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<!doctype html>
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<head>
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="assets/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
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<title>Follow the Money</title>
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<meta name="author" content="Ozan Jaquette">
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<section class='slide horizontal ' data-state='slide-horizontal' id='title'>
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<h1>Follow the Money</h1>
<hr />
<h2>Recruiting and the Enrollment Priorities of Public Research Universities</h2>
<p class='author'>Ozan Jaquette</p>
<p class='affiliation'>University of California, Los Angeles</p>
<p class='author'>Crystal Han</p>
<p class='affiliation'>University of California, Los Angeles</p>
<p class='author'>Karina Salazar</p>
<p class='affiliation'>University of Arizona</p>
<p><img id='logo_ucla' src='assets/images/ucla.png' alt='University of California, Los Angeles' />
<img id='logo_ua' src='assets/images/ua.png' alt='University of Arizona' /></p>
<p><a id='link_presentation' href='https://ozanj.github.io/cerpp_2020/' target='_blank'>ozanj.github.io/cerpp_2020</a></p>
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<a class='logo' href='https://emraresearch.org' target='_blank'>emraresearch.org</a>
<h1>Acknowledgments</h1>
<hr />
<p><br>
This research was made possible by funding from the following sources:</p>
<p><br></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Joyce Foundation</strong> (Research Grant)</li>
<li><strong>National Academy of Education/Spencer Foundation</strong> (Postdoctoral Fellowship)</li>
<li><strong>American Educational Research Association</strong> (Dissertation Grant)</li>
<li><strong>UCLA Office of Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion</strong> (Faculty Career Development Award)</li>
</ul>
<!--
- Universities expend substantial resources identifying, recruiting prospects (Ruffalo Noel-Levitz, 2018)
- University rhetoric:
- "Despite state disinvestment and student deficiencies, we care about access
- Universities expend substantial resources identifying, recruiting prospects
# Motivation
## Why study recruiting
Alternative explanation for access inequality
- University enrollment priorities biased against poor students and/or communities of color
Why study university recruiting behavior
- Universities expend substantial resources identifying and recruiting prospects (Ruffalo Noel-Levitz, 2018)
- Internal resource allocation better indicator of organizational priorities than rhetoric, policies
- Knowing which student populations targeted by recruiting efforts indicates enrollment priorities
Research focus
- Analyze off-campus recruiting visits (e.g., visit to a local high school) by public research universities as a means of gaining insight about university enrollment priorities
- **Research question**
- What are the similarities and differences in off-campus recruiting patterns across universities?
- **Analytic focus**
- Income; race; academic achievement; in-state vs. out-of-state
-->
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<a class='logo' href='https://emraresearch.org' target='_blank'>emraresearch.org</a>
<h1>Motivation</h1>
<hr />
<h2>Policy discourse on college access inequality</h2>
<p>The 2014 White House "Access Summit" </p>
<ul>
<li>The White House (2014) reviews causes of access inequality
<ul>
<li>Demand-side explanations; e.g., "achievement gap", "under-matching"</li>
<li>Place responsibility on students, K-12 schools</li>
</ul></li>
<li>The White House (2014) asks universities for <em>Commitments to Action on College Opportunity</em>
<ul>
<li>Universities pledge "action plans" (e.g., need-based financial aid, "outreach", holistic admission)</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<p><br>
Why study marketing, recruiting</p>
<ul>
<li>Enrollment management is an opaque industry
<ul>
<li>Rhetoric: "despite state disinvestment (and student deficiencies), we care about access"</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Internal resource allocation is better indicator of organizational priorities than rhetoric, policies</li>
<li>Knowing which student populations are targeted by recruiting efforts indicates enrollment priorities</li>
</ul>
<p><br>
Research goal: </p>
<ul>
<li>Document enrollment management behaviors, push policy discourse to consider supply-side</li>
</ul>
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<h1>Background</h1>
<hr />
<h2>The "enrollment funnel"</h2>
<div class='left' style='float:left;width:48%'>
<p><img src="assets/images/funnel.png" alt="Enrollment Funnel" style="width:90%;float:left;"></p>
</div>
