diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js b/lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js
index 60fa7e79d19693..55f28398a921d5 100644
--- a/lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/cjs/loader.js
@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ const {
   kEmptyObject,
   filterOwnProperties,
   setOwnProperty,
+  getCwdSafe,
   getLazy,
 } = require('internal/util');
 const { internalCompileFunction } = require('internal/vm');
@@ -1025,7 +1026,7 @@ Module._resolveFilename = function(request, parent, isMain, options) {
   }
 
   if (request[0] === '#' && (parent?.filename || parent?.id === '<repl>')) {
-    const parentPath = parent?.filename ?? process.cwd() + path.sep;
+    const parentPath = parent?.filename ?? getCwdSafe();
     const pkg = readPackageScope(parentPath) || {};
     if (pkg.data?.imports != null) {
       try {
diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/esm/resolve.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/resolve.js
index 927b118f8ede2b..d4d7ee94dd707a 100644
--- a/lib/internal/modules/esm/resolve.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/resolve.js
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ const experimentalNetworkImports =
   getOptionValue('--experimental-network-imports');
 const typeFlag = getOptionValue('--input-type');
 const { URL, pathToFileURL, fileURLToPath, isURL, toPathIfFileURL } = require('internal/url');
+const { getCwdSafe } = require('internal/util');
 const { canParse: URLCanParse } = internalBinding('url');
 const {
   ERR_INPUT_TYPE_NOT_ALLOWED,
@@ -1018,7 +1019,7 @@ function defaultResolve(specifier, context = {}) {
 
   const isMain = parentURL === undefined;
   if (isMain) {
-    parentURL = pathToFileURL(`${process.cwd()}/`).href;
+    parentURL = pathToFileURL(getCwdSafe()).href;
 
     // This is the initial entry point to the program, and --input-type has
     // been passed as an option; but --input-type can only be used with