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Stellar Language

For a variety of components (threat intelligence triage and field transformations) we have the need to do simple computation and transformation using the data from messages as variables. For those purposes, there exists a simple, scaled down DSL created to do simple computation and transformation.

The query language supports the following:

  • Referencing fields in the enriched JSON
  • String literals are quoted with either ' or ", and support escaping for ', ", \t, \r, \n, and backslash
  • Simple boolean operations: and, not, or
    • Boolean expressions are short-circuited (e.g. true or FUNC() would never execute FUNC)
  • Simple arithmetic operations: *, /, +, - on real numbers or integers
  • Simple comparison operations <, >, <=, >=
  • Simple equality comparison operations ==, !=
  • if/then/else comparisons (i.e. if var1 < 10 then 'less than 10' else '10 or more')
  • Determining whether a field exists (via exists)
  • An in operator that works like the in in Python
  • The ability to have parenthesis to make order of operations explicit
  • User defined functions, including Lambda expressions

For documentation of Stellar, please see the Stellar README.

Global Configuration

The format of the global enrichment is a JSON String to Object map. This is intended for configuration which is non sensor specific configuration.

This configuration is stored in zookeeper, but looks something like

{
  "es.clustername": "metron",
  "es.ip": "node1",
  "es.port": "9300",
  "es.date.format": "yyyy.MM.dd.HH",
  "parser.error.topic": "indexing",
  "fieldValidations" : [
              {
                "input" : [ "ip_src_addr", "ip_dst_addr" ],
                "validation" : "IP",
                "config" : {
                    "type" : "IPV4"
                           }
              }
                       ]
}

Various parts of our stack uses the global config are documented throughout the Metron documentation, but a convenient index is provided here:

Property Name Subsystem Type Ambari Property
es.clustername Indexing String es_cluster_name
es.ip Indexing String es_hosts & es_port
es.port Indexing String N/A
es.date.format Indexing String es_date_format
es.client.settings Indexing Object N/A
indexing.writer.elasticsearch.setDocumentId Indexing Boolean N/A
solr.zookeeper Indexing String solr_zookeeper_url
solr.commitPerBatch Indexing String N/A
solr.commit.soft Indexing String N/A
solr.commit.waitSearcher Indexing String N/A
solr.commit.waitFlush Indexing String N/A
solr.collection Indexing String N/A
solr.http.config Indexing String N/A
fieldValidations Parsing Object N/A
parser.error.topic Parsing String parser_error_topic
stellar.function.paths Stellar CSV String N/A
stellar.function.resolver.includes Stellar CSV String N/A
stellar.function.resolver.excludes Stellar CSV String N/A
profiler.period.duration Profiler Integer profiler_period_duration
profiler.period.duration.units Profiler String profiler_period_units
profiler.client.period.duration Profiler Integer profiler_period_duration
profiler.client.period.duration.units Profiler String profiler_period_units
profiler.writer.batchSize Profiler Integer profiler_kafka_writer_batch_size
profiler.writer.batchTimeout Profiler Integer profiler_kafka_writer_batch_timeout
update.hbase.table REST/Indexing String update_hbase_table
update.hbase.cf REST/Indexing String update_hbase_cf
user.settings.hbase.table REST/Indexing String user_settings_hbase_table
user.settings.hbase.cf REST/Indexing String user_settings_hbase_cf
geo.hdfs.file Enrichment String geo_hdfs_file
enrichment.writer.batchSize Enrichment Integer enrichment_kafka_writer_batch_size
enrichment.writer.batchTimeout Enrichment Integer enrichment_kafka_writer_batch_timeout
enrichment.list.hbase.provider.impl Enrichment String enrichment_list_hbase_provider_impl
enrichment.list.hbase.table Enrichment String enrichment_list_hbase_table
enrichment.list.hbase.cf Enrichment String enrichment_list_hbase_cf
geo.hdfs.file Enrichment String geo_hdfs_file
source.type.field UI String source_type_field
threat.triage.score.field UI String threat_triage_score_field

Note Configs in Ambari

If a field is managed via ambari, you should change the field via ambari. Otherwise, upon service restarts, you may find your update overwritten.

