The Algorithm

Symbol

• $R$: Retrievability (probability of recall)
• $S$: Stability (interval when R=90%)
  • $S^\prime_r$: new stability after recall
  • $S^\prime_f$: new stability after forgetting
• $D$: Difficulty ( $D \in [1, 10]$ )
• $G$: Grade (rating at Anki):
  • $1$: again
  • $2$: hard
  • $3$: good
  • $4$: easy

FSRS v4

Default Parameters

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.2, 1.4, 0.2, 0.8, 2, 0.2, 0.2, 1, 0.5, 2]

Formula

The $w_i$ denotes w[i].

The initial stability after the first rating:

$$S_0(G) = w_{G-1}.$$

For example, $S_0(1)=w_0$ is the initial stability when the first rating is again. When the first rating is easy, the initial stability is $S_0(4)=w_3$.

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The initial difficulty after the first rating:

$$D_0(G) = w_4 - (G-3) \cdot w_5,$$

where the $D_0(3)=w_4$ when the first rating is good.

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The new difficulty after review:

$$D^\prime(D,G) = w_7 \cdot D_0(3) +(1 - w_7) \cdot (D - w_6 \cdot (G - 3)).$$

It will calculate the new difficulty with $D^\prime = D - w_4 \cdot (G - 3)$, and then apply the mean reversion $w_7 \cdot D_0(3) + (1 - w_7) \cdot D^\prime$ to avoid "ease hell".

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The retrievability after $t$ days since the last review:

$$R(t,S) = \left(1 + \cfrac{t}{9 \cdot S}\right)^{-1},$$

where $R(t,S)=0.9$ when $t=S$.

The next interval can be calculated by solving for t in the above equation after putting the request retention in place of R:

$$I(R,S) = 9 \cdot S \cdot (\cfrac{1}{R} - 1),$$

where $I(R,S)=S$ when $R=0.9$.

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The new stability after a successful review (the user pressed "Hard", "Good" or "Easy"):

$$S^\prime_r(D,S,R,G) = S\cdot(e^{w_8} \cdot (11-D) \cdot S^{-w_9} \cdot (e^{w_{10}\cdot(1-R)}-1) \cdot w_{15}(\textrm{if G = 2}) \cdot w_{16}(\textrm{if G = 4}) + 1).$$

Let $SInc$ (the increase in stability) denotes $\cfrac{S^\prime_r(D,S,R,G)}{S}$, which is equivalent to Anki's factor.

1. The larger the value of D, the smaller the $SInc$, which means that for difficult material, the increase in memory stability is smaller than for easy material.
2. The larger the value of S, the smaller the $SInc$, which means that memory saturates. The more stable your memory is, the harder it is to make it even more stable.
3. The smaller the value of R, the larger the $SInc$, which means that the best time to review your material is when you almost forgot it.
4. The value of $SInc$ is always greater than or equal to 1 if the review was successful.

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The stability after forgetting (i.e., post-lapse stability):

$$S^\prime_f(D,S,R) = w_{11}\cdot D^{-w_{12}}\cdot ((S+1)^{w_{13}} - 1)\cdot e^{w_{14}\cdot(1-R)}.$$

For example, if $D=2$ and $R=0.9$, with default parameters, $S^\prime_f(S=100) = 2\cdot 2^{-0.2} \cdot ((100+1)^{0.2}-1) \cdot e^{1(1-0.9)} \approx 3$ and $S^\prime_f(S=1) \approx 0.3$.

FSRS v3

Default Parameters

var w = [1, 1, 5, -1, -1, 0.1, 1.5, -0.2, 0.8, 2, -0.2, 0.2, 1];

Formula

The $w_i$ denotes w[i].

The initial stability after the first rating:

$$S_0(G) = w_0 + (G-1) \cdot w_1,$$

where the $S_0(1)=w_0$ is the initial stability when the first rating is again. When the first rating is easy, the initial stability is $S_0(4)=w_0 + 3 \cdot w_1$.

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The initial difficulty after the first rating:

$$D_0(G) = w_2 + (G-3) \cdot w_3,$$

where the $D_0(3)=w_2$ when the first rating is good.

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The new difficulty after review:

$$D^\prime(D,G) = w_5 \cdot D_0(3) +(1 - w_5) \cdot (D + w_4 \cdot (G - 3)).$$

It will calculate the new difficulty with $D^\prime = D + w_4 \cdot (G - 3)$, and then apply the mean reversion $w_5 \cdot D_0(3) + (1 - w_5) \cdot D^\prime$ to avoid "ease hell".

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The retrievability of $t$ days since the last review:

$$R(t,S) = 0.9^{\frac{t}{S}},$$

where $R(t,S)=0.9$ when $t=S$.

The function of interval is the reverse function of retrievability:

$$I(R,S) = S \cdot \cfrac{\ln(R)}{\ln(0.9)},$$

where $I(R,S)=S$ when $R=0.9$.

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The new stability after recall:

$$S^\prime_r(D,S,R) = S\cdot(e^{w_6}\cdot (11-D)\cdot S^{w_7}\cdot(e^{w_8\cdot(1-R)}-1)+1).$$

Let $SInc$ (the increase in stability) denotes $\cfrac{S^\prime_r(D,S,R)}{S}$, i.e., Anki's factor.

1. The larger the value of D, the smaller the $SInc$, which means that for difficult material, the increase in memory stability is smaller than for easy material.
2. The larger the value of S, the smaller the $SInc$, which means that memory saturates. The more stable your memory is, the harder it is to make it even more stable.
3. The smaller the value of R, the larger the $SInc$, which means that the best time to review your material is when you almost forgot it.
4. The value of $SInc$ is always greater than or equal to 1 if the review was successful.

The following 3D visualization could help understand.

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The stability after forgetting (i.e., post-lapse stability):

$$S^\prime_f(D,S,R) = w_9\cdot D^{w_{10}}\cdot S^{w_{11}}\cdot e^{w_{12}\cdot(1-R)}.$$

For example, if $D=2$ and $R=0.9$, with default parameters, $S^\prime_f(S=100) = 2\cdot 2^{-0.2} \cdot 100^{0.2} \cdot e^{1(1-0.9)} \approx 5$ and $S^\prime_f(S=1) \approx 2$.

You can play the function in post-lapse stability - GeoGebra.