<div class='right' style='float:right;width:48%'>
<p><strong>Interventions along the funnel</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Identify prospects
<ul>
<li>e.g., buy "student lists"</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Recruit prospects remotely
<ul>
<li>Email, mail, text, etc.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Recruit prospects in-person
<ul>
<li><strong>Off-campus visits</strong> (e.g., schools, fairs)</li>
<li>On-campus visits</li>
<li>Other "outreach"</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Marketing/ads (inquiries, stealth applicants)
<ul>
<li>Search engine marketing</li>
<li>Social media marketing</li>
<li>Traditional advertising</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Convert admits to enrollees
<ul>
<li>e.g., financial aid leveraging</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<section class='slide horizontal ' data-state='slide-horizontal' id='slide-5'>
<a class='logo' href='https://emraresearch.org' target='_blank'>emraresearch.org</a>
<h1>Conceptual Framing</h1>
<hr />
<h2>The behavior of US universities, according to Mitchell Stevens</h2>
<!--
functions of higher education: "sieve," "incubator," "temple," and "hub"
<br>
Under "national service," the sieve serves redistribution. Under "market," sieve serves reproduction
-->
<p>The "sieve" function of higher education (Stevens, Armstrong, and Arum, 2008)</p>
<ul>
<li>Higher education allocates people to different occupational/social positions</li>
<li>Dual character of education (Weber, 1948), simultaneously serves
<ul>
<li>Social mobility: redistributing access to privileged positions</li>
<li>Social reproduction: privileged families get access to universities that confer the best positions</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<p><br>
Political economy of US higher education (Stevens and Gebre-Medhin, 2016):</p>
<ul>
<li>"National service" orientation
<ul>
<li>Expansion of federal and state investment in higher ed</li>
<li>Creation of state higher education systems</li>
</ul></li>
<li>"Market" orientation
<ul>
<li>Demographic contraction; state disinvestment</li>
<li>Transportation, technology advances, national guidebooks and rankings create national market</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
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<h1>Conceptual Framing</h1>
<hr />
<h2>The political economy of enrollment management</h2>
<div class='left' style='float:left;width:48%'>
<p><strong>Iron triangle of enrollment management</strong></p>
<p><br>
<img src="assets/images/iron_triangle.png" alt="Iron Triangle" style="width:80%;float:left;"></p>
</div>
<div class='right' style='float:right;width:48%'>
<p><strong>"National service" political economy</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Universities as civil service orgs
<ul>
<li>State demands human capital development, equality of opportunity</li>
</ul></li>
<li>University enrollment goals
<ul>
<li>Access; academic quality</li>
</ul></li>
<li>The "sieve" serves
<ul>
<li>Mobility and reproduction</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<p><br></p>
<p><strong>"Market" political economy</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Universities as self-interested corporations</li>
<li>University enrollment goals
<ul>
<li>Revenue; academic quality (rankings)</li>
</ul></li>
<li>The "sieve" serves
<ul>
<li>Social reproduction (paying customers)</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<section class='slide horizontal ' data-state='slide-horizontal' id='slide-7'>
<a class='logo' href='https://emraresearch.org' target='_blank'>emraresearch.org</a>
<h1>Empirical context</h1>
<hr />
<h2>State funding and tuition revenue, sample institutions in 2016-17</h2>
<p><img src='./assets/images/scatterplot_revenue_fte.png' style="width:60%; border:1px solid #666;"></img></p>
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<h1>Empirical context</h1>
<hr />
<h2>Nonresident enrollment growth at public research universities</h2>
<p>Effect of state appropriations on nonresident enrollment (Jaquette and Curs, 2015)</p>
<ul>
<li>Decline in state appropriations leads to nonresident enrollment growth</li>
<li><em>Not quite causal</em></li>
</ul>
<p><br></p>
<p>Nonresident enrollment growth and socioeconomic/racial composition (Jaquette, Curs, and Posselt, 2016)</p>
<ul>
<li>Growth in percent nonresident associated with decline in percent Pell, percent Black/Latinx</li>
<li><em>Descriptive</em></li>
</ul>
<p><br></p>
<p>Crowd out? Effect of nonresident enrollment on resident enrollment (Curs and Jaquette, 2017)</p>
<ul>
<li>No effect for population of public research; crowd out at prestigious public research</li>
<li><em>Plausibly causal</em></li>
</ul>
<p><br></p>
