convert-hf-to-gguf.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3

from __future__ import annotations

import argparse
import contextlib
import json
import os
import re
import sys
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from enum import IntEnum
from pathlib import Path
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, ContextManager, Iterator, Sequence, TypeVar, cast

import numpy as np
import torch

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from torch import Tensor

if 'NO_LOCAL_GGUF' not in os.environ:
    sys.path.insert(1, str(Path(__file__).parent / 'gguf-py'))
import gguf

from convert import HfVocab


###### MODEL DEFINITIONS ######

class SentencePieceTokenTypes(IntEnum):
    NORMAL = 1
    UNKNOWN = 2
    CONTROL = 3
    USER_DEFINED = 4
    UNUSED = 5
    BYTE = 6


AnyModel = TypeVar("AnyModel", bound="type[Model]")


class Model(ABC):
    _model_classes: dict[str, type[Model]] = {}

    def __init__(self, dir_model: Path, ftype: int, fname_out: Path, is_big_endian: bool):
        self.dir_model = dir_model
        self.ftype = ftype
        self.fname_out = fname_out
        self.is_big_endian = is_big_endian
        self.endianess = gguf.GGUFEndian.BIG if is_big_endian else gguf.GGUFEndian.LITTLE
        self.is_safetensors = self._is_model_safetensors()
        self.num_parts = Model.count_model_parts(self.dir_model, ".safetensors" if self.is_safetensors else ".bin")
        self.part_names = self._get_part_names()
        self.hparams = Model.load_hparams(self.dir_model)
        self.gguf_writer = gguf.GGUFWriter(fname_out, gguf.MODEL_ARCH_NAMES[self.model_arch], endianess=self.endianess, use_temp_file=False)
        self.block_count = self.find_hparam(["n_layers", "num_hidden_layers", "n_layer"])

    @property
    @abstractmethod
    def model_arch(self) -> gguf.MODEL_ARCH:
        pass

    def find_hparam(self, keys: Sequence[str], optional: bool = False) -> Any:
        key = next((k for k in keys if k in self.hparams), None)
        if key is not None:
            return self.hparams[key]
        if optional:
            return None
        raise KeyError(f"could not find any of: {keys}")

    def set_vocab(self):
        self._set_vocab_gpt2()

    def get_tensors(self) -> Iterator[tuple[str, Tensor]]:
        for part_name in self.part_names:
            print(f"gguf: loading model part '{part_name}'")
            ctx: ContextManager[Any]
            if self.is_safetensors:
                from safetensors import safe_open
                ctx = cast(ContextManager[Any], safe_open(self.dir_model / part_name, framework="pt", device="cpu"))
            else:
                ctx = contextlib.nullcontext(torch.load(str(self.dir_model / part_name), map_location="cpu", mmap=True, weights_only=True))

            with ctx as model_part:
                for name in model_part.keys():
                    data = model_part.get_tensor(name) if self.is_safetensors else model_part[name]
                    yield name, data

    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
        self.gguf_writer.add_name(self.dir_model.name)
        self.gguf_writer.add_block_count(self.block_count)

        if (n_ctx := self.find_hparam(["max_position_embeddings", "n_ctx"], optional=True)) is not None:
            self.gguf_writer.add_context_length(n_ctx)
            print(f"gguf: context length = {n_ctx}")

        n_embd = self.find_hparam(["hidden_size", "n_embd"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(n_embd)
        print(f"gguf: embedding length = {n_embd}")

        if (n_ff := self.find_hparam(["intermediate_size", "n_inner"], optional=True)) is not None:
            self.gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(n_ff)
            print(f"gguf: feed forward length = {n_ff}")

        n_head = self.find_hparam(["num_attention_heads", "n_head"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count(n_head)
        print(f"gguf: head count = {n_head}")

        if (n_head_kv := self.hparams.get("num_key_value_heads")) is not None:
            self.gguf_writer.add_head_count_kv(n_head_kv)
            print(f"gguf: key-value head count = {n_head_kv}")

        if (rope_theta := self.hparams.get("rope_theta")) is not None:
            self.gguf_writer.add_rope_freq_base(rope_theta)
            print(f"gguf: rope theta = {rope_theta}")
        if (f_rms_eps := self.hparams.get("rms_norm_eps")) is not None:
            self.gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_rms_eps(f_rms_eps)
            print(f"gguf: rms norm epsilon = {f_rms_eps}")
        if (f_norm_eps := self.find_hparam(["layer_norm_eps", "layer_norm_epsilon", "norm_epsilon"], optional=True)) is not None:
            self.gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_eps(f_norm_eps)
            print(f"gguf: layer norm epsilon = {f_norm_eps}")
        if (n_experts := self.hparams.get("num_local_experts")) is not None:
            self.gguf_writer.add_expert_count(n_experts)
            print(f"gguf: expert count = {n_experts}")
        if (n_experts_used := self.hparams.get("num_experts_per_tok")) is not None:
            self.gguf_writer.add_expert_used_count(n_experts_used)
            print(f"gguf: experts used count = {n_experts_used}")

        self.gguf_writer.add_file_type(self.ftype)
        print(f"gguf: file type = {self.ftype}")

    def write_tensors(self):
        block_count = self.hparams.get("n_layers", self.hparams.get("num_hidden_layers", self.hparams.get("n_layer")))
        tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(self.model_arch, block_count)
        for name, data_torch in self.get_tensors():
            # we don't need these
            if name.endswith((".attention.masked_bias", ".attention.bias", ".attention.rotary_emb.inv_freq")):
                continue

            old_dtype = data_torch.dtype

            # convert any unsupported data types to float32
            if data_torch.dtype not in (torch.float16, torch.float32):
                data_torch = data_torch.to(torch.float32)

            data = data_torch.squeeze().numpy()

            # map tensor names
            new_name = tensor_map.get_name(name, try_suffixes=(".weight", ".bias"))
            if new_name is None:
                print(f"Can not map tensor {name!r}")
                sys.exit()

            n_dims = len(data.shape)
            data_dtype = data.dtype

            # if f32 desired, convert any float16 to float32
            if self.ftype == 0 and data_dtype == np.float16:
                data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # TODO: Why cant we use these float16 as-is? There should be not reason to store float16 as float32
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float16 and n_dims == 1:
                data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # if f16 desired, convert any float32 2-dim weight tensors to float16
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float32 and name.endswith(".weight") and n_dims == 2:
                data = data.astype(np.float16)

            print(f"{new_name}, n_dims = {n_dims}, {old_dtype} --> {data.dtype}")

            self.gguf_writer.add_tensor(new_name, data)

    def write(self):
        self.write_tensors()
        self.gguf_writer.write_header_to_file()
        self.gguf_writer.write_kv_data_to_file()
        self.gguf_writer.write_tensors_to_file()
        self.gguf_writer.close()

    def write_vocab(self):
        self.gguf_writer.write_header_to_file()
        self.gguf_writer.write_kv_data_to_file()
        self.gguf_writer.close()

    @staticmethod
    def count_model_parts(dir_model: Path, prefix: str) -> int:
        num_parts = 0
        for filename in os.listdir(dir_model):
            if filename.endswith(prefix):
                num_parts += 1

        return num_parts

    @staticmethod
    def load_hparams(dir_model):
        with open(dir_model / "config.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
            return json.load(f)

    @classmethod
    def register(cls, *names: str) -> Callable[[AnyModel], AnyModel]:
        assert names

        def func(modelcls: type[Model]):
            for name in names:
                cls._model_classes[name] = modelcls
            return modelcls
        return func

    @classmethod
    def from_model_architecture(cls, arch):
        try:
            return cls._model_classes[arch]
        except KeyError:
            raise NotImplementedError(f'Architecture {arch!r} not supported!') from None

    def _is_model_safetensors(self) -> bool:
        return Model.count_model_parts(self.dir_model, ".safetensors") > 0

    def _get_part_names(self):
        if self.is_safetensors:
            if self.num_parts == 1:  # there's only one .safetensors file
                return ("model.safetensors",)
            return (f"model-{n:05}-of-{self.num_parts:05}.safetensors" for n in range(1, self.num_parts + 1))

        if self.num_parts == 1:  # there's only one .bin file
            return ("pytorch_model.bin",)
        return (f"pytorch_model-{n:05}-of-{self.num_parts:05}.bin" for n in range(1, self.num_parts + 1))

    def _set_vocab_gpt2(self):
        dir_model = self.dir_model
        hparams = self.hparams
        tokens: list[bytearray] = []
        toktypes: list[int] = []

        from transformers import AutoTokenizer
        tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(dir_model)
        vocab_size = hparams.get("vocab_size", len(tokenizer.vocab))
        assert max(tokenizer.vocab.values()) < vocab_size

        reverse_vocab = {id_: encoded_tok for encoded_tok, id_ in tokenizer.vocab.items()}
        added_vocab = tokenizer.get_added_vocab()

        for i in range(vocab_size):
            if i not in reverse_vocab:
                pad_token = f"[PAD{i}]".encode('utf-8')
                tokens.append(bytearray(pad_token))
                toktypes.append(gguf.TokenType.USER_DEFINED)
            elif reverse_vocab[i] in added_vocab:
                tokens.append(reverse_vocab[i])
                if tokenizer.added_tokens_decoder[i].special:
                    toktypes.append(gguf.TokenType.CONTROL)
                else:
                    toktypes.append(gguf.TokenType.USER_DEFINED)
            else:
                tokens.append(reverse_vocab[i])
                toktypes.append(gguf.TokenType.NORMAL)

        self.gguf_writer.add_tokenizer_model("gpt2")
        self.gguf_writer.add_token_list(tokens)
        self.gguf_writer.add_token_types(toktypes)

        special_vocab = gguf.SpecialVocab(dir_model, load_merges=True)
        special_vocab.add_to_gguf(self.gguf_writer)

    def _set_vocab_qwen(self):
        dir_model = self.dir_model
        hparams = self.hparams
        tokens: list[bytearray] = []
        toktypes: list[int] = []

        from transformers import AutoTokenizer
        tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(dir_model, trust_remote_code=True)
        vocab_size = hparams["vocab_size"]
        assert max(tokenizer.get_vocab().values()) < vocab_size

        merges = []
        vocab = {}
        mergeable_ranks = tokenizer.mergeable_ranks
        for token, rank in mergeable_ranks.items():
            vocab[QwenModel.token_bytes_to_string(token)] = rank
            if len(token) == 1:
                continue
            merged = QwenModel.bpe(mergeable_ranks, token, max_rank=rank)
            assert len(merged) == 2
            merges.append(' '.join(map(QwenModel.token_bytes_to_string, merged)))