High Level Architecture

As already pointed out in the main project README, Apache Metron is a Kappa architecture (see Navigating the Architecture) primarily backed by Storm and Kafka. We additionally leverage:

  • Zookeeper for dynamic configuration updates to running Storm topologies. This enables us to push updates to our Storm topologies without restarting them.
  • HBase primarily for enrichments. But we also use it to store user state for our UI's.
  • HDFS for long term storage. Our parsed and enriched messages land here, along with any reported exceptions or errors encountered along the way.
  • Solr and Elasticsearch (plus Kibana) for real-time access. We provide out of the box compatibility with both Solr and Elasticsearch, and custom dashboards for data exploration in Kibana.
  • Zeppelin for providing dashboards to do custom analytics.

Getting data "into" Metron is accomplished by setting up a Kafka topic for parsers to read from. There are a variety of options, including, but not limited to:

Validation Framework

Inside of the global configuration, there is a validation framework in place that enables the validation that messages coming from all parsers are valid. This is done in the form of validation plugins where assertions about fields or whole messages can be made.

The format for this is a fieldValidations field inside of global config. This is associated with an array of field validation objects structured like so:

  • input : An array of input fields or a single field. If this is omitted, then the whole messages is passed to the validator.
  • config : A String to Object map for validation configuration. This is optional if the validation function requires no configuration.
  • validation : The validation function to be used. This is one of
    • STELLAR : Execute a Stellar Language statement. Expects the query string in the condition field of the config.
    • IP : Validates that the input fields are an IP address. By default, if no configuration is set, it assumes IPV4, but you can specify the type by passing in the config by passing in type with either IPV6 or IPV4 or by passing in a list [IPV4,IPV6] in which case the input(s) will be validated against both.
    • DOMAIN : Validates that the fields are all domains.
    • EMAIL : Validates that the fields are all email addresses
    • URL : Validates that the fields are all URLs
    • DATE : Validates that the fields are a date. Expects format in the config.
    • INTEGER : Validates that the fields are an integer. String representation of an integer is allowed.
    • REGEX_MATCH : Validates that the fields match a regex. Expects pattern in the config.
    • NOT_EMPTY : Validates that the fields exist and are not empty (after trimming.)

Management Utility

Configurations should be stored on disk in the following structure starting at $BASE_DIR:

  • global.json : The global config
  • sensors : The subdirectory containing sensor enrichment configuration JSON (e.g. snort.json, bro.json)

By default, this directory as deployed by the ansible infrastructure is at $METRON_HOME/config/zookeeper

While the configs are stored on disk, they must be loaded into Zookeeper to be used. To this end, there is a utility program to assist in this called $METRON_HOME/bin/zk_load_config.sh

This has the following options:

 -c,--config_type <CONFIG_TYPE>            The configuration type: GLOBAL,
                                           PARSER, ENRICHMENT, INDEXING,
                                           PROFILER
 -f,--force                                Force operation
 -h,--help                                 Generate Help screen
 -i,--input_dir <DIR>                      The input directory containing
                                           the configuration files named
                                           like "$source.json"
 -m,--mode <MODE>                          The mode of operation: DUMP,
                                           PULL, PUSH, PATCH
 -n,--config_name <CONFIG_NAME>            The configuration name: bro,
                                           yaf, snort, squid, etc.
 -o,--output_dir <DIR>                     The output directory which will
                                           store the JSON configuration
                                           from Zookeeper
 -pk,--patch_key <PATCH_KEY>               The key to modify
 -pm,--patch_mode <PATCH_MODE>             One of: ADD, REMOVE - relevant
                                           only for key/value patches,
                                           i.e. when a patch file is not
                                           used.
 -pf,--patch_file <PATCH_FILE>             Path to the patch file.
 -pv,--patch_value <PATCH_VALUE>           Value to use in the patch.
 -z,--zk_quorum <host:port,[host:port]*>   Zookeeper Quorum URL
                                           (zk1:port,zk2:port,...)

