README

NAME
    OptArgs2 - command-line argument and option processor

VERSION
    2.0.1_1 (yyyy-mm-dd)

SYNOPSIS
        #!/usr/bin/env perl
        use OptArgs2;

        # For simple scripts use optargs()

        my $args = optargs(
            comment => 'script to paint things',
            optargs => [
                item => {
                    isa      => 'Str',
                    required => 1,
                    comment  => 'the item to paint',
                },
                quiet => {
                    isa     => '--Flag',
                    alias   => 'q',
                    comment => 'output nothing while working',
                },
            ],
        );

        print "Painting $args->{item}\n" unless $args->{quiet};

        # For complex multi-command applications
        # use cmd(), subcmd() and class_optargs()

        cmd 'My::app' => (
            comment => 'handy work app',
            optargs => [
                command => {
                    isa      => 'Str',
                    required => 1,
                    comment  => 'the action to take',
                },
                quiet => {
                    isa     => '--Flag',
                    alias   => 'q',
                    comment => 'output nothing while working',
                },
            ],
        );

        subcmd 'My::app::prepare' => (
            comment => 'prepare something',
            optargs => [
                item => {
                    isa      => 'Str',
                    required => 1,
                    comment  => 'the item to prepare',
                },
            ],
        );

        subcmd 'My::app::paint' => (
            comment => 'paint something',
            optargs => [
                item => {
                    isa      => 'Str',
                    required => 1,
                    comment  => 'the item to paint',
                },
                color => {
                    isa     => '--Str',
                    alias   => 'c',
                    comment => 'your faviourite',
                    default => 'blue',
                },
            ],
        );

        my ( $class, $opts, $file ) = class_optargs('My::app');
        require $file;
        $class->new($opts);

DESCRIPTION
    OptArgs2 processes command line arguments, options, and subcommands
    according to the following definitions:

    Command
        A program run from the command line to perform a task.

    Arguments
        Arguments are positional parameters that pass information to a
        command. Arguments can be optional, but they should not be
        confused with Options below.

    Options
        Options are non-positional parameters that pass information to a
        command. They are generally not required to be present (hence
        the name Option) but that is configurable. All options have a
        long form prefixed by '--', and may have a single letter alias
        prefixed by '-'.

    Subcommands
        From the users point of view a subcommand is a special argument
        with its own set of arguments and options. However from a code
        authoring perspective subcommands are often implemented as
        stand-alone programs, called from the main script when the
        appropriate command arguments are given.

  Differences with Earlier Releases
    OptArgs2 version 2.0.0 was a large re-write to improve the API and
    code. Users upgrading from version 0.0.11 or OptArgs need to be
    aware of the following:

    API changes: optargs(), cmd(), subcmd()
        Commands and subcommands are now explicitly defined using
        "optargs()", "cmd()" and "subcmd()". The arguments to
        "optargs()" have changed to match "cmd()".

    Deprecated: arg(), opt(), fallback arguments
        Optargs definitions must now be defined in an array reference
        containing key/value pairs as shown in the synopsis. Fallback
        arguments have been replaced with a new "fallthru" option.

    class_optargs() no longer loads the class
        Users must specifically require the class if they want to use it
        afterwards.

    Bool options with no default display as "--[no-]bool"
        A Bool option without a default is now displayed with the
        "[no-]" prefix. What this means in practise is that many of your
        existing Bool options most likely would become Flag options
        instead.

  Simple Commands
    To demonstrate the simple use case (i.e. with no subcommands) lets
    put the code from the synopsis in a file called "paint" and observe
    the following interactions from the shell:

        $ ./paint
        usage: paint ITEM [OPTIONS...]

          arguments:
            ITEM          the item to paint *required*

          options:
            --help,  -h   print a usage message and exit
            --quiet, -q   output nothing while working

    The "optargs()" function parses the command line (@ARGV) according
    to the included declarations and returns a single HASH reference. If
    the command is not called correctly then an exception is thrown
    containing an automatically generated usage message as shown above.
    Because OptArgs2 fully knows the valid arguments and options it can
    detect a wide range of errors:

        $ ./paint wall Perl is great
        error: unexpected option or argument: Perl

    So let's add that missing argument definition inside the optargs ref

        optargs => [
            ...
            message => {
                isa      => 'Str',
                comment  => 'the message to paint on the item',
                greedy   => 1,
            },
        ],

    And then check the usage again:

        $ ./paint
        usage: paint ITEM [MESSAGE...] [OPTIONS...]

          arguments:
            ITEM          the item to paint, *required*
            MESSAGE       the message to paint on the item

          options:
            --help,  -h   print a usage message and exit
            --quiet, -q   output nothing while working

    Note that optional arguments are surrounded by square brackets, and
    that three dots (...) are postfixed to greedy arguments. A greedy
    argument will swallow whatever is left on the comand line:

        $ ./paint wall Perl is great
        Painting on wall: "Perl is great".