<p>Effect of resident and nonresident enrollment on faculty hiring (Jaquette and Curs, under review)</p>
<ul>
<li>Nonresident enrollment has strong positive relationship with tenure-line faculty hiring</li>
<li><em>Not quite causal</em></li>
</ul>
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<h1>Research overview</h1>
<hr />
<h2>Off-campus recruiting visits by public research universities</h2>
<div class='left' style='float:left;width:48%'>
<p><strong>Data collection</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Method
<ul>
<li>Web-scrape admissions websites</li>
<li>Public records requests (some univs)</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Criteria to be included in data collection
<ol>
<li>Post visits on admissions websites</li>
<li>Organizational type</li>
</ol></li>
<li>Data collection sample
<ul>
<li>54 public research universities</li>
<li>49 private national universities</li>
<li>42 selective private liberal arts</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Data collection period
<ul>
<li>1/1/2017 to 12/31/2017</li>
<li>Ongoing collection, larger sample</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class='right' style='float:right;width:48%'>
<p><strong>Sample data</strong></p>
<p><img src="assets/images/southcarolina.png" style="width:65%;float:left;"></p>
</div>
</section>
<section class='slide horizontal ' data-state='slide-horizontal' id='slide-10'>
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<h1>Research methods</h1>
<hr />
<h2>Defining events</h2>
<p><strong>"Off-campus recruiting events" defined as off-campus events hosted by paid staff/consultants focused on soliciting applications</strong></p>
<p><br></p>
<ul>
<li>Event type
<ul>
<li>Include: college fairs, high school visits, community college visits,
counselor events</li>
<li>Exclude: admitted or committed student events, interviews</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Event host
<ul>
<li>Include: paid admissions staff or consultants (e.g., regional recruiters)</li>
<li>Exclude: alumni, student volunteers</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Event location
<ul>
<li>Any off-campus location</li>
<li>e.g., high school, community college, hotel, convention center, cafe, etc.</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
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<h1>Research methods</h1>
<hr />
<h2>Summary of data collection sources and quality checks performed</h2>
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<table class="appendix-table"> <thead> <tr> <th class="blank"></th> <th class="bold">NC State</th> <th class="bold">Rutgers</th> <th class="bold">Stony Brook</th> <th class="bold">Alabama</th> <th class="bold">Arkansas</th> <th class="bold">UC Berkeley</th> <th class="bold">UC Irvine</th> <th class="bold">UC Riverside</th> <th class="bold">UC San Diego</th> <th class="bold">Cincinnati</th> <th class="bold">CU Boulder</th> <th class="bold">Georgia</th> <th class="bold">Kansas</th> <th class="bold">UMass</th> <th class="bold">Nebraska</th> <th class="bold">Pittsburgh</th> <th class="bold">S.Carolina</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr><td class="blank bold">Web-scrape data collection</td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td></tr> <tr><td class="indent">Scraped data on off-campus recruiting events?</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td></tr> <tr><td class="indent">Manually checked each scraped event?</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td></tr> <tr><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td></tr> <tr><td class="blank bold">Public records request data collection</td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td></tr> <tr><td class="indent">Requested data from Enrollment Management VP from university?</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td></tr> <tr><td class="indent">Received data from Enrollment Management VP?</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>Y</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>Y</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td></tr> <tr><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td></tr> <tr><td class="indent">State law allows nonresidents to request from public universities?</td><td>Y</td><td>N</td><td>Y</td><td>Ambiguous</td><td>N</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>N</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>N</td><td>Y</td></tr> <tr><td class="indent">Made public records request to university?</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>N</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>N</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td></tr> <tr><td class="indent">Received public records data from university (by 10/1/2019)?