Usage examples:

  • To dump the existing configs from zookeeper on the singlenode vagrant machine: $METRON_HOME/bin/zk_load_configs.sh -z node1:2181 -m DUMP
  • To dump the existing GLOBAL configs from zookeeper on the singlenode vagrant machine: $METRON_HOME/bin/zk_load_configs.sh -z node1:2181 -m DUMP -c GLOBAL
  • To push the configs into zookeeper on the singlenode vagrant machine: $METRON_HOME/bin/zk_load_configs.sh -z node1:2181 -m PUSH -i $METRON_HOME/config/zookeeper
  • To push only the GLOBAL configs into zookeeper on the singlenode vagrant machine: $METRON_HOME/bin/zk_load_configs.sh -z node1:2181 -m PUSH -i $METRON_HOME/config/zookeeper -c GLOBAL
  • To push only the PARSER configs into zookeeper on the singlenode vagrant machine: $METRON_HOME/bin/zk_load_configs.sh -z node1:2181 -m PUSH -i $METRON_HOME/config/zookeeper -c PARSER
  • To push only the PARSER 'bro' configs into zookeeper on the singlenode vagrant machine: $METRON_HOME/bin/zk_load_configs.sh -z node1:2181 -m PUSH -i $METRON_HOME/config/zookeeper -c PARSER -n bro
  • To pull all configs from zookeeper to the singlenode vagrant machine disk: $METRON_HOME/bin/zk_load_configs.sh -z node1:2181 -m PULL -o $METRON_HOME/config/zookeeper -f

Patching mechanism

The configuration management utility leverages a JSON patching library that conforms to RFC-6902 spec. We're using the zjsonpatch library implementation from here - https://github.com/flipkart-incubator/zjsonpatch. There are a couple options for leveraging patching. You can choose to patch the Zookeeper config via patch file:

$METRON_HOME/bin/zk_load_configs.sh -z $ZOOKEEPER -m PATCH -c GLOBAL -pf /tmp/mypatch.txt

or key/value pair:

$METRON_HOME/bin/zk_load_configs.sh -z $ZOOKEEPER -m PATCH -c GLOBAL -pm ADD -pk foo -pv \"\"bar\"\"

The options exposed via patch file are the full range of options from RFC-6902:

  • ADD
  • REMOVE
  • REPLACE
  • MOVE
  • COPY
  • TEST

whereas with key/value patching, we only current expose ADD and REMOVE. Note that ADD will function as a REPLACE when the key already exists.

Patch File

Let's say we want to add a complex JSON object to our configuration with a patch file. e.g.

"foo" : {
    "bar" : {
      "baz" : [ "bazval1", "bazval2" ]
    }
  }

We would write a patch file "/tmp/mypatch.txt" with contents:

[
    {
        "op": "add",
        "path": "/foo",
        "value": { "bar" : { "baz" : [ "bazval1", "bazval2" ] } }
    }
]

And submit via zk_load_configs as follows:

 $METRON_HOME/bin/zk_load_configs.sh -z $ZOOKEEPER -m PATCH -c GLOBAL -pf /tmp/mypatch.txt

Patch Key/Value

Now let's try the same without using a patch file, instead using the patch_key and patch_value options right from the command line utility. This would like like the following.

$METRON_HOME/bin/zk_load_configs.sh -z $ZOOKEEPER -m PATCH -c GLOBAL -pm ADD -pk "/foo" -pv "{ \"bar\" : { \"baz\" : [ \"bazval1\", \"bazval2\" ] } }"

Applying Multiple Patches

Applying multiple patches is also pretty straightforward. You can achieve this in a single command using patch files, or simply execute multiple commands in sequence using the patch_key/value approach.

Let's say we wanted to add the following to our global config:

"apache" : "metron",
"is" : "the best",
"streaming" : "analytics platform"

and remove the /foo key from the previous example.

Create a patch file /tmp/mypatch.txt with four separate patch operations.

[
    {
        "op": "remove",
        "path": "/foo"
    },
    {
        "op": "add",
        "path": "/apache",
        "value": "metron"
    },
    {
        "op": "add",
        "path": "/is",
        "value": "the best"
    },
    {
        "op": "add",
        "path": "/streaming",
        "value": "analytics platform"
    }
]

Now submit again and you should see a Global config with the "foo" key removed and three new keys added.

