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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<h3 class="display-inline margin-padding-zero vertical-align bottom-margin">Space & Cosmo</h3>
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<section class="article-title">
<h2><em><strong>Space Ripples Reveal</strong></em> </h2>
<h2><em><strong>Big Bang’s Smoking Gun</strong></em> </h2>
</section>
<div class="article-main-image">
<img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2014/03/18/science/space/18cosmos/18cosmos-superJumbo.jpg?quality=90&auto=webp"
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<div>
<p>Alan Guth was one of the first physicists to hypothesize the existence of inflation, which explains how
the universe expanded so </p>
<p>uniformly and so quickly in the instant after the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago.CreditCreditRick
Friedman for The New York Times</p>
</div>
<br>
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<div class="top-text-section">
<div class="head">
<span class="author display-block">By Dennis Overbye</span>
<span class="date display-block">March 17, 2014</span>
<div class="icons"></div>
</div>
<br>
<div class="middle">
<p>
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. — One night late in 1979, an itinerant young physicist named Alan Guth,
with a new son and a year’s appointment at Stanford, stayed up late with his notebook and equations,
venturing far beyond the world of known physics.
</p>
<br>
<p>
He was trying to understand why there was no trace of some exotic particles that should
have been created in the Big Bang. Instead he discovered what might have made the universe
bang to begin with. A potential hitch in the presumed course of cosmic evolution could have
infused space itself with a special energy that exerted a repulsive force, causing the universe
to swell faster than the speed of light for a prodigiously violent instant.
</p>
<p>
If true, the rapid engorgement would solve paradoxes like why the heavens look uniform from
pole to pole and not like a jagged, warped mess. The enormous ballooning would iron out all
the wrinkles and irregularities. Those particles were not missing, but would be diluted beyond
detection, like spit in the ocean.
</p>
<br>
<p>
“SPECTACULAR REALIZATION,” Dr. Guth wrote across the top of the page and drew a double box around it.
</p>
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<p>
On Monday, Dr. Guth’s starship came in. Radio astronomers reported that they had seen the beginning
of the Big Bang, and that his hypothesis, known undramatically as inflation, looked right.
</p>
<br>
<p>
Reaching back across 13.8 billion years to the first sliver of cosmic time with telescopes at
the South Pole, a team of astronomers led by John M. Kovac of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics detected ripples in the fabric of space-time — so-called gravitational waves — the
signature of a universe being wrenched violently apart when it was roughly a trillionth of a trillionth
of a trillionth of a second old. They are the long-sought smoking-gun evidence of inflation, proof, Dr.
Kovac and his colleagues say, that Dr. Guth was correct.
</p>
<br>
<p>
Inflation has been the workhorse of cosmology for 35 years, though many, including Dr. Guth, wondered
whether it could ever be proved.
</p>
<br>
<p>
If corroborated, Dr. Kovac’s work will stand as a landmark in science comparable to the recent
discovery of dark energy pushing the universe apart, or of the Big Bang itself. It would open vast
realms of time and space and energy to science and speculation.
</p>
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<h5>Editors’ Picks</h5>
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<h4>‘As Big as It Gets’</h4>
<p>
In our own universe, it would serve as a window into the forces operating at energies forever beyond the
reach of
particle accelerators on Earth and yield new insights into gravity itself. Dr. Kovac’s ripples would be
the first direct
observation of gravitational waves, which, according to Einstein’s theory of general relativity, should
ruffle space-time.
</p>
<br>
<p>
Marc Kamionkowski of Johns Hopkins University, an early-universe expert who was not part of the team,
said,
“This is huge, as big as it gets.”
</p>
<br>
<p>
The ripples manifested themselves as faint spiral patterns in a bath of microwave radiation that
permeates space and preserves a
picture of the universe when it was 380,000 years old and as hot as the surface of the sun.
</p>
<br>
<p>
Dr. Kovac and his collaborators, working in an experiment known as Bicep, for Background Imaging of
Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization,
reported their results in a scientific briefing at the Center for Astrophysics here on Monday and in a
set of papers submitted to The Astrophysical Journal.
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<figure class="margin-padding-zero">
<img class="img-width" width="720" src="assets/images/inflation-720.png" alt="">
<div class="left-1 top figcaption">
THE UNIVERSE is just under 14 billion years old. From our position in the Milky Way galaxy,
we can observe a sphere that is now about 92 billion light-years across.