        # for this kind of tokenizer, added_vocab is not a subset of vocab, so they need to be combined
        added_vocab = tokenizer.special_tokens
        reverse_vocab = {id_ : encoded_tok for encoded_tok, id_ in (vocab | added_vocab).items()}

        for i in range(vocab_size):
            if i not in reverse_vocab:
                pad_token = f"[PAD{i}]".encode("utf-8")
                tokens.append(bytearray(pad_token))
                toktypes.append(gguf.TokenType.USER_DEFINED)
            elif reverse_vocab[i] in added_vocab:
                tokens.append(reverse_vocab[i])
                toktypes.append(gguf.TokenType.CONTROL)
            else:
                tokens.append(reverse_vocab[i])
                toktypes.append(gguf.TokenType.NORMAL)

        self.gguf_writer.add_tokenizer_model("gpt2")
        self.gguf_writer.add_token_list(tokens)
        self.gguf_writer.add_token_types(toktypes)

        special_vocab = gguf.SpecialVocab(dir_model, load_merges=False)
        special_vocab.merges = merges
        # only add special tokens when they were not already loaded from config.json
        if len(special_vocab.special_token_ids) == 0:
            special_vocab._set_special_token("bos", tokenizer.special_tokens["<|endoftext|>"])
            special_vocab._set_special_token("eos", tokenizer.special_tokens["<|endoftext|>"])
        # this one is usually not in config.json anyway
        special_vocab._set_special_token("unk", tokenizer.special_tokens["<|endoftext|>"])
        special_vocab.add_to_gguf(self.gguf_writer)

    def _set_vocab_sentencepiece(self):
        from sentencepiece import SentencePieceProcessor

        tokenizer_path = self.dir_model / 'tokenizer.model'

        tokens: list[bytes] = []
        scores: list[float] = []
        toktypes: list[int] = []

        if not tokenizer_path.is_file():
            print(f'Error: Missing {tokenizer_path}', file=sys.stderr)
            sys.exit(1)

        tokenizer = SentencePieceProcessor(str(tokenizer_path))
        vocab_size = self.hparams.get('vocab_size', tokenizer.vocab_size())

        for token_id in range(vocab_size):
            piece = tokenizer.id_to_piece(token_id)
            text = piece.encode("utf-8")
            score = tokenizer.get_score(token_id)

            toktype = SentencePieceTokenTypes.NORMAL
            if tokenizer.is_unknown(token_id):
                toktype = SentencePieceTokenTypes.UNKNOWN
            elif tokenizer.is_control(token_id):
                toktype = SentencePieceTokenTypes.CONTROL
            elif tokenizer.is_unused(token_id):
                toktype = SentencePieceTokenTypes.UNUSED
            elif tokenizer.is_byte(token_id):
                toktype = SentencePieceTokenTypes.BYTE

            tokens.append(text)
            scores.append(score)
            toktypes.append(toktype)

        added_tokens_file = self.dir_model / 'added_tokens.json'
        if added_tokens_file.is_file():
            with open(added_tokens_file, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                added_tokens_json = json.load(f)

                for key in added_tokens_json:
                    tokens.append(key.encode("utf-8"))
                    scores.append(-1000.0)
                    toktypes.append(SentencePieceTokenTypes.USER_DEFINED)

        self.gguf_writer.add_tokenizer_model("llama")
        self.gguf_writer.add_token_list(tokens)
        self.gguf_writer.add_token_scores(scores)
        self.gguf_writer.add_token_types(toktypes)

        special_vocab = gguf.SpecialVocab(self.dir_model, n_vocab=len(tokens))
        special_vocab.add_to_gguf(self.gguf_writer)

    def _set_vocab_hf(self):
        path = self.dir_model
        added_tokens_path = self.dir_model
        vocab = HfVocab(
            path, added_tokens_path if added_tokens_path.exists() else None
        )
        tokens = []
        scores = []
        toktypes = []

        for text, score, toktype in vocab.all_tokens():
            tokens.append(text)
            scores.append(score)
            toktypes.append(toktype)

        assert len(tokens) == vocab.vocab_size

        self.gguf_writer.add_tokenizer_model("llama")
        self.gguf_writer.add_token_list(tokens)
        self.gguf_writer.add_token_scores(scores)
        self.gguf_writer.add_token_types(toktypes)

        special_vocab = gguf.SpecialVocab(self.dir_model, n_vocab=len(tokens))
        special_vocab.add_to_gguf(self.gguf_writer)


@Model.register("GPTNeoXForCausalLM")
class GPTNeoXModel(Model):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.GPTNEOX

    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
        block_count = self.hparams["num_hidden_layers"]

        self.gguf_writer.add_name(self.dir_model.name)
        self.gguf_writer.add_context_length(self.hparams["max_position_embeddings"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(self.hparams["hidden_size"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_block_count(block_count)
        self.gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(self.hparams["intermediate_size"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_rope_dimension_count(
            int(self.hparams["rotary_pct"] * (self.hparams["hidden_size"] // self.hparams["num_attention_heads"])),
        )
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count(self.hparams["num_attention_heads"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_parallel_residual(self.hparams.get("use_parallel_residual", True))
        self.gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_eps(self.hparams["layer_norm_eps"])


@Model.register("BloomForCausalLM")
class BloomModel(Model):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.BLOOM

    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
        self.gguf_writer.add_name("Bloom")
        n_embed = self.hparams.get("hidden_size", self.hparams.get("n_embed"))
        n_head = self.hparams.get("n_head", self.hparams.get("num_attention_heads"))
        self.gguf_writer.add_context_length(self.hparams.get("seq_length", n_embed))
        self.gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(n_embed)
        self.gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(4 * n_embed)
        self.gguf_writer.add_block_count(self.hparams["n_layer"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count(n_head)
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count_kv(n_head)
        self.gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_eps(self.hparams["layer_norm_epsilon"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_file_type(self.ftype)

    def write_tensors(self):
        block_count = self.hparams["n_layer"]
        tensors = dict(self.get_tensors())
        tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(self.model_arch, block_count)
        has_lm_head = True
        n_head = self.hparams.get("n_head", self.hparams.get("num_attention_heads"))
        n_embed = self.hparams.get("hidden_size", self.hparams.get("n_embed"))

        for name, data_torch in tensors.items():
            if "lm_head.weight" not in tensors.keys() and "output.weight" not in tensors.keys():
                has_lm_head = False

            name = re.sub(r'transformer\.', '', name)

            old_dtype = data_torch.dtype

            # convert any unsupported data types to float32
            if data_torch.dtype not in (torch.float16, torch.float32):
                data_torch = data_torch.to(torch.float32)

            data = data_torch.squeeze().numpy()

            if re.match(r"h\.\d+\.self_attention\.query_key_value\.weight", name):
                # Map bloom-style qkv_linear to gpt-style qkv_linear
                # bloom: https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/main/src/transformers/models/bloom/modeling_bloom.py#L238-L252  # noqa
                # gpt-2: https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/main/src/transformers/models/gpt2/modeling_gpt2.py#L312  # noqa
                qkv_weights = data.reshape((n_head, 3, n_embed // n_head, n_embed))
                data = np.concatenate(
                    (
                        qkv_weights[:, 0, :, :].reshape((-1, n_embed)),
                        qkv_weights[:, 1, :, :].reshape((-1, n_embed)),
                        qkv_weights[:, 2, :, :].reshape((-1, n_embed)),
                    ),
                    axis=0,
                )
                print("re-format attention.linear_qkv.weight")
            elif re.match(r"h\.\d+\.self_attention\.query_key_value\.bias", name):
                qkv_bias = data.reshape((n_head, 3, n_embed // n_head))
                data = np.concatenate(
                    (
                        qkv_bias[:, 0, :].reshape((n_embed,)),
                        qkv_bias[:, 1, :].reshape((n_embed,)),
                        qkv_bias[:, 2, :].reshape((n_embed,)),
                    ),
                    axis=0,
                )
                print("re-format attention.linear_qkv.bias")

            # map tensor names
            new_name = tensor_map.get_name(name, try_suffixes=(".weight", ".bias"))
            if new_name is None:
                print(f"Can not map tensor {name!r}")
                sys.exit()

            n_dims = len(data.shape)
            data_dtype = data.dtype

            # if f32 desired, convert any float16 to float32
            if self.ftype == 0 and data_dtype == np.float16:
                data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # TODO: Why cant we use these float16 as-is? There should be not reason to store float16 as float32
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float16 and n_dims == 1:
                data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # if f16 desired, convert any float32 2-dim weight tensors to float16
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float32 and name.endswith(".weight") and n_dims == 2:
                data = data.astype(np.float16)

            print(f"=> {new_name}, shape = {data.shape}, {old_dtype} --> {data.dtype}")

            self.gguf_writer.add_tensor(new_name, data)

            if not has_lm_head and name == "word_embeddings.weight":
                self.gguf_writer.add_tensor("output.weight", data)
                print(name, f"=> output.weight, shape = {data.shape}, {old_dtype} --> {data.dtype}")


@Model.register("MPTForCausalLM")
class MPTModel(Model):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.MPT

