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3D-LiDAR and camera extrinsic calibration [paper][arxiv]

License

Citation

If you find our codes and method useful to your work, please consider citing this work:

@Article{WANG2017Lidar_camera_cali,
AUTHOR = {Wang, Weimin and Sakurada, Ken and Kawaguchi, Nobuo},
TITLE = {Reflectance Intensity Assisted Automatic and Accurate Extrinsic Calibration of 3D LiDAR and Panoramic Camera Using a Printed Chessboard},
JOURNAL = {Remote Sensing},
VOLUME = {9},
YEAR = {2017},
NUMBER = {8},
ARTICLE-NUMBER = {851},
ISSN = {2072-4292},
DOI = {10.3390/rs9080851}
}

Introduction

This is an python implementation for the fully automatic and accurate extrinsic calibration of an 3D-LiDAR and the camera based on the laser's reflectance intensity.
The paper is available here.
The main features of this implementations are:

  1. automatic segmentation of the point cloud acquired by Velodyne 3D LiDAR
  2. automatic detection of the chessboard
  3. automatic corners detection from the chessboard's point cloud
  4. optimization for extrinsic calibration parameters
  5. various of visualization for 3D point clouds with VTK python wrapper
    These features are implemented for VLP-16, HDL-32e and HDL-64e. However, they tested only with HDL-32e. We are appreciated if one could provide data of other types for testing.

Updates

  • 2018-06-05 Add instruction for installing dependencies on Ubuntu.
  • 2018-04-16 (Release of Version 0.2)
    • Implement calibration for monocular camera.
    • Add sample data and results for perspective camera calibration.
    • Add a feature that can hide occluded parts by the chessboard when project the point cloud to the image.
    • Some other minor changes.

Dependencies (Tested on macOS sierra and Ubuntu 14.04/16.04)

  • Python >= 2.7.9
  • OpenCV (Remember to enable python shared library if you are using python installed by pyenv)
    • for macOS:
    brew install opencv3
echo /usr/local/opt/opencv3/lib/python2.7/site-packages >> /usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/opencv3.pth
    • for Ubuntu:
    git clone https://github.com/opencv/opencv.git
cd opencv && mkdir build && cd build && cmake .. && make -j4 && make install
  • OpenGV
    • for macOS and Ubuntu:
    git clone https://github.com/mfxox/opengv
cd opengv
mkdir build && cd build && cmake .. && make && make install
  • Point Cloud Library (PCL)
    • for macOS:
    brew install pcl
    • for Ubuntu:
    sudo apt-get install libpcl-1.7-all
    or build from source
  • PCL python bindings
    • for macOS and Ubuntu:
    git clone https://github.com/mfxox/python-pcl
cd python-pcl
python setup.py install
  • MATLAB engine for Python:
    • for macOS and Linux:
    cd "matlabroot/extern/engines/python"
python setup.py install
    • MATLAB python is used for corner detection from panoramic images. The OpenCV backend is also available which can be set by the backend parameter in config.yaml, however, Opencv may fail to detect the corners. You can also use the example files (output/img_corners) of detected corners from the sample data for a try of calibration.

Optional

  • VTK =7.1.1: 3D Visualization
    • for macOS:
    brew install vtk

Usage

Installation

git clone --recurse-submodules https://github.com/mfxox/ILCC
cd ILCC
python setup.py install

Explanation of files

config.py: parameter settings
img_corners_est.py: estimate corners of chessboard from images with OpenCV or MATLAB
pcd_corners_est.py: estimate corners of chessboard from the point cloud
LM_opt.py: load corresponding 2D-3D corners, calculate initial values with the PnP method, refine the result with LM method
utility.py: utility functions for various of visualization

Process data

  1. Make a folder for example named as DATA and make the image and point cloud folders DATA/img and DATA/pcd respectively.

  2. Put panoramic images into DATA/img and point cloud files into DATA/pcd. The files should be named like 00XX.png or 00XX.csv.

  3. cd DATA and copy config.yaml to DATA and modify config.yaml according to your situation.

  4. Corner detection from images.

    from ILCC import img_corners_est
img_corners_est.detect_img_corners()

    Coordinates of corners from images are saved to DATA/output/img_corners with the filename 00XX_img_corners.txt and images with marked corners are saved in the same folder with the file name 00XX_detected_corners.jpg if 'output_img_with_dectected_corners' in config.yaml is set to True, as shown below.

  5. Corner detection from point clouds.

    from ILCC import pcd_corners_est
pcd_corners_est.detect_pcd_corners()

    Coordinates of corners from point clouds are save to output/pcd_seg with the filename 00XX_pcd_result.pkl. Segments of each point cloud are output to /DATA/output/pcd_seg/00XX.

  6. Non-linear optimization for final extrinsic parameters.

    from ILCC import LM_opt
LM_opt.cal_ext_paras()

    The extrinsic calibration results are output in the end of the process and saved with the filename YYYYMMDD_HHMMSS_calir_result.txt. Images of back-projected 3D corners using the calculated parameters are saved to DATA/output if 'back_proj_corners' is set to True, as shown below.


