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PKCS#11 example

Minimal example of using PKCS#11 from Java without a real smart card.

We'll create two key pairs in the PKCS#11 key store, which could used for anything. Since it's a pretty common scenario, we'll create one key pair for TLS authentication and one to create digital signatures.

Prerequisites

  • Java 17+
  • Maven 3

These instructions have been tested on MacOS using an M1 Mac Book Pro.

Setup

This example uses SoftHSM v2 to create a virtual PKCS#11-enabled smart card, and keytool to interact with it (i.e., to import private keys and certificates into it).

$ brew install softhsm

This is the SoftHSM configuration file, for reference:

$ cat /opt/homebrew/Cellar/softhsm/2.6.1/.bottle/etc/softhsm/softhsm2.conf
# SoftHSM v2 configuration file

directories.tokendir = /opt/homebrew/var/lib/softhsm/tokens/
objectstore.backend = file

# ERROR, WARNING, INFO, DEBUG
log.level = ERROR

# If CKF_REMOVABLE_DEVICE flag should be set
slots.removable = false

# Enable and disable PKCS#11 mechanisms using slots.mechanisms.
slots.mechanisms = ALL

# If the library should reset the state on fork
library.reset_on_fork = false

Build

$ mvn clean install
...
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time:  2.753 s
[INFO] Finished at: 2024-06-14T12:35:24+02:00
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------

Using the SoftHSM as a Java KeyStore

Initialize the token:

softhsm2-util --init-token --slot 0 --label "myToken" --pin 1234 --so-pin 5678

Create a PEM signing key pair and convert it into PKCS#12 format:

openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out signing-key.pem -pkeyopt rsa_keygen_bits:2048
openssl req -new -x509 -key signing-key.pem -out signing-cert.pem -days 365 -subj "/CN=signing"
openssl pkcs12 -export -in signing-cert.pem -inkey signing-key.pem -out signing.p12 -name signing -password pass:changeit

Create a PEM TLS authentication key pair and convert it into PKCS#12 format:

openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out tls-key.pem -pkeyopt rsa_keygen_bits:2048
openssl req -new -x509 -key tls-key.pem -out tls-cert.pem -days 365 -subj "/CN=tls"
openssl pkcs12 -export -in tls-cert.pem -inkey tls-key.pem -out tls.p12 -name tls -password pass:changeit

Import them into SoftHSM:

keytool -importkeystore -srckeystore signing.p12 -srcstoretype PKCS12 -srcstorepass changeit -destkeystore NONE -deststoretype PKCS11 -providerClass sun.security.pkcs11.SunPKCS11 -providerArg pkcs11.cfg -alias signing -deststorepass 1234
keytool -importkeystore -srckeystore tls.p12 -srcstoretype PKCS12 -srcstorepass changeit -destkeystore NONE -deststoretype PKCS11 -providerClass sun.security.pkcs11.SunPKCS11 -providerArg pkcs11.cfg -alias tls -deststorepass 1234

Verify:

keytool -list -keystore NONE -storetype PKCS11 -providerClass sun.security.pkcs11.SunPKCS11 -providerArg pkcs11.cfg -storepass 1234

To show the token:

softhsm2-util --show-slots

To delete the token:

softhsm2-util --delete-token --token myToken

To use different slots, add this line to pkcs11.cfg:

slotListIndex = 1

By default, PKCS#11 uses slot 0.

Showing key store contents

$ java -cp target/pkcs11-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar org.example.LoadCertificates pkcs11.cfg
Alias found: tls
Private Key Algorithm: RSA
Alias found: signing
Private Key Algorithm: RSA

Signing a document

$ java -cp target/pkcs11-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar org.example.SignDocument pkcs11.cfg signing
Using alias: signing
Document signed successfully.