    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
        block_count = self.hparams["n_layers"]
        self.gguf_writer.add_name(self.dir_model.name)
        self.gguf_writer.add_context_length(self.hparams["max_seq_len"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(self.hparams["d_model"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_block_count(block_count)
        self.gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(4 * self.hparams["d_model"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count(self.hparams["n_heads"])
        if kv_n_heads := self.hparams["attn_config"].get("kv_n_heads"):
            self.gguf_writer.add_head_count_kv(kv_n_heads)
        self.gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_eps(1e-5)
        if self.hparams["attn_config"]["clip_qkv"] is not None:
            self.gguf_writer.add_clamp_kqv(self.hparams["attn_config"]["clip_qkv"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_max_alibi_bias(self.hparams["attn_config"]["alibi_bias_max"])

    def write_tensors(self):
        block_count = self.hparams.get("n_layers", self.hparams.get("num_hidden_layers"))
        tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(self.model_arch, block_count)
        for name, data_torch in self.get_tensors():
            # we don't need these
            if name.endswith((".attention.masked_bias", ".attention.bias", ".attention.rotary_emb.inv_freq")):
                continue

            old_dtype = data_torch.dtype

            # convert any unsupported data types to float32
            if data_torch.dtype not in (torch.float16, torch.float32):
                data_torch = data_torch.to(torch.float32)

            data = data_torch.squeeze().numpy()

            # map tensor names
            if "scales" in name:
                new_name = tensor_map.get_name(name, try_suffixes=(".weight", ".bias", ".scales"))
                if new_name is not None:
                    new_name = new_name.replace("scales", "act.scales")
            else:
                new_name = tensor_map.get_name(name, try_suffixes=(".weight", ".bias"))
            if new_name is None:
                print(f"Can not map tensor {name!r}")
                sys.exit()

            n_dims = len(data.shape)
            data_dtype = data.dtype

            # if f32 desired, convert any float16 to float32
            if self.ftype == 0 and data_dtype == np.float16:
                data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # TODO: Why cant we use these float16 as-is? There should be not reason to store float16 as float32
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float16 and n_dims == 1:
                data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # if f16 desired, convert any float32 2-dim weight tensors to float16
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float32 and name.endswith(".weight") and n_dims == 2:
                data = data.astype(np.float16)

            print(f"{new_name}, n_dims = {n_dims}, {old_dtype} --> {data.dtype}")

            self.gguf_writer.add_tensor(new_name, data)


@Model.register("OrionForCausalLM")
class OrionModel(Model):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.ORION

    def set_vocab(self):
        self._set_vocab_sentencepiece()

    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
        block_count = self.hparams["num_hidden_layers"]
        head_count = self.hparams["num_attention_heads"]
        head_count_kv = self.hparams.get("num_key_value_heads", head_count)
        hf_repo = self.hparams.get("_name_or_path", "")

        ctx_length = 0
        if "max_sequence_length" in self.hparams:
            ctx_length = self.hparams["max_sequence_length"]
        elif "max_position_embeddings" in self.hparams:
            ctx_length = self.hparams["max_position_embeddings"]
        elif "model_max_length" in self.hparams:
            ctx_length = self.hparams["model_max_length"]
        else:
            print("gguf: can not find ctx length parameter.")
            sys.exit()

        self.gguf_writer.add_file_type(self.ftype)
        self.gguf_writer.add_name(self.dir_model.name)
        self.gguf_writer.add_source_hf_repo(hf_repo)
        self.gguf_writer.add_tensor_data_layout("Meta AI original pth")
        self.gguf_writer.add_context_length(ctx_length)
        self.gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(self.hparams["hidden_size"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_block_count(block_count)
        self.gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(self.hparams["intermediate_size"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count(head_count)
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count_kv(head_count_kv)
        # note: config provides rms norm but it is actually layer norm
        # ref:  https://huggingface.co/OrionStarAI/Orion-14B-Chat/blob/276a17221ce42beb45f66fac657a41540e71f4f5/modeling_orion.py#L570-L571
        self.gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_eps(self.hparams["rms_norm_eps"])

    def write_tensors(self):
        # Collect tensors from generator object
        model_kv = dict(self.get_tensors())
        block_count = self.hparams["num_hidden_layers"]
        tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(self.model_arch, block_count)

        for name, data_torch in model_kv.items():
            # we don't need these
            if name.endswith(".rotary_emb.inv_freq"):
                continue

            old_dtype = data_torch.dtype

            # convert any unsupported data types to float32
            if data_torch.dtype not in (torch.float16, torch.float32):
                data_torch = data_torch.to(torch.float32)

            data = data_torch.squeeze().numpy()

            # map tensor names
            new_name = tensor_map.get_name(name, try_suffixes=(".weight", ".bias"))
            if new_name is None:
                print(f"Can not map tensor {name!r}")
                sys.exit()

            n_dims = len(data.shape)
            data_dtype = data.dtype

            # if f32 desired, convert any float16 to float32
            if self.ftype == 0 and data_dtype == np.float16:
                data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # TODO: Why cant we use these float16 as-is? There should be not reason to store float16 as float32
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float16 and n_dims == 1:
                data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # if f16 desired, convert any float32 2-dim weight tensors to float16
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float32 and name.endswith(".weight") and n_dims == 2:
                data = data.astype(np.float16)

            print(f"{name} -> {new_name}, n_dims = {n_dims}, {old_dtype} --> {data.dtype}")
            self.gguf_writer.add_tensor(new_name, data)


@Model.register("BaichuanForCausalLM", "BaiChuanForCausalLM")
class BaichuanModel(Model):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.BAICHUAN

    def set_vocab(self):
        self._set_vocab_sentencepiece()

    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
        block_count = self.hparams["num_hidden_layers"]
        head_count = self.hparams["num_attention_heads"]
        head_count_kv = self.hparams.get("num_key_value_heads", head_count)
        hf_repo = self.hparams.get("_name_or_path", "")

        ctx_length = 0
        if "max_sequence_length" in self.hparams:
            ctx_length = self.hparams["max_sequence_length"]
        elif "max_position_embeddings" in self.hparams:
            ctx_length = self.hparams["max_position_embeddings"]
        elif "model_max_length" in self.hparams:
            ctx_length = self.hparams["model_max_length"]
        else:
            print("gguf: can not find ctx length parameter.")
            sys.exit()

        self.gguf_writer.add_name(self.dir_model.name)
        self.gguf_writer.add_source_hf_repo(hf_repo)
        self.gguf_writer.add_tensor_data_layout("Meta AI original pth")
        self.gguf_writer.add_context_length(ctx_length)
        self.gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(self.hparams["hidden_size"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_block_count(block_count)
        self.gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(self.hparams["intermediate_size"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_rope_dimension_count(self.hparams["hidden_size"] // self.hparams["num_attention_heads"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count(head_count)
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count_kv(head_count_kv)
        self.gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_rms_eps(self.hparams["rms_norm_eps"])

        if self.hparams.get("rope_scaling") is not None and "factor" in self.hparams["rope_scaling"]:
            if self.hparams["rope_scaling"].get("type") == "linear":
                self.gguf_writer.add_rope_scaling_type(gguf.RopeScalingType.LINEAR)
                self.gguf_writer.add_rope_scaling_factor(self.hparams["rope_scaling"]["factor"])

    def write_tensors(self):
        # Collect tensors from generator object
        model_kv = dict(self.get_tensors())
        block_count = self.hparams["num_hidden_layers"]
        head_count = self.hparams["num_attention_heads"]
        tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(self.model_arch, block_count)
        head_count_kv = self.hparams.get("num_key_value_heads", head_count)

        for i in range(block_count):
            if (w := model_kv.get(f"model.layers.{i}.self_attn.W_pack.weight")) is not None:
                print(f"Unpacking and permuting layer {i}")
                model_kv[f"model.layers.{i}.self_attn.q_proj.weight"] = \
                    self._reverse_hf_permute_part(w, 0, head_count, head_count)
                model_kv[f"model.layers.{i}.self_attn.k_proj.weight"] = \
                    self._reverse_hf_permute_part(w, 1, head_count, head_count_kv)
                model_kv[f"model.layers.{i}.self_attn.v_proj.weight"] = \
                    self._reverse_hf_part(w, 2)
                del model_kv[f"model.layers.{i}.self_attn.W_pack.weight"]

        for name, data_torch in model_kv.items():
            # we don't need these
            if name.endswith(".rotary_emb.inv_freq"):
                continue

            old_dtype = data_torch.dtype

            # convert any unsupported data types to float32
            if data_torch.dtype not in (torch.float16, torch.float32):
                data_torch = data_torch.to(torch.float32)

            data = data_torch.squeeze().numpy()

            # map tensor names
            new_name = tensor_map.get_name(name, try_suffixes=(".weight", ".bias"))
            if new_name is None:
                print(f"Can not map tensor {name!r}")
                sys.exit()

            n_dims = len(data.shape)
            data_dtype = data.dtype

            # if f32 desired, convert any float16 to float32
            if self.ftype == 0 and data_dtype == np.float16:
                data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # TODO: Why cant we use these float16 as-is? There should be not reason to store float16 as float32
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float16 and n_dims == 1:
                data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # if f16 desired, convert any float32 2-dim weight tensors to float16
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float32 and name.endswith(".weight") and n_dims == 2:
                data = data.astype(np.float16)

            print(f"{name} -> {new_name}, n_dims = {n_dims}, {old_dtype} --> {data.dtype}")
            self.gguf_writer.add_tensor(new_name, data)

    def _reverse_hf_permute(self, weights: Tensor, n_head: int, n_kv_head: int | None = None) -> Tensor:
        if n_kv_head is not None and n_head != n_kv_head:
            n_head //= n_kv_head

        return (
            weights.reshape(n_head, 2, weights.shape[0] // n_head // 2, *weights.shape[1:])
            .swapaxes(1, 2)
            .reshape(weights.shape)
        )

    def _reverse_hf_permute_part(
        self, weights: Tensor, n_part: int, n_head: int, n_head_kv: int | None = None,
    ) -> Tensor:
        r = weights.shape[0] // 3
        return self._reverse_hf_permute(weights[r * n_part:r * n_part + r, ...], n_head, n_head_kv)

    def _reverse_hf_part(self, weights: Tensor, n_part: int) -> Tensor:
        r = weights.shape[0] // 3
        return weights[r * n_part:r * n_part + r, ...]