    Note that it probably doesn't make sense to define any more
    arguments once you have a greedy argument. Let's imagine you now
    want the user to be able to choose the colour if they don't like the
    default. An option might make sense here, specified by a leading
    '--' type:

        optargs => [
            ...
            colour => {
                isa           => '--Str',
                default       => 'blue',
                comment       => 'the colour to use',
            },
        ],

    This now produces the following usage output:

        usage: paint ITEM [MESSAGE...] [OPTIONS...]

          arguments:
            ITEM               the item to paint
            MESSAGE            the message to paint on the item

          options:
            --colour=STR, -c   the colour to use [blue]
            --help,       -h   print a usage message and exit
            --quiet,      -q   output nothing while working

  Multi-Level Commands
    Commands with subcommands require a different coding model and
    syntax which we will describe over three phases:

    Definitions
        Your command structure is defined using calls to the "cmd()" and
        "subcmd()" functions. The first argument to both functions is
        the name of the Perl class that implements the (sub-)command.

            cmd 'App::demo' => (
                comment => 'the demo command',
                optargs => [
                    command => {
                        isa      => 'SubCmd',
                        required => 1,
                        comment  => 'command to run',
                    },
                    quiet => {
                        isa     => '--Flag',
                        alias   => 'q',
                        comment => 'run quietly',
                    },
                ],
            );

            subcmd 'App::demo::foo' => (
                comment => 'demo foo',
                optargs => [
                    action => {
                        isa      => 'Str',
                        required => 1,
                        comment  => 'command to run',
                    },
                ],
            );

            subcmd 'App::demo::bar' => (
                comment => 'demo bar',
                optargs => [
                    baz => {
                        isa => '--Counter',
                        comment => '+1',
                    },
                ],
            );

            # Command hierarchy for the above code,
            # printed by using '-h' twice:
            #
            #     demo COMMAND [OPTIONS...]
            #         demo foo ACTION [OPTIONS...]
            #         demo bar [OPTIONS...]

        An argument of type 'SubCmd' is an explicit indication that
        subcommands can occur in that position. The command hierarchy is
        based upon the natural parent/child structure of the class
        names. This definition can be done in your main script, or in
        one or more separate packages or plugins, as you like.

    Parsing
        The "class_optargs()" function is called to parse the @ARGV
        array and call the appropriate "arg()" and "opt()" definitions
        as needed. It's first argument is generally the top-level
        command name you used in your first "cmd()" call.

            my ($class, $opts, $file) = class_optargs('App::demo');
            require $file;
            printf "Running %s with %s\n", $class, Dumper($opts)
              unless $opts->{quiet};

        The additional return value $class is the name of the actual
        (sub-)command to which the $opts HASHref applies. Usage
        exceptions are raised just the same as with the "optargs()"
        function.

            error: unknown option "--invalid"

            usage: demo COMMAND [OPTIONS...]

                COMMAND       command to run
                  bar           demo bar
                  foo           demo foo

                --quiet, -q   run quietly

        Note that options are inherited by subcommands.

    Dispatch/Execution
        Once you have the subcommand name and the option/argument
        hashref you can either execute the action or dispatch to the
        appropriate class/package as you like.

        There are probably several ways to layout command classes when
        you have lots of subcommands. Here is one way that seems to work
        for this module's author.

        lib/App/demo.pm, lib/App/demo/subcmd.pm
            I typically put the actual (sub-)command implementations in
            lib/App/demo.pm and lib/App/demo/subcmd.pm. App::demo itself
            only needs to exists if the root command does something.
            However I tend to also make App::demo the base class for all
            subcommands so it is often a non-trivial piece of code.

        lib/App/demo/OptArgs.pm
            App::demo::OptArgs is where I put all of my command
            definitions with names that match the actual implementation
            modules.

                package App::demo::OptArgs;
                use OptArgs2;

                cmd 'App::demo' => {
                    comment => 'the demo app',
                    optargs => [
                        # arg => 'Type, ...
                        # opt => '--Type, ...
                    ],
                }

            The reason for keeping this separate from lib/App/demo.pm is
            speed of loading. I don't want to have to load all of the
            modules that App::demo itself uses just to find out that I
            called the command incorrectly.

        bin/demo
            The command script itself is then usually fairly short:

                #!/usr/bin/env perl
                use OptArgs2 'class_optargs';
                use App::demo::OptArgs;

                my ($class, $opts, $file) = class_optargs('App::demo');
                require $file;
                $class->new($opts)->run;

  Argument Definition
    Arguments are key/hashref pairs defined inside an optargs =>
    arrayref like so:

        optargs => [
            name => {
                isa      => 'Str',
                comment  => 'the file to parse',
                default  => '-',
                greedy   => 0,
                # required => 0 | 1,
                # fallthru => 0 | 1,
            },
        ],

    Any underscores in the name (i.e. the optargs "key") are replaced by
    dashes (-) for presentation and command-line parsing. The following
    parameters are accepted:

    comment
        Required. Used to generate the usage/help message.

    default
        The value set when the argument is not given. Conflicts with the
        'required' parameter.

        If this is a subroutine reference it will be called with a
        hashref containg all option/argument values after parsing the
        source has finished. The value to be set must be returned, and
        any changes to the hashref are ignored.

    greedy
        If true the argument swallows the rest of the command line.

    fallthru
        Only relevant for SubCmd types. Normally, a "required" SubCmd
        will raise an error when the given argument doesn't match any
        subcommand. However, when fallthru is true the
        non-subcommand-matching argument will be passed back to the
        "class_optargs()" caller.

        This is typically useful when you have aliases that you can
        expand into real subcommands.

    isa Required. Is mapped to a Getopt::Long type according to the
        following table:

             optargs         Getopt::Long
            ------------------------------
             'Str'           '=s'
             'Int'           '=i'
             'Num'           '=f'
             'ArrayRef'      's@'
             'HashRef'       's%'
             'SubCmd'        '=s'

    isa_name
        When provided this parameter will be presented instead of the
        generic presentation for the 'isa' parameter.

    required
        Set to a true value when the caller must specify this argument.
        Conflicts with the 'default' parameter.

    show_default
        Boolean to indicate if the default value should be shown in
        usage messages. Overrides the (sub-)command's "show_default"
        setting.

  Option Definition
    Options are defined like arguments inside an optargs => arrayref
    like so, the key difference being the leading "--" for the "isa"
    parameter:

        optargs => [
            colour => {
                isa          => '--Str',
                alias        => 'c',
                comment      => 'the colour to paint',
                default      => 'blue',
                show_default => 1,
            },
        ],

    Any underscores in the name (i.e. the optargs "key") are replaced by
    dashes (-) for presentation and command-line parsing. The following
    parameters are accepted:

    alias
        A single character alias.

    comment
        Required. Used to generate the usage/help message.

    default
        The value set when the option is not given. Conflicts with the
        'required' parameter.

        If this is a subroutine reference it will be called with a
        hashref containing all option/argument values after parsing the
        source has finished. The value to be set must be returned, and
        any changes to the hashref are ignored.

    required
        Set to a true value when the caller must specify this option.
        Conflicts with the 'default' parameter.

    hidden
        When true this option will not appear in usage messages unless
        the usage message is a help request.

        This is handy if you have developer-only options, or options
        that are very rarely used that you don't want cluttering up your
        normal usage message.

    isa Required. Is mapped to a Getopt::Long type according to the
        following table:

            isa                             Getopt::Long
            ---                             ------------
             '--ArrayRef'                     's@'
             '--Flag'                         '!'
             '--Bool'                         '!'
             '--Counter'                      '+'
             '--HashRef'                      's%'
             '--Int'                          '=i'
             '--Num'                          '=f'
             '--Str'                          '=s'

    isa_name
        When provided this parameter will be presented instead of the
        generic presentation for the 'isa' parameter.

    show_default
        Boolean to indicate if the default value should be shown in
        usage messages. Overrides the (sub-)command's "show_default"
        setting.

    trigger
        The trigger parameter lets you define a subroutine that is
        called after processing before usage exceptions are raised. This
        is primarily to support --help or --version options which would
        typically override usage errors.

            opt version => (
                isa     => 'Flag',
                alias   => 'V',
                comment => 'print version string and exit',
                trigger => sub {
                    my ( $cmd, $value ) = @_;
                    die "$cmd version $VERSION\n";
                }
            );

        The trigger subref is passed two parameters: a OptArgs2::Cmd
        object and the value (if any) of the option. The OptArgs2::Cmd
        object is an internal one.

  Formatting of Usage Messages
    Usage messages attempt to present as much information as possible to
    the caller. Here is a brief overview of how the various types look
    and/or change depending on things like defaults.