</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>-</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>-</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>Y</td></tr> <tr><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td></tr> <tr><td class="indent">Manually checked each visit from requested data?</td><td>N</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>Y</td></tr> <tr><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td></tr> <tr><td class="blank bold">Data used in report analyses</td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td><td class="blank"></td></tr> <tr><td class="indent">Web-scrape data is primary data source?</td><td>Y</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>Y</td><td>Y</td><td>N</td></tr> <tr><td class="indent">Public records data used as primary data source?</td><td class="col-width">N</td><td class="col-width">Y</td><td class="col-width">Y</td><td class="col-width">N</td><td class="col-width">N</td><td class="col-width">Y</td><td class="col-width">Y</td><td class="col-width">Y</td><td class="col-width">Y</td><td class="col-width">Y</td><td class="col-width">Y</td><td class="col-width">Y</td><td class="col-width">Y</td><td class="col-width">Y</td><td class="col-width">N</td><td class="col-width">N</td><td class="col-width">Y</td></tr> </tbody> </table>
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<a class='logo' href='https://emraresearch.org' target='_blank'>emraresearch.org</a>
<h1>Off-Campus Recruiting Results</h1>
<hr />
<h2>Within-case results</h2>
<p><strong>N</strong> refers to total number of off-campus recruiting visits</p>
<!--
select mu.univ_id, muc.univ_name, muc.univ_abbrev, mu.state_code, sd.state_name, muc.metro1, msa1.cbsa_title as metro1_name, muc.metro2, msa2.cbsa_title as metro2_name, muc.metro3, msa3.cbsa_title as metro3_name, (
select count(*)
from parsing p
left join parsing_visiting_univs pvu on pvu.pid = p.pid
left join univ_canon uc on uc.univ_id = pvu.univ_id and uc.pid = pvu.pid
left join location_matches lm on lm.pid = p.pid and lm.id_type = 'ncessch'
left join location_matches lm2 on lm2.pid = p.pid and lm2.id_type = 'ipeds'
left join meta_high_school_public mpub on mpub.ncessch = lm.location_id
left join meta_high_school_private mpri on mpri.ncessch = lm.location_id
left join meta_university imu on imu.univ_id = lm2.location_id
where pvu.univ_id = if(mu.univ_id not in ('196097', '186380', '201885', '139959', '110635', '110653', '110671', '110680', '166629', '126614', '155317', '218663'), mu.univ_id, concat(mu.univ_id, '_req'))
and event_country = 'US'
and event_date between '2017-01-01' and '2017-12-31'
and uc.univ_canonical_pid is null
and p.include = 1
and (mpub.ncessch is null or mpub.include_school = 1)
and (mpri.ncessch is null or mpri.include_school = 1)
and (lm.location_id is null or lm.location_id != 'indy')
and (imu.univ_id is null or imu.univ_id != mu.univ_id)
and coalesce(p.`event_state`, mpub.`state_code`, mpri.`state_code`, imu.`state_code`) is not null
) as count
from meta_university mu
left join state_data sd on sd.state_code = mu.state_code
left join meta_univ_classification muc on muc.univ_id = mu.univ_id
left join msa_metadata msa1 on msa1.cbsa_code = muc.metro1
left join msa_metadata msa2 on msa2.cbsa_code = muc.metro2
left join msa_metadata msa3 on msa3.cbsa_code = muc.metro3
where mu.univ_id in ('100751', '106397', '110635', '110653', '110671', '110680', '126614', '139959', '155317', '166629', '181464', '186380', '196097', '199193', '201885', '215293', '218663')
order by 2;
-->
<ul id="univ_options">
<li><a data-univ-id="199193" data-univ-name="North Carolina State University" data-state-name="North Carolina" data-metro1-name="Raleigh, NC" data-metro2-name="New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA" data-metro3-name="Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV">North Carolina State University</a> (N=371)</li><li><a data-univ-id="186380" data-univ-name="Rutgers University-New Brunswick" data-state-name="New Jersey" data-metro1-name="New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA" data-metro2-name="Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV" data-metro3-name="San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA">Rutgers University-New Brunswick</a> (N=1,623)</li><li><a data-univ-id="196097" data-univ-name="Stony Brook University" data-state-name="New York" data-metro1-name="New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA" data-metro2-name="Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT" data-metro3-name="Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD">Stony Brook University</a> (N=1,081)</li><li><a data-univ-id="100751" data-univ-name="University of Alabama" data-state-name="Alabama" data-metro1-name="Birmingham-Hoover, AL" data-metro2-name="Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA" data-metro3-name="Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX">University