@Model.register("FalconForCausalLM", "RWForCausalLM")
class FalconModel(Model):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.FALCON

    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
        block_count = self.hparams.get("num_hidden_layers")
        if block_count is None:
            block_count = self.hparams["n_layer"]  # old name

        n_head = self.hparams.get("num_attention_heads")
        if n_head is None:
            n_head = self.hparams["n_head"]  # old name

        n_head_kv = self.hparams.get("num_kv_heads")
        if n_head_kv is None:
            n_head_kv = self.hparams.get("n_head_kv", 1)  # old name

        self.gguf_writer.add_name("Falcon")
        self.gguf_writer.add_context_length(2048)  # not in config.json
        self.gguf_writer.add_tensor_data_layout("jploski")  # qkv tensor transform
        self.gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(self.hparams["hidden_size"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(4 * self.hparams["hidden_size"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_block_count(block_count)
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count(n_head)
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count_kv(n_head_kv)
        self.gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_eps(self.hparams["layer_norm_epsilon"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_file_type(self.ftype)

    def write_tensors(self):
        block_count = self.hparams.get("num_hidden_layers")
        if block_count is None:
            block_count = self.hparams["n_layer"]  # old name

        n_head = self.hparams.get("num_attention_heads")
        if n_head is None:
            n_head = self.hparams["n_head"]  # old name

        n_head_kv = self.hparams.get("num_kv_heads")
        if n_head_kv is None:
            n_head_kv = self.hparams.get("n_head_kv", 1)  # old name

        head_dim = self.hparams["hidden_size"] // n_head
        tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(self.model_arch, block_count)

        for name, data_torch in self.get_tensors():
            old_dtype = data_torch.dtype

            # convert any unsupported data types to float32
            if data_torch.dtype not in (torch.float16, torch.float32):
                data_torch = data_torch.to(torch.float32)

            # QKV tensor transform
            # The original query_key_value tensor contains n_head_kv "kv groups",
            # each consisting of n_head/n_head_kv query weights followed by one key
            # and one value weight (shared by all query heads in the kv group).
            # This layout makes it a big pain to work with in GGML.
            # So we rearrange them here,, so that we have n_head query weights
            # followed by n_head_kv key weights followed by n_head_kv value weights,
            # in contiguous fashion.
            # ref: https://github.com/jploski/ggml/blob/falcon40b/examples/falcon/convert-hf-to-ggml.py

            if "query_key_value" in name:
                qkv = data_torch.view(n_head_kv, n_head // n_head_kv + 2, head_dim, head_dim * n_head)
                q = qkv[:, :-2].reshape(n_head * head_dim, head_dim * n_head)
                k = qkv[:, [-2]].reshape(n_head_kv * head_dim, head_dim * n_head)
                v = qkv[:, [-1]].reshape(n_head_kv * head_dim, head_dim * n_head)
                data_torch = torch.cat((q, k, v)).reshape_as(data_torch)

            data = data_torch.squeeze().numpy()

            # map tensor names
            new_name = tensor_map.get_name(name, try_suffixes=(".weight", ".bias"))
            if new_name is None:
                print(f"Can not map tensor {name!r}")
                sys.exit()

            n_dims = len(data.shape)
            data_dtype = data.dtype

            # if f32 desired, convert any float16 to float32
            if self.ftype == 0 and data_dtype == np.float16:
                data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # TODO: Why cant we use these float16 as-is? There should be not reason to store float16 as float32
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float16 and n_dims == 1:
                data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # if f16 desired, convert any float32 2-dim weight tensors to float16
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float32 and name.endswith(".weight") and n_dims == 2:
                data = data.astype(np.float16)

            print(f"{new_name}, n_dims = {n_dims}, {old_dtype} --> {data.dtype}")

            self.gguf_writer.add_tensor(new_name, data)


@Model.register("GPTBigCodeForCausalLM")
class StarCoderModel(Model):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.STARCODER

    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
        block_count = self.hparams["n_layer"]

        self.gguf_writer.add_name("StarCoder")
        self.gguf_writer.add_context_length(self.hparams["n_positions"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(self.hparams["n_embd"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(4 * self.hparams["n_embd"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_block_count(block_count)
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count(self.hparams["n_head"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count_kv(1)
        self.gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_eps(self.hparams["layer_norm_epsilon"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_file_type(self.ftype)


@Model.register("GPTRefactForCausalLM")
class RefactModel(Model):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.REFACT

    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
        hidden_dim = self.hparams["n_embd"]
        inner_dim = 4 * hidden_dim
        hidden_dim = int(2 * inner_dim / 3)
        multiple_of = 256
        ff_dim = multiple_of * ((hidden_dim + multiple_of - 1) // multiple_of)

        block_count = self.hparams["n_layer"]

        self.gguf_writer.add_name("Refact")
        # refact uses Alibi. So this is from config.json which might be used by training.
        self.gguf_writer.add_context_length(self.hparams["n_positions"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(self.hparams["n_embd"])

        self.gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(ff_dim)
        self.gguf_writer.add_block_count(block_count)
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count(self.hparams["n_head"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count_kv(1)
        self.gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_rms_eps(self.hparams["layer_norm_epsilon"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_file_type(self.ftype)

    def write_tensors(self):
        hidden_dim = self.hparams["n_embd"]
        inner_dim = 4 * hidden_dim
        hidden_dim = int(2 * inner_dim / 3)
        multiple_of = 256
        ff_dim = multiple_of * ((hidden_dim + multiple_of - 1) // multiple_of)
        n_head = self.hparams["n_head"]
        n_head_kv = 1
        head_dim = self.hparams["n_embd"] // n_head
        block_count = self.hparams["n_layer"]

        tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(self.model_arch, block_count)

        tensors = dict(self.get_tensors())
        for i in range(block_count):
            if (w := tensors.get(f"transformer.h.{i}.attn.kv.weight")) is not None:
                tensors[f"model.layers.{i}.self_attn.k_proj.weight"] = w[:n_head_kv * head_dim]
                tensors[f"model.layers.{i}.self_attn.v_proj.weight"] = w[n_head_kv * head_dim:]
                del tensors[f"transformer.h.{i}.attn.kv.weight"]
            if (w := tensors.get(f"transformer.h.{i}.attn.q.weight")) is not None:
                tensors[f"model.layers.{i}.self_attn.q_proj.weight"] = w
                del tensors[f"transformer.h.{i}.attn.q.weight"]
            if (w := tensors.get(f"transformer.h.{i}.mlp.gate_up_proj.weight")) is not None:
                tensors[f"model.layers.{i}.mlp.gate_proj.weight"] = w[:ff_dim]
                tensors[f"model.layers.{i}.mlp.up_proj.weight"] = w[ff_dim:]
                del tensors[f"transformer.h.{i}.mlp.gate_up_proj.weight"]

        for name, data_torch in tensors.items():
            old_dtype = data_torch.dtype

            # convert any unsupported data types to float32
            if data_torch.dtype not in (torch.float16, torch.float32):
                data_torch = data_torch.to(torch.float32)

            data = data_torch.squeeze().numpy()

            # map tensor names
            new_name = tensor_map.get_name(name, try_suffixes=(".weight",))
            if new_name is None:
                print(f"Can not map tensor {name!r}")
                sys.exit()

            n_dims = len(data.shape)
            data_dtype = data.dtype

            # if f32 desired, convert any float16 to float32
            if self.ftype == 0 and data_dtype == np.float16:
                data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # TODO: Why cant we use these float16 as-is? There should be not reason to store float16 as float32
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float16 and n_dims == 1:
                data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # if f16 desired, convert any float32 2-dim weight tensors to float16
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float32 and name.endswith(".weight") and n_dims == 2:
                data = data.astype(np.float16)

            print(f"{new_name}, n_dims = {n_dims}, {old_dtype} --> {data.dtype}")

            self.gguf_writer.add_tensor(new_name, data)


@Model.register("PersimmonForCausalLM")
class PersimmonModel(Model):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.PERSIMMON

    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
        block_count = self.hparams.get("num_layers", self.hparams.get("num_hidden_layers"))
        head_count = self.hparams["num_attention_heads"]
        head_count_kv = head_count
        hidden_size = self.hparams["hidden_size"]

        self.gguf_writer.add_name('persimmon-8b-chat')
        self.gguf_writer.add_context_length(self.hparams["max_position_embeddings"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(hidden_size)
        self.gguf_writer.add_block_count(block_count)
        self.gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(self.hparams["intermediate_size"])

        # NOTE: not sure about this change - why does the model not have a rope dimension count when it is smaller
        #       than the head size?
        #       ref: https://github.com/ggerganov/llama.cpp/pull/4889
        # self.gguf_writer.add_rope_dimension_count(hidden_size // head_count)
        self.gguf_writer.add_rope_dimension_count(hidden_size // head_count // 2)

        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count(head_count)
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count_kv(head_count_kv)
        self.gguf_writer.add_rope_freq_base(self.hparams["rope_theta"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_eps(self.hparams["layer_norm_eps"])

    def set_vocab(self):
        self._set_vocab_sentencepiece()
        # self.gguf_writer.add_bos_token_id(71013)
        # self.gguf_writer.add_eos_token_id(71013)

    def write_tensors(self):
        block_count = self.hparams.get("num_layers", self.hparams.get("num_hidden_layers"))
        tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(self.model_arch, block_count)

        for name, data_torch in self.get_tensors():
            if name.endswith(".self_attention.rotary_emb.inv_freq"):
                continue
            old_dtype = data_torch.dtype
            # TODO: FP16 conversion produces garbage outputs. (Q8_0 does not, so..?)
            data = data_torch.to(torch.float32).squeeze().numpy()
            new_name = tensor_map.get_name(name, try_suffixes=(".weight", ".bias"))
            if new_name is None:
                print(f"Can not map tensor {name!r}")
                sys.exit()
            n_dims = len(data.shape)
            print(f"{new_name}, n_dims = {n_dims}, {old_dtype} --> {data.dtype}")
            self.gguf_writer.add_tensor(new_name, data)


@Model.register("StableLmForCausalLM", "StableLMEpochForCausalLM", "LlavaStableLMEpochForCausalLM")
class StableLMModel(Model):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.STABLELM

    def set_vocab(self):
        if (self.dir_model / "tokenizer.json").is_file():
            self._set_vocab_gpt2()
        else:
            # StableLM 2 1.6B uses a vocab in a similar format to Qwen's vocab
            self._set_vocab_qwen()