  7. After the aforementioned process, utility module can be imported for visualizing various of results. 

    from ILCC import utility
utility.vis_back_proj(ind=1, img_style="orig", pcd_style="dis", hide_occlussion_by_marker=False)
utility.vis_back_proj(ind=1, img_style="orig", pcd_style="dis", hide_occlussion_by_marker=True)
utility.vis_back_proj(ind=1, img_style="edge", pcd_style="intens", hide_occlussion_by_marker=True)

    The image (see below) with back-projected point cloud with the calculated extrinsic parameters will be showed and press "s" for saving. img_style can be "edge" (edge extracted) or "orig" (original image) and pcd_style can be "dis" (color by distance) or "intens" (color by intensity).


    Project points to the original image with coloring by distance. The occluded part by the chessboard is not hided.

    The occluded part by the chessboard is hided. The occluded part by the chessboard is hided by setting the parameter hide_occlussion_by_marker True.
    Check the upper part of the chessboard in the two images above.

    Project points to the edge image with coloring by intensity. Occluded points by the chessboard are hided.


    Results of perspective images. From left to right: [color: distance, original image], [color: distance, original image, hide occlusion], [color: intensity, edge image], [color: intensity, edge image, hide occlusion].

  1. For 3D visualization, [VTK](https:// clhub.com/Kitware/VTK) >=7.0 is necessary. See the example below for how to use.

Example

Sample Data

The sample data and processing results of detected corners can be downloaded from here (181M) for panoramic image and here (29M) for perspective image.
These data are acquired with the chessboard file which contains 6*8 patterns and the length of one grid is 7.5cm if it is printed by A0 size.

Process

  • For panoramic camera
wget https://www.dropbox.com/s/m0ogerftqav0fyx/ILCC_sample_data_and_result.zip
unzip ILCC_sample_data_and_result.zip
cd ILCC_sample_data_and_result

copy config.yaml to ILCC_sample_data_and_result folder.

  • For perspective camera
wget https://www.dropbox.com/s/et0o4k2sp485nz1/ILCC_sample_perspective_data.zip
unzip ILCC_sample_perspective_data.zip
cd ILCC_sample_perspective_data

copy config.yaml to ILCC_sample_data_and_result folder.
Set camera_type to 'perpsective' and input the intrinsic parameters to instrinsic_para by modifying config.yaml .

Visualization (VTK >=7.0 is necessary)

  • visualization of the point cloud from .csv file
    from ILCC import utility
    utility.vis_csv_pcd(ind=1)
  • visualization of the segmented results
    from ILCC import utility
    utility.vis_segments(ind=1)
  • visualization of the detected point cloud segment of the chessboard
    from ILCC import utility
    utility.vis_segments_only_chessboard_color(ind=1)
  • visualization of the detected point cloud segment of the chessboard and the estimated chessboard model
    from ILCC import utility
    utility.vis_ested_pcd_corners(ind=1)
  • visualization of all detected chessboards
    import utility
    import numpy as np
    utility.vis_all_markers(utility.vis_all_markers(np.arange(1, 21).tolist()))

Troubleshooting

  1. The chessboard was not segmented properly.
  • Make sure all points in the csv file are according to the time order.
  • Check the LiDAR_type and laser_beams_num in config.yaml are the same with your setup.
  • Try to increase jdc_thre_ratio and agglomerative_cluster_th_ratio in config.yaml if the chessboard is over-segmented. Otherwise, decrease them if the chessboard is under-segmented.
  1. The chessboard seems to be segmented properly by visualizing the segmentation result with utility.vis_segments, but "no marker is found" or the wrong segment is found.
  • Check pattern_size and grid_length in config.yaml are set properly.
  • Check the approximate distance of the chessboard is less than marker_range_limit in config.yaml.
  • Try to increase the value of chessboard_detect_planar_PCA_ratio in config.yaml if the point cloud of the chessboard is very noisy in the normal vector direction.
  • Try to decrease the value of least_marker_points_num in config.yaml if the chessboard is very far.
  1. The corner of the chessboard point cloud is not correctly detected.
  • Check the value of intensity_col_in in config.yaml is same with index of intensity's column in csv files, if you have similar visualized result in Issue #10.

For further questions, please discuss in Issues.

Tested conditions

No. LiDAR Model Camera Model Pattern Size Grid Length[cm] Distance Range[m] Data source Author
1 Velodyne
HDL-32e		 Ladybug3 (panoramic) 8*6 7.5 1.2 ~ 2.6 link mfxox
2 Velodyne
HDL-32e		 One monocular camera of the Ladybug3 8*6 7.5 1.2 ~ 2.6 link mfxox

Contributing

We are appreciated if you could share the collected data with different sizes or patterns of chessboard or other types of LiDAR sensors. We will acknowledge your contributions in the tested conditions' list.

If you have any question, please discuss in Issues or contact me directly.

To do list

  1. Remove the limitation of the constraints of the consistency between the patterns size and board size. Make corners detectable with OpenCV.
  2. Integration for ROS
  3. Add optimization for perspective camera model(20180416)
  4. Add parameters for HDL-64 and VLP-16-PACK(20170614)