1932 Nov
9:00 - EIT 1944 Sep 1
9:30 - CST 1964
9:00 - EIT
# Iran
# From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
# This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian).
# The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine:
#
# Official Newspaper No. 13548-1370/6/25 [1991-09-16]
# No. 16760/T233 H 1370/6/10 [1991-09-01]
#
# The Rule About Change of the Official Time of the Country
#
# The Board of Ministers, in the meeting dated 1370/5/23 [1991-08-14],
# based on the suggestion number 2221/D dated 1370/4/22 [1991-07-13]
# of the Country's Organization for Official and Employment Affairs,
# and referring to the law for equating the working hours of workers
# and officers in the whole country dated 1359/4/23 [1980-07-14], and
# for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
#
# The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
# at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
# to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
# Shahrivar.
#
# First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
#
# From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
# for at least the last 5 years. Before that, for a few years, the
# date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
# Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
# I have also changed the abbreviations to what is considered correct
# here in Iran, IRST for regular time and IRDT for daylight saving time.
#
# From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
# The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
# that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
# leap year calculation involved. There has never been any serious
# plan to change that law....
#
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# Go with Shanks & Pottenger before Sept. 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
# I used Ed Reingold's cal-persia in GNU Emacs 21.2 to check Persian dates,
# stopping after 2037 when 32-bit time_t's overflow.
# That cal-persia used Birashk's approximation, which disagrees with the solar
# calendar predictions for the year 2025, so I corrected those dates by hand.
#
# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
# discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
# For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
# the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
# Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
# known exactly, amongst other factors. 2157 is even closer:
# 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT. But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
# no interpretation problem whatsoever. By the way, another instant
# in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
# arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
# vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT. The Java version of
# Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
# 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
#
# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22):
# Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
# http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
#
# From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Norgaard Welen:
# ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
# daylight saving time ...
# http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
#
# From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
# This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
# Iran, Volume 63, Number 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
# [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
# The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
# on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
# be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
# thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
#
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Iran 1978 1980 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iran 1978 only - Oct 21 0:00 0 S
Rule Iran 1979 only - Sep 19 0:00 0 S
Rule Iran 1980 only - Sep 23 0:00 0 S
Rule Iran 1991 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iran 1992 1995 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iran 1991 1995 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
Rule Iran 1996 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iran 1996 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
Rule Iran 2000 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iran 2000 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
Rule Iran 2004 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iran 2004 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
Rule Iran 2005 only - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iran 2005 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
Rule Iran 2008 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iran 2008 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
Rule Iran 2012 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iran 2012 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
Rule Iran 2016 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iran 2016 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
Rule Iran 2020 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iran 2020 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
Rule Iran 2024 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iran 2024 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
Rule Iran 2036 2037 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iran 2036 2037 - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Tehran 3:25:44 - LMT 1916
3:25:44 - TMT 1946 # Tehran Mean Time
3:30 - IRST 1977 Nov
4:00 Iran IR%sT 1979
3:30 Iran IR%sT
# Iraq
#
# From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
# An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
# the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
# "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
# are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
#
# But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
# In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
# Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time. They referred
# to daylight saving as Saddam time. But, as of today, the time zone
# in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq.
#
# So we'll ignore the Economist's claim.
# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10):
# The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following
# news sources (in Arabic):
# <a href="http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html">
# http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html
# </a>
# <a href="http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10">
# http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
# </a>
#
# We have published a short article in English about the change:
# <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html">
# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
# </a>
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Iraq 1982 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iraq 1982 1984 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
Rule Iraq 1983 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iraq 1984 1985 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Iraq 1985 1990 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 S
Rule Iraq 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 D
# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the `:01' is a typo.
# Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
#
Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Apr 1 3:00s 1:00 D
Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Oct 1 3:00s 0 S
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Baghdad 2:57:40 - LMT 1890
2:57:36 - BMT 1918 # Baghdad Mean Time?
3:00 - AST 1982 May
3:00 Iraq A%sT
###############################################################################
# Israel
# From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
#
# I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988. Until then there were three
# different abbreviations in use:
#
# JST Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University]
# IZT Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion]
# EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else]
#
# Since timezones should be called by country and not capital cities,
# I ruled out JST. As Israel is in Asia Minor and not Eastern Europe,