    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
        hparams = self.hparams
        block_count = hparams["num_hidden_layers"]

        self.gguf_writer.add_name(self.dir_model.name)
        self.gguf_writer.add_context_length(hparams["max_position_embeddings"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(hparams["hidden_size"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_block_count(block_count)
        self.gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(hparams["intermediate_size"])
        rotary_factor = self.find_hparam(["partial_rotary_factor", "rope_pct"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_rope_dimension_count(int(rotary_factor * (hparams["hidden_size"] // hparams["num_attention_heads"])))
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count(hparams["num_attention_heads"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_parallel_residual(hparams["use_parallel_residual"] if "use_parallel_residual" in hparams else True)
        self.gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_eps(self.find_hparam(["layer_norm_eps", "norm_eps"]))


@Model.register("MixtralForCausalLM")
class MixtralModel(Model):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.LLAMA

    def set_vocab(self):
        self._set_vocab_sentencepiece()


@Model.register("GrokForCausalLM")
class GrokModel(Model):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.GROK

    def set_vocab(self):
        self._set_vocab_sentencepiece()

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
        super().set_gguf_parameters()
        self.gguf_writer.add_name("Grok")


@Model.register("MiniCPMForCausalLM")
class MiniCPMModel(Model):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.MINICPM

    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
        block_count = self.hparams["num_hidden_layers"]
        self.gguf_writer.add_name("MiniCPM")
        self.gguf_writer.add_context_length(self.hparams["max_position_embeddings"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(self.hparams["hidden_size"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_block_count(block_count)
        self.gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(self.hparams["intermediate_size"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_rope_dimension_count(self.hparams["hidden_size"] // self.hparams["num_attention_heads"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count(self.hparams["num_attention_heads"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count_kv(self.hparams["num_key_value_heads"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_rms_eps(self.hparams["rms_norm_eps"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_file_type(self.ftype)

    def set_vocab(self):
        self._set_vocab_hf()

    def _reverse_hf_permute(self, weights: Tensor, n_head: int, n_kv_head: int | None = None) -> Tensor:
        if n_kv_head is not None and n_head != n_kv_head:
            n_head //= n_kv_head

        return (
            weights.reshape(n_head, 2, weights.shape[0] // n_head // 2, *weights.shape[1:])
            .swapaxes(1, 2)
            .reshape(weights.shape)
        )

    def write_tensors(self):
        block_count = self.hparams.get("n_layers", self.hparams.get("num_hidden_layers", self.hparams.get("n_layer")))
        tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(self.model_arch, block_count)
        n_head = self.hparams.get("num_attention_heads")
        n_kv_head = self.hparams.get("num_key_value_heads")
        for name, data_torch in self.get_tensors():
            # we don't need these
            if name.endswith((".attention.masked_bias", ".attention.bias", ".attention.rotary_emb.inv_freq")):
                continue

            old_dtype = data_torch.dtype

            # convert any unsupported data types to float32
            if data_torch.dtype not in (torch.float16, torch.float32):
                data_torch = data_torch.to(torch.float32)

            # HF models permute some of the tensors, so we need to undo that
            if name.endswith(("q_proj.weight")):
                data_torch = self._reverse_hf_permute(data_torch, n_head, n_head)
            if name.endswith(("k_proj.weight")):
                data_torch = self._reverse_hf_permute(data_torch, n_head, n_kv_head)

            data = data_torch.squeeze().numpy()

            # map tensor names
            new_name = tensor_map.get_name(name, try_suffixes=(".weight", ".bias"))
            if new_name is None:
                print(f"Can not map tensor {name!r}")
                sys.exit()

            n_dims = len(data.shape)
            data_dtype = data.dtype

            # if f32 desired, convert any float16 to float32
            if self.ftype == 0 and data_dtype == np.float16:
                data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # TODO: Why cant we use these float16 as-is? There should be not reason to store float16 as float32
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float16 and n_dims == 1:
                data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # if f16 desired, convert any float32 2-dim weight tensors to float16
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float32 and name.endswith(".weight") and n_dims == 2:
                data = data.astype(np.float16)

            print(f"{new_name}, n_dims = {n_dims}, {old_dtype} --> {data.dtype}")

            self.gguf_writer.add_tensor(new_name, data)


@Model.register("QWenLMHeadModel")
class QwenModel(Model):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.QWEN

    @staticmethod
    def token_bytes_to_string(b):
        from transformers.models.gpt2.tokenization_gpt2 import bytes_to_unicode
        byte_encoder = bytes_to_unicode()
        return ''.join([byte_encoder[ord(char)] for char in b.decode('latin-1')])

    @staticmethod
    def bpe(mergeable_ranks: dict[bytes, int], token: bytes, max_rank: int | None = None) -> list[bytes]:
        parts = [bytes([b]) for b in token]
        while True:
            min_idx = None
            min_rank = None
            for i, pair in enumerate(zip(parts[:-1], parts[1:])):
                rank = mergeable_ranks.get(pair[0] + pair[1])
                if rank is not None and (min_rank is None or rank < min_rank):
                    min_idx = i
                    min_rank = rank
            if min_rank is None or (max_rank is not None and min_rank >= max_rank):
                break
            assert min_idx is not None
            parts = parts[:min_idx] + [parts[min_idx] + parts[min_idx + 1]] + parts[min_idx + 2:]
        return parts

    def set_vocab(self):
        self._set_vocab_qwen()

    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
        self.gguf_writer.add_name("Qwen")
        self.gguf_writer.add_context_length(self.hparams["max_position_embeddings"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_block_count(self.hparams["num_hidden_layers"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(self.hparams["hidden_size"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(self.hparams["intermediate_size"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_rope_freq_base(self.hparams["rotary_emb_base"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_rope_dimension_count(self.hparams["hidden_size"] // self.hparams["num_attention_heads"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count(self.hparams["num_attention_heads"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_rms_eps(self.hparams["layer_norm_epsilon"])

    def write_tensors(self):
        block_count = self.hparams["num_hidden_layers"]
        model_kv = dict(self.get_tensors())
        tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(self.model_arch, block_count)
        for name, data_torch in model_kv.items():
            # we don't need these
            if name.endswith(".rotary_emb.inv_freq"):
                continue

            old_dtype = data_torch.dtype

            # convert any unsupported data types to float32
            if data_torch.dtype not in (torch.float16, torch.float32):
                data_torch = data_torch.to(torch.float32)

            data = data_torch.squeeze().numpy()

            # map tensor names
            new_name = tensor_map.get_name(name, try_suffixes=(".weight", ".bias"))
            if new_name is None:
                print(f"Can not map tensor {name!r}")
                sys.exit()

            n_dims = len(data.shape)
            data_dtype = data.dtype

            # if f32 desired, convert any float16 to float32
            if self.ftype == 0 and data_dtype == np.float16:
                data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # TODO: Why cant we use these float16 as-is? There should be not reason to store float16 as float32
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float16 and n_dims == 1:
                data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # if f16 desired, convert any float32 2-dim weight tensors to float16
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float32 and name.endswith(".weight") and n_dims == 2:
                data = data.astype(np.float16)

            print(f"{new_name}, n_dims = {n_dims}, {old_dtype} --> {data.dtype}")
            self.gguf_writer.add_tensor(new_name, data)


@Model.register("Qwen2ForCausalLM")
class Qwen2Model(Model):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.QWEN2


@Model.register("GPT2LMHeadModel")
class GPT2Model(Model):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.GPT2

    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
        self.gguf_writer.add_name(self.dir_model.name)
        self.gguf_writer.add_block_count(self.hparams["n_layer"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_context_length(self.hparams["n_ctx"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(self.hparams["n_embd"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(4 * self.hparams["n_embd"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count(self.hparams["n_head"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_eps(self.hparams["layer_norm_epsilon"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_file_type(self.ftype)

    def write_tensors(self):
        block_count = self.hparams.get("n_layers", self.hparams.get("num_hidden_layers", self.hparams.get("n_layer")))
        tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(self.model_arch, block_count)

        for name, data_torch in self.get_tensors():
            # we don't need these
            if name.endswith((".attention.masked_bias", ".attention.bias", ".attention.rotary_emb.inv_freq", ".attn.bias", ".attn.masked_bias")):
                continue

            if name.endswith((".c_attn.weight", ".c_proj.weight", ".c_fc.weight", ".c_proj.weight")):
                data_torch = data_torch.transpose(1, 0)

            old_dtype = data_torch.dtype

            # convert any unsupported data types to float32
            if data_torch.dtype not in (torch.float16, torch.float32):
                data_torch = data_torch.to(torch.float32)

            data = data_torch.squeeze().numpy()

            # map tensor names
            new_name = tensor_map.get_name(name, try_suffixes=(".weight", ".bias"))
            if new_name is None:
                print(f"Can not map tensor {name!r}")
                sys.exit()

            n_dims = len(data.shape)
            data_dtype = data.dtype

            # if f32 desired, convert any float16 to float32
            if self.ftype == 0 and data_dtype == np.float16:
                data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # TODO: Why cant we use these float16 as-is? There should be not reason to store float16 as float32
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float16 and n_dims == 1:
                data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # if f16 desired, convert any float32 2-dim weight tensors to float16
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float32 and name.endswith(".weight") and n_dims == 2:
                data = data.astype(np.float16)

            print(f"{new_name}, n_dims = {n_dims}, {old_dtype} --> {data.dtype}")

            self.gguf_writer.add_tensor(new_name, data)

            # note: GPT2 output is tied to (same as) wte in original model
            if new_name == "token_embd.weight":
                print(f"output.weight, n_dims = {n_dims}, {old_dtype} --> {data.dtype}")
                self.gguf_writer.add_tensor("output.weight", data)


@Model.register("PhiForCausalLM")
class Phi2Model(Model):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.PHI2