 $METRON_HOME/bin/zk_load_configs.sh -z $ZOOKEEPER -m PATCH -c GLOBAL -pf /tmp/mypatch.txt

Notes On Patching

For any given patch key, the last/leaf node in the key's parent must exist, otherwise an exception will be thrown. For example, if you want to add the following:

"foo": {
    "bar": "baz"
}

It is not sufficient to use /foo/bar as a key if foo does not already exist. You would either need to incrementally build the JSON and make this a two step process

[
    {
        "op": "add",
        "path": "/foo",
        "value": { }
    },
    {
        "op": "add",
        "path": "/foo/bar",
        "value": "baz"
    }
]

Or provide the value as a complete JSON object.

[
    {
        "op": "add",
        "path": "/foo",
        "value": { "bar" : "baz" }
    }
]

The REMOVE operation is idempotent. Running the remove command on the same key multiple times will not fail once the key has been removed.

Topology Errors

Errors generated in Metron topologies are transformed into JSON format and follow this structure:

{
  "exception": "java.lang.IllegalStateException: Unable to parse Message: ...",
  "failed_sensor_type": "bro",
  "stack": "java.lang.IllegalStateException: Unable to parse Message: ...",
  "hostname": "node1",
  "source:type": "error",
  "raw_message": "{\"http\": {\"ts\":1488809627.000000.31915,\"uid\":\"C9JpSd2vFAWo3mXKz1\", ...",
  "error_hash": "f7baf053f2d3c801a01d196f40f3468e87eea81788b2567423030100865c5061",
  "error_type": "parser_error",
  "message": "Unable to parse Message: {\"http\": {\"ts\":1488809627.000000.31915,\"uid\":\"C9JpSd2vFAWo3mXKz1\", ...",
  "timestamp": 1488809630698,
  "guid": "bf9fb8d1-2507-4a41-a5b2-42f75f6ddc63"
}

Each topology can be configured to send error messages to a specific Kafka topic. The parser topologies retrieve this setting from the the parser.error.topic setting in the global config:

{
  "es.clustername": "metron",
  "es.ip": "node1",
  "es.port": "9300",
  "es.date.format": "yyyy.MM.dd.HH",
  "parser.error.topic": "indexing"
}

Error topics for enrichment and threat intel errors are passed into the enrichment topology as flux properties named enrichment.error.topic and threat.intel.error.topic. These properties can be found in $METRON_HOME/config/enrichment.properties.

The error topic for indexing errors is passed into the indexing topology as a flux property named index.error.topic. This property can be found in either $METRON_HOME/config/elasticsearch.properties or $METRON_HOME/config/solr.properties depending on the search engine selected.

By default all error messages are sent to the indexing topic so that they are indexed and archived, just like other messages. The indexing config for error messages can be found at $METRON_HOME/config/zookeeper/indexing/error.json.

Performance Logging

The PerformanceLogger class provides functionality that enables developers to debug performance issues. Basic usage looks like the following:

// create a simple inner performance class to use for logger instantiation
public static class Perf {}
// instantiation
PerformnanceLogger perfLog = new PerformanceLogger(() -> getConfigurations().getGlobalConfig(), Perf.class.getName());
// marking a start time
perfLog.mark("mark1");
// ...do some high performance stuff...
// log the elapsed time
perfLog.log("mark1", "My high performance stuff is very performant");
// log no additional message, just the basics
perfLog.log("mark1");

The logger maintains a Map<String, Long> of named markers that correspond to start times. Calling mark() performs a put on the underlying timing store. Output includes the mark name, elapsed time in nanoseconds, as well as any custom messaging you provide. A sample log would look like the following:

[DEBUG] markName=execute,time(ns)=121411,message=key=7a8dbe44-4cb9-4db2-9d04-7632f543b56c, elapsed time to run execute

Configuration

The first argument to the logger is a java.util.function.Supplier<Map<String, Object>>. The offers flexibility in being able to provide multiple configuration "suppliers" depending on your individual usage requirements. The example above, taken from org.apache.metron.enrichment.bolt.GenericEnrichmentBolt, leverages the global config to dymanically provide configuration from Zookeeper. Any updates to the global config via Zookeeper are reflected live at runtime. Currently, the PerformanceLogger supports the following options:

Property Name Type Valid Values
performance.logging.percent.records Integer 0-100

Other Usage Details

You can also provide your own format String and provide arguments that will be used when formatting that String. This code avoids expensive String concatenation by only formatting when debugging is enabled. For more complex arguments, e.g. JSON serialization, we expose an isDebugEnabled() method.