of Alabama</a> (N=4,282)</li><li><a data-univ-id="106397" data-univ-name="University of Arkansas" data-state-name="Arkansas" data-metro1-name="Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO" data-metro2-name="Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX" data-metro3-name="Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI">University of Arkansas</a> (N=1,013)</li><li><a data-univ-id="110635" data-univ-name="University of California-Berkeley" data-state-name="California" data-metro1-name="San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA" data-metro2-name="Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV" data-metro3-name="Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA">University of California-Berkeley</a> (N=1,126)</li><li><a data-univ-id="110653" data-univ-name="University of California-Irvine" data-state-name="California" data-metro1-name="Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA" data-metro2-name="Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA" data-metro3-name="Urban Honolulu, HI">University of California-Irvine</a> (N=939)</li><li><a data-univ-id="110671" data-univ-name="University of California-Riverside" data-state-name="California" data-metro1-name="Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA" data-metro2-name="Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA" data-metro3-name="Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX">University of California-Riverside</a> (N=1,066)</li><li><a data-univ-id="110680" data-univ-name="University of California-San Diego" data-state-name="California" data-metro1-name="San Diego-Carlsbad, CA" data-metro2-name="New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA" data-metro3-name="Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV">University of California-San Diego</a> (N=1,331)</li><li><a data-univ-id="201885" data-univ-name="University of Cincinnati" data-state-name="Ohio" data-metro1-name="Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN" data-metro2-name="Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI" data-metro3-name="Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV">University of Cincinnati</a> (N=1,369)</li><li><a data-univ-id="126614" data-univ-name="University of Colorado-Boulder" data-state-name="Colorado" data-metro1-name="Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO" data-metro2-name="Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA" data-metro3-name="Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI">University of Colorado-Boulder</a> (N=1,546)</li><li><a data-univ-id="139959" data-univ-name="University of Georgia" data-state-name="Georgia" data-metro1-name="Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA" data-metro2-name="Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA" data-metro3-name="Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX">University of Georgia</a> (N=885)</li><li><a data-univ-id="155317" data-univ-name="University of Kansas" data-state-name="Kansas" data-metro1-name="Kansas City, MO-KS" data-metro2-name="Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI" data-metro3-name="St. Louis, MO-IL">University of Kansas</a> (N=1,419)</li><li><a data-univ-id="166629" data-univ-name="University of Massachusetts-Amherst" data-state-name="Massachusetts" data-metro1-name="Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH" data-metro2-name="New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA" data-metro3-name="Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA">University of Massachusetts-Amherst</a> (N=1,137)</li><li><a data-univ-id="181464" data-univ-name="University of Nebraska-Lincoln" data-state-name="Nebraska" data-metro1-name="Lincoln, NE" data-metro2-name="Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI" data-metro3-name="Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX">University of Nebraska-Lincoln</a> (N=1,421)</li><li><a data-univ-id="215293" data-univ-name="University of Pittsburgh" data-state-name="Pennsylvania" data-metro1-name="Pittsburgh, PA" data-metro2-name="Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI" data-metro3-name="Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV">University of Pittsburgh</a> (N=1,233)</li><li><a data-univ-id="218663" data-univ-name="University of South Carolina-Columbia" data-state-name="South Carolina" data-metro1-name="Columbia, SC" data-metro2-name="New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA" data-metro3-name="Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI">University of South Carolina-Columbia</a> (N=2,144)</li>
</ul>
<aside class='notes'>
</aside>
</section>
<section class='slide vertical univ-result ' id='toc' data-state='slide-vertical'>
<span class='univ-name'></span>