    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
        block_count = self.find_hparam(["num_hidden_layers", "n_layer"])

        rot_pct = self.find_hparam(["partial_rotary_factor"])
        n_embd = self.find_hparam(["hidden_size", "n_embd"])
        n_head = self.find_hparam(["num_attention_heads", "n_head"])

        self.gguf_writer.add_name("Phi2")
        self.gguf_writer.add_context_length(self.find_hparam(["n_positions", "max_position_embeddings"]))

        self.gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(n_embd)
        self.gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(4 * n_embd)
        self.gguf_writer.add_block_count(block_count)
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count(n_head)
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count_kv(n_head)
        self.gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_eps(self.find_hparam(["layer_norm_epsilon", "layer_norm_eps"]))
        self.gguf_writer.add_rope_dimension_count(int(rot_pct * n_embd) // n_head)
        self.gguf_writer.add_file_type(self.ftype)
        self.gguf_writer.add_add_bos_token(False)


@Model.register("PlamoForCausalLM")
class PlamoModel(Model):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.PLAMO

    def set_vocab(self):
        self._set_vocab_sentencepiece()

    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
        hparams = self.hparams
        block_count = hparams["num_hidden_layers"]

        self.gguf_writer.add_name("PLaMo")
        self.gguf_writer.add_context_length(4096)  # not in config.json
        self.gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(hparams["hidden_size"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(hparams["intermediate_size"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_block_count(block_count)
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count(hparams["num_attention_heads"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count_kv(5)  # hparams["num_key_value_heads"]) is wrong
        self.gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_rms_eps(hparams["rms_norm_eps"])

    def shuffle_attn_q_weight(self, data_torch):
        assert data_torch.size() == (5120, 5120)
        data_torch = data_torch.reshape(8, 5, 128, 5120)
        data_torch = torch.permute(data_torch, (1, 0, 2, 3))
        data_torch = torch.reshape(data_torch, (5120, 5120))
        return data_torch

    def shuffle_attn_output_weight(self, data_torch):
        assert data_torch.size() == (5120, 5120)
        data_torch = data_torch.reshape(5120, 8, 5, 128)
        data_torch = torch.permute(data_torch, (0, 2, 1, 3))
        data_torch = torch.reshape(data_torch, (5120, 5120))
        return data_torch

    def write_tensors(self):
        block_count = self.hparams.get("num_layers", self.hparams.get("num_hidden_layers"))
        tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(self.model_arch, block_count)

        for name, data_torch in self.get_tensors():
            if "self_attn.rotary_emb.inv_freq" in name:
                continue

            # map tensor names
            new_name = tensor_map.get_name(name, try_suffixes=(".weight", ".bias"))
            if new_name is None:
                print(f"Can not map tensor {name!r}")
                sys.exit()

            # shuffle for broadcasting of gqa in ggml_mul_mat
            if new_name.endswith("attn_q.weight"):
                data_torch = self.shuffle_attn_q_weight(data_torch)
            elif new_name.endswith("attn_output.weight"):
                data_torch = self.shuffle_attn_output_weight(data_torch)

            old_dtype = data_torch.dtype

            # convert any unsupported data types to float32
            if data_torch.dtype not in (torch.float16, torch.float32):
                data_torch = data_torch.to(torch.float32)

            data = data_torch.squeeze().numpy()

            n_dims = len(data.shape)
            data_dtype = data.dtype

            # if f32 desired, convert any float16 to float32
            if self.ftype == 0 and data_dtype == np.float16:
                data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # TODO: Why cant we use these float16 as-is? There should be not reason to store float16 as float32
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float16 and n_dims == 1:
                data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # if f16 desired, convert any float32 2-dim weight tensors to float16
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float32 and name.endswith(".weight") and n_dims == 2:
                data = data.astype(np.float16)

            print(f"{new_name}, n_dims = {n_dims}, {old_dtype} --> {data.dtype}")

            self.gguf_writer.add_tensor(new_name, data)


@Model.register("CodeShellForCausalLM")
class CodeShellModel(Model):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.CODESHELL

    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
        block_count = self.hparams["n_layer"]

        self.gguf_writer.add_name("CodeShell")
        self.gguf_writer.add_context_length(self.hparams["n_positions"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(self.hparams["n_embd"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(4 * self.hparams["n_embd"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_block_count(block_count)
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count(self.hparams["n_head"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count_kv(self.hparams["num_query_groups"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_eps(self.hparams["layer_norm_epsilon"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_file_type(self.ftype)
        self.gguf_writer.add_rope_freq_base(10000.0)
        self.gguf_writer.add_rope_scaling_type(gguf.RopeScalingType.LINEAR)
        self.gguf_writer.add_rope_scaling_factor(1.0)

    def write_tensors(self):
        block_count = self.hparams.get("n_layers", self.hparams.get("num_hidden_layers", self.hparams.get("n_layer")))
        tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(self.model_arch, block_count)
        tensors = dict(self.get_tensors())
        has_lm_head = "lm_head.weight" in tensors.keys() or "output.weight" in tensors.keys()
        for name, data_torch in tensors.items():
            # we don't need these
            if name.endswith((".attn.rotary_emb.inv_freq")):
                continue

            old_dtype = data_torch.dtype

            # convert any unsupported data types to float32
            if data_torch.dtype not in (torch.float16, torch.float32):
                data_torch = data_torch.to(torch.float32)

            data = data_torch.squeeze().numpy()

            # map tensor names
            new_name = tensor_map.get_name(name, try_suffixes=(".weight", ".bias"))
            if new_name is None:
                print(f"Can not map tensor {name!r}")
                sys.exit()

            n_dims = len(data.shape)
            data_dtype = data.dtype

            # if f32 desired, convert any float16 to float32
            if self.ftype == 0 and data_dtype == np.float16:
                data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # TODO: Why cant we use these float16 as-is? There should be not reason to store float16 as float32
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float16 and n_dims == 1:
                data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # if f16 desired, convert any float32 2-dim weight tensors to float16
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float32 and name.endswith(".weight") and n_dims == 2:
                data = data.astype(np.float16)

            print(f"{new_name}, n_dims = {n_dims}, {old_dtype} --> {data.dtype}")

            self.gguf_writer.add_tensor(new_name, data)

            if not has_lm_head and name == "transformer.wte.weight":
                self.gguf_writer.add_tensor("output.weight", data)
                print(name, f"=> output.weight, shape = {data.shape}, {old_dtype} --> {data.dtype}")


@Model.register("InternLM2ForCausalLM")
class InternLM2Model(Model):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.INTERNLM2

    def set_vocab(self):
        # (TODO): Is there a better way?
        # Copy from _set_vocab_sentencepiece, The only difference is that we will treat the character
        # \x00 specially and convert it into an emoji character to prevent it from being mistakenly
        # recognized as an empty string in C++.
        from sentencepiece import SentencePieceProcessor
        from sentencepiece import sentencepiece_model_pb2 as model

        tokenizer_path = self.dir_model / 'tokenizer.model'

        tokens: list[bytes] = []
        scores: list[float] = []
        toktypes: list[int] = []

        if not tokenizer_path.is_file():
            print(f'Error: Missing {tokenizer_path}', file=sys.stderr)
            sys.exit(1)

        sentencepiece_model = model.ModelProto()
        sentencepiece_model.ParseFromString(open(tokenizer_path, "rb").read())
        add_prefix = sentencepiece_model.normalizer_spec.add_dummy_prefix

        tokenizer = SentencePieceProcessor(str(tokenizer_path))
        vocab_size = self.hparams.get('vocab_size', tokenizer.vocab_size())

        for token_id in range(vocab_size):
            piece = tokenizer.id_to_piece(token_id)
            text = piece.encode("utf-8")
            score = tokenizer.get_score(token_id)
            if text == b"\x00":
                # (TODO): fixme
                # Hack here and replace the \x00 characters.
                print(f"InternLM2 convert token '{text}' to '🐉'!")
                text = "🐉"

            toktype = SentencePieceTokenTypes.NORMAL
            if tokenizer.is_unknown(token_id):
                toktype = SentencePieceTokenTypes.UNKNOWN
            elif tokenizer.is_control(token_id):
                toktype = SentencePieceTokenTypes.CONTROL
            elif tokenizer.is_unused(token_id):
                toktype = SentencePieceTokenTypes.UNUSED
            elif tokenizer.is_byte(token_id):
                toktype = SentencePieceTokenTypes.BYTE

            tokens.append(text)
            scores.append(score)
            toktypes.append(toktype)

        added_tokens_file = self.dir_model / 'added_tokens.json'
        if added_tokens_file.is_file():
            with open(added_tokens_file, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                added_tokens_json = json.load(f)

                for key in added_tokens_json:
                    tokens.append(key.encode("utf-8"))
                    scores.append(-1000.0)
                    toktypes.append(SentencePieceTokenTypes.USER_DEFINED)

        self.gguf_writer.add_tokenizer_model("llama")
        self.gguf_writer.add_token_list(tokens)
        self.gguf_writer.add_token_scores(scores)
        self.gguf_writer.add_token_types(toktypes)
        self.gguf_writer.add_add_space_prefix(add_prefix)

        special_vocab = gguf.SpecialVocab(self.dir_model, n_vocab=len(tokens))
        old_eos = special_vocab.special_token_ids["eos"]
        if "chat" in os.path.basename(self.dir_model.absolute()):
            # For the chat model, we replace the eos with '<|im_end|>'.
            special_vocab.special_token_ids["eos"] = self._try_get_sft_eos(tokenizer)
            print(f"Replace eos:{old_eos} with a special token:{special_vocab.special_token_ids['eos']} \
in chat mode so that the conversation can end normally.")

        special_vocab.add_to_gguf(self.gguf_writer)

    def _try_get_sft_eos(self, tokenizer):
        unused_145_list = tokenizer.encode('[UNUSED_TOKEN_145]')
        im_end_list = tokenizer.encode('<|im_end|>')
        assert (len(unused_145_list) == 1) ^ (len(im_end_list) == 1)
        if len(unused_145_list) == 1:
            eos_token = unused_145_list[0]
        if len(im_end_list) == 1:
            eos_token = im_end_list[0]
        return eos_token

    def _hf_permute_qk(self, weights, n_head: int, n_head_kv: int):
        if n_head_kv is not None and n_head != n_head_kv:
            n_head = n_head_kv
        return (weights.reshape(n_head, 2, weights.shape[0] // n_head // 2, *weights.shape[1:])
                .swapaxes(1, 2)
                .reshape(weights.shape))