// log with format String and single argument
perfLog.log("join-message", "key={}, elapsed time to join messages", key);

// check if debugging is enabled for the performance logger to avoid more expensive operations
if (perfLog.isDebugEnabled()) {
    perfLog.log("join-message", "key={}, elapsed time to join messages, message={}", key, rawMessage.toJSONString());
}

Side Effects

Calling the mark() method multiple times simply resets the start time to the current nano time. Calling log() with a non-existent mark name will log 0 ns elapsed time with a warning indicating that log has been invoked for a mark name that does not exist. The class is not thread-safe and makes no attempt at keeping multiple threads from modifying the same markers.

Metron Debugging

A Python script is provided for gathering information useful in debugging your Metron cluster. Run from the node that has Metron installed on it. All options listed below are required.

Note: Be aware that no anonymization/scrubbing is performed on the captured configuration details.

# $METRON_HOME/bin/cluster_info.py -h
Usage: cluster_info.py [options]

Options:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -a HOST:PORT, --ambari-host=HOST:PORT
                        Connect to Ambari via the supplied host:port
  -c NAME, --cluster-name=NAME
                        Name of cluster in Ambari to retrieve info for
  -o DIRECTORY, --out-dir=DIRECTORY
                        Write debugging data to specified root directory
  -s HOST:PORT, --storm-host=HOST:PORT
                        Connect to Storm via the supplied host:port
  -b HOST1:PORT,HOST2:PORT, --broker_list=HOST1:PORT,HOST2:PORT
                        Connect to Kafka via the supplied comma-delimited
                        host:port list
  -z HOST1:PORT,HOST2:PORT, --zookeeper_quorum=HOST1:PORT,HOST2:PORT
                        Connect to Zookeeper via the supplied comma-delimited
                        host:port quorum list
  -m DIRECTORY, --metron_home=DIRECTORY
                        Metron home directory
  -p DIRECTORY, --hdp_home=DIRECTORY
                        HDP home directory

Metron Upgrade Helper

A bash script is provided to assist in performing backup and restore operations for Metron Ambari configurations and configurations stored in Zookeeper.

If your Ambari Server is installed on a separate host from Metron, you may need to scp the upgrade_helper.sh script to the Ambari host along with the file /etc/default/metron. There is an optional argument, directory_base, that allows you to specify where you would like backups to be written to and restored from. Be aware that while it's optional, the default is to write the data to the directory from which you're executing the script, i.e. ./metron-backup.

# $METRON_HOME/bin/upgrade_helper.sh -h
5 args required
Usage:
  mode: [backup|restore] - backup will save configs to a directory named "metron-backup". Restore will take those same configs and restore them to Ambari.
  ambari_address: host and port for Ambari server, e.g. "node1:8080"
  username: Ambari admin username
  password: Ambari admin user password
  cluster_name: hadoop cluster name. Can be found in Ambari under "Admin > Manage Ambari"
  directory_base: (Optional) root directory location where the backup will be written to and read from. Default is the executing directory, ".", with backup data stored to a subdirectory named "metron-backup"

Examples:
# backup
$METRON_HOME/bin/upgrade_helper.sh backup node1:8080 admin admin metron_cluster
# restore
$METRON_HOME/bin/upgrade_helper.sh restore node1:8080 admin admin metron_cluster

Note: Before issuing a restore, you should verify that the backup completed successfully. If there is an issue connecting to the Ambari server, the following message will appear in the script output.

**ERROR:** Unable to get cluster detail from Ambari. Check your username, password, and cluster name. Skipping.