    The presentation of Bool options in usage messages is as follows:

        Name        Type        Default         Presentation
        ----        ----        -------         ------------
        option      Bool        undef           --[no-]option
        option      Bool        true            --no-option
        option      Bool        false           --option
        option      Counter     *               --option

    The Flag option type is like a Bool that can only be set to true or
    left undefined. This makes sense for things such as "--help" or
    "--version" for which you never need to see a "--no" prefix.

        Name        Type        Default         Presentation
        ----        ----        -------         ------------
        option      Flag        always undef    --option

    Note that Flags also makes sense for "negative" options which will
    only ever turn things off:

        Name        Type        Default         Presentation
        ----        ----        -------         ------------
        no_option   Flag        always undef    --no-option

        # In Perl
        no_foo => {
            isa     => '--Flag',
            comment => 'disable the foo feature',
        }

        # Then later do { } unless $opts->{no_foo}

    The remaining types are presented as follows:

        Name        Type        isa_name        Presentation
        ----        ----        --------        ------------
        option      ArrayRef    -               --option Str
        option      HashRef     -               --option Str
        option      Int         -               --option Int
        option      Num         -               --option Num
        option      Str         -               --option Str
        option      *           XX              --option XX

    Defaults TO BE COMPLETED.

FUNCTIONS
    The following functions are exported by default.

    class_optargs( $class, [ @argv ] ) -> ($subclass, $opts, $file)
        Parse @ARGV by default (or @argv when given) for the arguments
        and options defined for command $class. @ARGV will first be
        decoded into UTF-8 (if necessary) from whatever I18N::Langinfo
        says your current locale codeset is.

        Returns the following values:

        $subclass
            The actual subcommand name that was matched by parsing the
            arguments. This may be the same as $class.

        $opts
            a hashref containing combined key/value pairs for options
            and arguments.

        $require_file
            A file fragment (matching $subclass) suitable for passing to
            "require".

        Throws an error / usage exception object (typically
        "OptArgs2::Usage::*") for missing or invalid arguments/options.
        Uses OptArgs2::Pager for Help output.

        As an aid for testing, if the passed in argument @argv (not
        @ARGV) contains a HASH reference, the key/value combinations of
        the hash will be added as options. An undefined value means a
        boolean option.

    cols() -> Integer
        Returns the terminal column width. Only exported on request.

    cmd( $class, %parameters ) -> OptArgs2::Cmd
        Define a top-level command identified by $class which is
        typically a Perl package name. The following parameters are
        accepted:

        abbrev
            When set to true then subcommands can be abbreviated, up to
            their shortest, unique values.

        comment
            A description of the command. Required.

        optargs
            An arrayref containing argument and option definitions. Note
            that options are inherited by subcommands so you don't need
            to define them again in child subcommands.

        no_help
            By default "cmd()" automatically adds a default '--help'
            option. When used once a standard help message is displayed.
            When used twice a help tree showing subcommands is
            displayed. To disable the automatic help set "no_help" to a
            true value.

        show_color
            Boolean indicating if usage messages should use ANSI
            terminal color codes to highlight different elements. True
            by default.

        show_default
            Boolean indicating if default values for options and
            arguments should be shown in usage messages. Can be
            overriden by sub-commands, args and opts. Off by default.

    optargs( @cmd_optargs ) -> HASHref
        This is a convenience function for single-level commands that:

        *   passes it's arguments directly to "cmd()",

        *   calls "class_optargs()" to parse '@ARGV' and returns the
            $opts HASHref result directly.

    rows() -> Integer
        Returns the terminal row height. Only exported on request.

    subcmd( $subclass, %parameters ) -> OptArgs2::Cmd
        Defines the subcommand $subclass of a previously defined
        (sub-)command.

        Accepts the same parameters as "cmd()" in addition to the
        following:

        hidden
            Hide the existence of this subcommand in non-help usage
            messages. This is handy if you have developer-only or
            rarely-used commands that you don't want cluttering up your
            normal usage message.

    usage( [$class] ) -> Str
        Only exported on request, this function returns the usage string
        for the command $class or the class of the calling package (.e.g
        "main").

SEE ALSO
    OptArgs2::Pager, OptArgs2::StatusLine, Getopt::Long

    This module used to duplicate itself on CPAN as Getopt::Args2, but
    as of the version 2 series that is no longer the case.

SUPPORT & DEVELOPMENT
    This distribution is managed via github:

        https://github.com/mlawren/p5-OptArgs/

    This distribution follows the semantic versioning model:

        http://semver.org/

    Code is tidied up on Git commit using githook-perltidy:

        http://github.com/mlawren/githook-perltidy

AUTHOR
    Mark Lawrence <nomad@null.net>

LICENSE
    Copyright 2016-2022 Mark Lawrence <nomad@null.net>

    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
    the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
    (at your option) any later version.