    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
        self.gguf_writer.add_name("InternLM2")
        self.gguf_writer.add_context_length(self.hparams["max_position_embeddings"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_block_count(self.hparams["num_hidden_layers"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(self.hparams["hidden_size"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(self.hparams["intermediate_size"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_rope_freq_base(self.hparams["rope_theta"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count(self.hparams["num_attention_heads"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_rms_eps(self.hparams["rms_norm_eps"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count_kv(self.hparams["num_key_value_heads"])

    def post_write_tensors(self, tensor_map, name, data_torch):
        old_dtype = data_torch.dtype

        # convert any unsupported data types to float32
        if data_torch.dtype not in (torch.float16, torch.float32):
            data_torch = data_torch.to(torch.float32)

        data = data_torch.squeeze().numpy()

        # map tensor names
        new_name = tensor_map.get_name(name, try_suffixes=(".weight", ".bias"))
        if new_name is None:
            print(f"Can not map tensor {name!r}")
            sys.exit()

        n_dims = len(data.shape)
        data_dtype = data.dtype

        # if f32 desired, convert any float16 to float32
        if self.ftype == 0 and data_dtype == np.float16:
            data = data.astype(np.float32)

        # TODO: Why cant we use these float16 as-is? There should be not reason to store float16 as float32
        if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float16 and n_dims == 1:
            data = data.astype(np.float32)

        # if f16 desired, convert any float32 2-dim weight tensors to float16
        if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float32 and name.endswith(".weight") and n_dims == 2:
            data = data.astype(np.float16)

        print(f"{new_name}, n_dims = {n_dims}, {old_dtype} --> {data.dtype}")
        self.gguf_writer.add_tensor(new_name, data)

    def write_tensors(self):
        from einops import rearrange

        num_heads = self.hparams.get("num_attention_heads")
        num_kv_heads = self.hparams.get("num_key_value_heads")
        hidden_size = self.hparams.get("hidden_size")
        q_per_kv = num_heads // num_kv_heads
        head_dim = hidden_size // num_heads
        num_groups = num_heads // q_per_kv

        block_count = self.hparams["num_hidden_layers"]
        model_kv = dict(self.get_tensors())
        tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(self.model_arch, block_count)
        qkv_pattern = r"model\.layers\.(\d+)\.attention\.wqkv"
        for name, data_torch in model_kv.items():
            # we don't need these
            if name.endswith(".rotary_emb.inv_freq"):
                continue

            if re.match(qkv_pattern, name):
                bid = re.findall(qkv_pattern, name)[0]
                qkv = data_torch
                qkv = rearrange(qkv.T, " o (g n i) ->o g n i", g=num_groups, n=q_per_kv + 2, i=head_dim)
                q, k, v = qkv[..., : q_per_kv, :], qkv[..., q_per_kv: q_per_kv + 1, :], qkv[..., q_per_kv + 1: q_per_kv + 2, :]
                # The model weights of q and k equire additional reshape.
                q = self._hf_permute_qk(rearrange(q, " o g n i ->  o (g n i)").T, num_heads, num_heads)
                k = self._hf_permute_qk(rearrange(k, " o g n i ->  o (g n i)").T, num_heads, num_kv_heads)
                v = rearrange(v, " o g n i ->  o (g n i)").T
                self.post_write_tensors(tensor_map, f"model.layers.{bid}.attention.wq.weight", q)
                self.post_write_tensors(tensor_map, f"model.layers.{bid}.attention.wk.weight", k)
                self.post_write_tensors(tensor_map, f"model.layers.{bid}.attention.wv.weight", v)
            else:
                self.post_write_tensors(tensor_map, name, data_torch)


@Model.register("BertModel", "CamembertModel")
class BertModel(Model):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.BERT

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.vocab_size = None

    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
        super().set_gguf_parameters()
        self.gguf_writer.add_causal_attention(False)

        # get pooling path
        pooling_path = None
        module_path = self.dir_model / "modules.json"
        if module_path.is_file():
            with open(module_path, encoding="utf-8") as f:
                modules = json.load(f)
            for mod in modules:
                if mod["type"] == "sentence_transformers.models.Pooling":
                    pooling_path = mod["path"]
                    break

        # get pooling type
        if pooling_path is not None:
            with open(self.dir_model / pooling_path / "config.json", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                pooling = json.load(f)
            if pooling["pooling_mode_mean_tokens"]:
                pooling_type = gguf.PoolingType.MEAN
            elif pooling["pooling_mode_cls_token"]:
                pooling_type = gguf.PoolingType.CLS
            else:
                raise NotImplementedError("Only MEAN and CLS pooling types supported")
            self.gguf_writer.add_pooling_type(pooling_type)

    def set_vocab(self):
        path = self.dir_model
        added_tokens_path = self.dir_model if self.dir_model.exists() else None

        # use huggingface vocab to get all tokens
        vocab = HfVocab(path, added_tokens_path)
        tokens, scores, toktypes = zip(*vocab.all_tokens())
        assert len(tokens) == vocab.vocab_size
        self.vocab_size = vocab.vocab_size

        # we need this to validate the size of the token_type embeddings
        # though currently we are passing all zeros to the token_type embeddings
        n_token_types = len(set(toktypes))
        self.gguf_writer.add_token_type_count(n_token_types)

        # convert to phantom space vocab
        def phantom(tok, typ):
            if tok.startswith(b"[") and tok.endswith(b"]"):
                return tok
            if tok.startswith(b"##"):
                return tok[2:]
            return b"\xe2\x96\x81" + tok
        tokens = tuple(phantom(t, y) for t, y in zip(tokens, toktypes))

        # set up bos and eos tokens (cls and sep)
        self.gguf_writer.add_bos_token_id(vocab.tokenizer.cls_token_id)
        self.gguf_writer.add_eos_token_id(vocab.tokenizer.sep_token_id)

        # add vocab to gguf
        self.gguf_writer.add_tokenizer_model("bert")
        self.gguf_writer.add_token_list(tokens)
        self.gguf_writer.add_token_scores(scores)
        self.gguf_writer.add_token_types(toktypes)

        # handle special tokens
        special_vocab = gguf.SpecialVocab(self.dir_model, n_vocab=len(tokens))
        special_vocab.add_to_gguf(self.gguf_writer)

    def write_tensors(self):
        tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(self.model_arch, self.block_count)
        tensors = dict(self.get_tensors())
        for name, data_torch in tensors.items():
            # we are only using BERT for embeddings so we don't need the pooling layer
            if name in ("embeddings.position_ids", "pooler.dense.weight", "pooler.dense.bias"):
                continue  # we don't need these

            # map tensor names
            new_name = tensor_map.get_name(name, try_suffixes=(".weight", ".bias"))
            if new_name is None:
                print(f"Can not map tensor {name!r}")
                sys.exit()

            data = data_torch.squeeze().numpy()
            n_dims = len(data.shape)
            new_dtype: type[np.floating[Any]]

            if (
                self.ftype == 1 and name.endswith(".weight") and n_dims == 2
                and name != "embeddings.token_type_embeddings.weight"  # not used with get_rows, must be F32
            ):
                # if f16 desired, convert any float32 2-dim weight tensors to float16
                new_dtype = np.float16
            else:
                # if f32 desired, convert any float16 to float32
                new_dtype = np.float32

            print(f"{new_name}, n_dims = {n_dims}, {data_torch.dtype} --> {new_dtype}")

            if data.dtype != new_dtype:
                data = data.astype(new_dtype)

            self.gguf_writer.add_tensor(new_name, data)


@Model.register("NomicBertModel")
class NomicBertModel(BertModel):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.NOMIC_BERT

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

        # the HF config claims n_ctx=8192, but it uses RoPE scaling
        self.hparams["n_ctx"] = 2048

        # SwigLU activation
        assert self.hparams["activation_function"] == "swiglu"
        # this doesn't do anything in the HF version
        assert self.hparams["causal"] is False
        # no bias tensors
        assert self.hparams["qkv_proj_bias"] is False
        assert self.hparams["mlp_fc1_bias"] is False
        assert self.hparams["mlp_fc2_bias"] is False
        # norm at end of layer
        assert self.hparams["prenorm"] is False
        # standard RoPE
        assert self.hparams["rotary_emb_fraction"] == 1.0
        assert self.hparams["rotary_emb_interleaved"] is False
        assert self.hparams["rotary_emb_scale_base"] is None

    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
        super().set_gguf_parameters()
        self.gguf_writer.add_rope_freq_base(self.hparams["rotary_emb_base"])

    def get_tensors(self):
        assert self.vocab_size is not None
        for name, data in super().get_tensors():
            # Nomic Embed's token embeddings tensor is padded, but llama.cpp wants tensor sizes to match exactly.
            if name == 'embeddings.word_embeddings.weight' and data.shape[1] != self.vocab_size:
                rounded_vocab_size = (self.vocab_size + 63) // 64 * 64
                assert data.shape == (rounded_vocab_size, self.hparams["n_embd"])
                data = data[:self.vocab_size, :]
            yield name, data


@Model.register("GemmaForCausalLM")
class GemmaModel(Model):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.GEMMA

    def set_vocab(self):
        self._set_vocab_sentencepiece()

    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
        hparams = self.hparams
        block_count = hparams["num_hidden_layers"]

        self.gguf_writer.add_name(self.dir_model.name)
        self.gguf_writer.add_context_length(hparams["max_position_embeddings"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(hparams["hidden_size"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_block_count(block_count)
        self.gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(hparams["intermediate_size"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count(hparams["num_attention_heads"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count_kv(self.hparams["num_key_value_heads"] if "num_key_value_heads" in hparams else hparams["num_attention_heads"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_rms_eps(self.hparams["rms_norm_eps"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_key_length(hparams["head_dim"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_value_length(hparams["head_dim"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_file_type(self.ftype)

    def write_tensors(self):
        block_count = self.hparams.get("n_layers", self.hparams.get("num_hidden_layers", self.hparams.get("n_layer")))
        tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(self.model_arch, block_count)

        for name, data_torch in self.get_tensors():
            old_dtype = data_torch.dtype

            # convert any unsupported data types to float32
            if data_torch.dtype not in (torch.float16, torch.float32):
                data_torch = data_torch.to(torch.float32)