But there's a mystery. Wherever we look, the universe has an even temperature.
</div>
<div class="left-2 top figcaption">
NOT ENOUGH TIME The universe is not old enough for light to have traveled the vast distance from one side of the universe to the other,
and there has not been enough time for scattered patches of hot and cold to mix into an even temperature.
</div>
<div class="left-3 top figcaption">
DISTANT COFFEE At a smaller scale, imagine using a telescope to look a mile in one direction.
You see a coffee cup, and from the amount of steam, you can estimate its temperature and how much it has cooled.
</div>
<div class="left-4 top figcaption">
COFFEE EVERYWHERE Now turn around and look a mile in the other direction.
You see a similar coffee cup, at exactly the same temperature. Coincidence? Maybe.
But if you see a similar cup in every direction, you might want to look for
</div>
<div class="left-1 bottom figcaption">
STILL NOT ENOUGH TIME There has not been enough time to carry coffee cups from place to place before they get cold.
But if all the coffee cups were somehow filled from a single coffee pot, all at the same time, that might explain their even temperature.
</div>
<div class="left-2 bottom figcaption">
INFLATION solves this problem. The theory proposes that, less than a trillionth of a second after the Big Bang,
the universe expanded faster than the speed of light. Tiny ripples in the violently expanding energy field eventually grew into the large-scale structures of the universe.
</div>
<div class="left-3 bottom figcaption">
FLUCTUATION Astronomers have now detected evidence of these ancient fluctuations in swirls of polarized light in
the cosmic background radiation, which is energy left over from the early universe. These are gravitational waves predicted by Einstein.
</div>
<div class="left-4 bottom figcaption">
EXPANSION Returning to our coffee, imagine a single, central pot expanding faster than light and cooling to an even temperature as it expands.
That is something like inflation. And the structure of the universe mirrors the froth and foam of the orig
</div>
</figure>
<p> Dr. Kovac said the chance that the results were a fluke was only one in 10 million.</p>
<br>
<p> Dr. Guth, now 67, pronounced himself “bowled over,” saying he had not expected such a definite
confirmation in his lifetime.</p>
<br>
<p> “With nature, you have to be lucky,” he said. “Apparently we have been lucky.”</p>
<br>
<p> The results are the closely guarded distillation of three years’ worth of observations and analysis.
</p>
<br>
<p>Eschewing email for fear of a leak, Dr. Kovac personally delivered drafts of his work to a select few,
meeting with
Dr. Guth, who is now a professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (as is his son, Larry, who was
sleeping that night in 1979), in his office last week.
</p>
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<p>
“It was a very special moment, and one we took very seriously as scientists,”
said Dr. Kovac, who chose his words as carefully as he tended his radio telescopes.
</p>
<br>
<p>
Andrei Linde of Stanford, a prolific theorist who first described the most popular variant of inflation,
known as
chaotic inflation, in 1983, was about to go on vacation in the Caribbean last week when Chao-Lin Kuo,
a Stanford colleague and a member of Dr. Kovac’s team, knocked on his door with a bottle of Champagne to
tell him the news.
</p>
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<iframe class="video" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kNCY2VBvobE" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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<br>
<p>
Confused, Dr. Linde called out to his wife, asking if she had ordered anything.
</p><br>
<p>
“And then I told him that in the beginning we thought that this was a delivery but we did not think that
we ordered anything,
but I simply forgot that actually I did order it, 30 years ago,” Dr. Linde wrote in an email.
</p><br>
<p>
Calling from Bonaire, the Dutch Caribbean island,
Dr. Linde said he was still hyperventilating. “Having news like this is the best way of spoiling a
vacation,” he said.
</p><br>
<p>
By last weekend, as social media was buzzing with rumors that inflation had been seen and news spread,
astrophysicists responded with a mixture of jubilation and caution.
</p><br>
<p> Max Tegmark, a cosmologist at M.I.T., wrote in an email, “I think that if this stays true, it will go
down as one of the greatest discoveries in the history of science.”
</p><br>
<p> John E. Carlstrom of the University of Chicago, Dr. Kovac’s mentor and head of a competing project
called the South Pole Telescope, pronounced himself deeply impressed. “I think the results are beautiful
and very convincing,” he said.
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<p>SpaceX and NASA Launch Is First Step to Renewed Human Spaceflight</p>
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<p>SpaceX and NASA Launch Is First Step to Renewed Human Spaceflight</p>
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