            # ref: https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/fc37f38915372c15992b540dfcbbe00a916d4fc6/src/transformers/models/gemma/modeling_gemma.py#L89
            if name.endswith("norm.weight"):
                data_torch = data_torch + 1
            data = data_torch.squeeze().numpy()

            # map tensor names
            new_name = tensor_map.get_name(name, try_suffixes=(".weight", ".bias"))
            if new_name is None:
                print(f"Can not map tensor {name!r}")
                sys.exit()

            n_dims = len(data.shape)
            data_dtype = data.dtype

            data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # if f16 desired, convert any float32 2-dim weight tensors to float16
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float32 and name.endswith(".weight") and n_dims == 2:
                data = data.astype(np.float16)

            print(f"{new_name}, n_dims = {n_dims}, {old_dtype} --> {data.dtype}")

            self.gguf_writer.add_tensor(new_name, data)


@Model.register("Starcoder2ForCausalLM")
class StarCoder2Model(Model):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.STARCODER2


@Model.register("MambaForCausalLM", "MambaLMHeadModel")
class MambaModel(Model):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.MAMBA

    def set_vocab(self):
        vocab_size = self.hparams["vocab_size"]
        # Round vocab size to next multiple of 8
        pad_vocab = self.hparams.get("pad_vocab_size_multiple", 8)
        # pad using ceiling division
        # ref: https://stackoverflow.com/a/17511341/22827863
        vocab_size = -(vocab_size // -pad_vocab) * pad_vocab
        self.hparams["vocab_size"] = vocab_size

        if (self.dir_model / "tokenizer.json").is_file():
            self._set_vocab_gpt2()
        else:
            # Use the GPT-NeoX tokenizer when no tokenizer files are present
            tokenizer_path = Path(sys.path[0]) / "models" / "ggml-vocab-gpt-neox.gguf"
            print(f"Using tokenizer from '{os.path.relpath(tokenizer_path, os.getcwd())}'")
            neox_reader = gguf.GGUFReader(tokenizer_path, "r")

            field = neox_reader.get_field(gguf.Keys.Tokenizer.MODEL)
            self.gguf_writer.add_tokenizer_model(bytes(field.parts[-1]))
            field = neox_reader.get_field(gguf.Keys.Tokenizer.LIST)
            self.gguf_writer.add_token_list([bytes(field.parts[i]) for i in field.data][:vocab_size])
            field = neox_reader.get_field(gguf.Keys.Tokenizer.TOKEN_TYPE)
            self.gguf_writer.add_token_types([field.parts[i].tolist()[0] for i in field.data][:vocab_size])
            field = neox_reader.get_field(gguf.Keys.Tokenizer.MERGES)
            self.gguf_writer.add_token_merges([bytes(field.parts[i]) for i in field.data])
            field = neox_reader.get_field(gguf.Keys.Tokenizer.BOS_ID)
            self.gguf_writer.add_bos_token_id(field.parts[-1].tolist()[0])
            field = neox_reader.get_field(gguf.Keys.Tokenizer.EOS_ID)
            self.gguf_writer.add_eos_token_id(field.parts[-1].tolist()[0])
            field = neox_reader.get_field(gguf.Keys.Tokenizer.UNK_ID)
            self.gguf_writer.add_unk_token_id(field.parts[-1].tolist()[0])

    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
        d_model = self.find_hparam(["hidden_size", "d_model"])
        d_conv  = self.find_hparam(["conv_kernel", "d_conv"], optional=True) or 4
        d_inner = self.find_hparam(["intermediate_size", "d_inner"], optional=True) or 2 * d_model
        d_state = self.find_hparam(["state_size", "d_state"], optional=True) or 16
        # ceiling division
        # ref: https://stackoverflow.com/a/17511341/22827863
        # ref: https://github.com/state-spaces/mamba/blob/ce59daea3a090d011d6476c6e5b97f6d58ddad8b/mamba_ssm/modules/mamba_simple.py#L58
        dt_rank = self.find_hparam(["time_step_rank", "dt_rank"], optional=True) or -(d_model // -16)
        rms_norm_eps = self.find_hparam(["layer_norm_epsilon", "rms_norm_eps"], optional=True) or 1e-5

        # Fail early for models which don't have a block expansion factor of 2
        assert d_inner == 2 * d_model

        self.gguf_writer.add_name(self.dir_model.name)
        self.gguf_writer.add_context_length(2**20) # arbitrary value; for those who use the default
        self.gguf_writer.add_embedding_length(d_model)
        self.gguf_writer.add_feed_forward_length(0) # unused, but seemingly required when loading
        self.gguf_writer.add_head_count(0) # unused, but seemingly required when loading
        self.gguf_writer.add_block_count(self.hparams["n_layer"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_ssm_conv_kernel(d_conv)
        self.gguf_writer.add_ssm_inner_size(d_inner)
        self.gguf_writer.add_ssm_state_size(d_state)
        self.gguf_writer.add_ssm_time_step_rank(dt_rank)
        self.gguf_writer.add_layer_norm_rms_eps(rms_norm_eps)
        self.gguf_writer.add_file_type(self.ftype)

    def write_tensors(self):
        block_count = self.hparams["n_layer"]
        tensor_map = gguf.get_tensor_name_map(self.model_arch, block_count)

        tok_embd = None
        tok_embd_name = gguf.TENSOR_NAMES[gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.TOKEN_EMBD] + ".weight"
        output_name   = gguf.TENSOR_NAMES[gguf.MODEL_TENSOR.OUTPUT]     + ".weight"

        for name, data_torch in self.get_tensors():
            old_dtype = data_torch.dtype

            # convert any unsupported data types to float32
            if data_torch.dtype not in (torch.float16, torch.float32):
                data_torch = data_torch.to(torch.float32)

            # map tensor names
            new_name = tensor_map.get_name(name, try_suffixes=(".weight", ".bias"))
            if new_name is None:
                print(f"Can not map tensor {name!r}")
                sys.exit()

            if name.endswith(".A_log"):
                print("A_log --> A ==> " + new_name)
                data_torch = -torch.exp(data_torch)

            # assuming token_embd.weight is seen before output.weight
            if tok_embd is not None and new_name == output_name:
                if torch.equal(tok_embd, data_torch):
                    print(f"{output_name} is equivalent to {tok_embd_name}, omitting")
                    continue
            if new_name == tok_embd_name:
                tok_embd = data_torch

            data = data_torch.squeeze().numpy()

            n_dims = len(data.shape)
            data_dtype = data.dtype

            # if f32 desired, convert any float16 to float32
            if self.ftype == 0 and data_dtype == np.float16:
                data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # TODO: Why cant we use these float16 as-is? There should be not reason to store float16 as float32
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float16 and n_dims == 1:
                data = data.astype(np.float32)

            # if f16 desired, convert big float32 2-dim weight tensors to float16
            if self.ftype == 1 and data_dtype == np.float32 and new_name.removesuffix(".weight").endswith((".ssm_in", ".ssm_out", "token_embd", "output")) and n_dims == 2:
                data = data.astype(np.float16)

            print(f"{new_name}, n_dims = {n_dims}, {old_dtype} --> {data.dtype}")

            self.gguf_writer.add_tensor(new_name, data)


@Model.register("CohereForCausalLM")
class CommandR2Model(Model):
    model_arch = gguf.MODEL_ARCH.COMMAND_R

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

        # max_position_embeddings = 8192 in config.json but model was actually
        # trained on 128k context length
        self.hparams["max_position_embeddings"] = self.hparams["model_max_length"]

    def set_gguf_parameters(self):
        super().set_gguf_parameters()
        self.gguf_writer.add_logit_scale(self.hparams["logit_scale"])
        self.gguf_writer.add_rope_scaling_type(gguf.RopeScalingType.NONE)


###### CONVERSION LOGIC ######


def parse_args() -> argparse.Namespace:
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        description="Convert a huggingface model to a GGML compatible file")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--vocab-only", action="store_true",
        help="extract only the vocab",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--awq-path", type=Path, default=None,
        help="Path to scale awq cache file")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--outfile", type=Path,
        help="path to write to; default: based on input",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--outtype", type=str, choices=["f32", "f16"], default="f16",
        help="output format - use f32 for float32, f16 for float16",
    )
    parser.add_argument("--bigendian", action="store_true", help="model is executed on big endian machine")
    parser.add_argument(
        "model", type=Path,
        help="directory containing model file",
    )

    return parser.parse_args()


def main() -> None:
    args = parse_args()

    dir_model = args.model

    if args.awq_path:
        sys.path.insert(1, str(Path(__file__).parent / 'awq-py'))
        from awq.apply_awq import add_scale_weights  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
        tmp_model_path = args.model / "weighted_model"
        dir_model = tmp_model_path
        if tmp_model_path.is_dir():
            print(f"{tmp_model_path} exists as a weighted model.")
        else:
            tmp_model_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
            print("Saving new weighted model ...")
            add_scale_weights(str(args.model), str(args.awq_path), str(tmp_model_path))
            print(f"Saved weighted model at {tmp_model_path}.")

    if not dir_model.is_dir():
        print(f'Error: {args.model} is not a directory', file=sys.stderr)
        sys.exit(1)

    ftype_map = {
        "f32": gguf.GGMLQuantizationType.F32,
        "f16": gguf.GGMLQuantizationType.F16,
    }

    if args.outfile is not None:
        fname_out = args.outfile
    else:
        # output in the same directory as the model by default
        fname_out = dir_model / f'ggml-model-{args.outtype}.gguf'

    print(f"Loading model: {dir_model.name}")

    hparams = Model.load_hparams(dir_model)

    with torch.inference_mode():
        model_class = Model.from_model_architecture(hparams["architectures"][0])
        model_instance = model_class(dir_model, ftype_map[args.outtype], fname_out, args.bigendian)

        print("Set model parameters")
        model_instance.set_gguf_parameters()

        print("Set model tokenizer")
        model_instance.set_vocab()

        if args.vocab_only:
            print(f"Exporting model vocab to '{fname_out}'")
            model_instance.write_vocab()
        else:
            print(f"Exporting model to '{fname_out}'")
            model_instance.write()

        print(f"Model successfully exported to '{fname_out}'")


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()