<h1>Table of Contents</h1>
<h2> </h2>
<div class="graphs-set">
<ul>
<li><a href="#/11/2">National Overview</a></li>
<li>In-State Results
<ul>
<li><a href="#/11/3">State (Map)</a></li>
<li><a href="#/11/4">State (Figures)</a></li>
<li><a href="#/11/5">Metro (Map)</a></li>
<li><a href="#/11/6">Metro (Figures)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Out-of-State Results
<ul>
<li><a href="#/11/7">Top Visited Metro Areas</a></li>
<li><a href="#/11/8">Out-of-State (Figures)</a></li>
<li><a href="#/11/9">Metro 1 (Map)</a></li>
<li><a href="#/11/10">Metro 1 (Figures)</a></li>
<li><a href="#/11/11">Metro 2 (Map)</a></li>
<li><a href="#/11/12">Metro 2 (Figures)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
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<h1>National Overview</h1>
<h2> </h2>
<div class="graphs-set">
<div class="graphs-row">
<img id="graph-overview-1" data-title="Map of visits" />
<img id="graph-overview-2" data-title="Number of events by event type" />
</div>
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<img id="graph-overview-3" data-title="Timeline of visits" />
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<h2>State Figures</h2>
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<img id="graph-instate-1" data-title="Distribution of average median household income in zip codes of visited public HS's vs non-visited public HS's" data-caption="Average median household income of age group 25-64 years olds were used" />
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<img id="graph-instate-4" data-title="Distribution of percent non-white students enrolled in visited public HS's vs non-visited public HS's" data-caption="Non-white is defined as students identifying as Black, Latinx, or Native" />
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<img id="graph-instate-6" data-title="Math score proficiency by percent non-white students enrolled in visited public HS's vs non-visited public HS's" data-caption="Non-white is defined as students identifying as Black, Latinx, or Native" />
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<h1>In-State Results</h1>
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<img id="graph-metro1-2" data-title="Distribution of 12th grade enrollment size of visited public HS's vs non-visited public HS's" />
<img id="graph-metro1-3" data-title="Math score proficiency by average median household income in zip codes of visited public HS's vs non-visited public HS's" data-caption="Average median household income of age group 25-64 years olds were used" />
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<img id="graph-metro1-4" data-title="Distribution of percent non-white students enrolled in visited public HS's vs non-visited public HS's" data-caption="Non-white is defined as students identifying as Black, Latinx, or Native" />
<img id="graph-metro1-5" data-title="Distribution of number of students scoring proficient in Math in visited public HS's vs non-visited public HS's" />
<img id="graph-metro1-6" data-title="Math score proficiency by percent non-white students enrolled in visited public HS's vs non-visited public HS's" data-caption="Non-white is defined as students identifying as Black, Latinx, or Native" />
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<img id="graph-outofstate-1" data-title="Average median household income in zip codes of visited public HS's vs non-visited public HS's" data-caption="Average median household income of age group 25-64 years olds were used; Out-of-state only includes states where the university visited at least one high school" />
<img id="graph-outofstate-2" data-title="Average racial composition of university vs state vs visited public HS's vs non-visited public HS's" data-caption="Out-of-state only includes states where the university visited at least one high school" />
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<img id="graph-outofstate-3" data-title="Distribution of 12th grade enrollment size in visited public HS's vs visited private HS's" data-caption="Out-of-state only includes states where the university visited at least one high school" />
<img id="graph-outofstate-4" data-title="Average racial composition of university vs state vs visited private HS's vs non-visited private HS's" data-caption="Out-of-state only includes states where the university visited at least one high school" />
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<h1>Out-of-State Results</h1>
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<h1>Out-of-State Results</h1>
<h2>Metro Area Figures</h2>
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<img id="graph-metro2-1" data-title="Distribution of average median household income in zip codes of visited public HS's vs non-visited public HS's" data-caption="Average median household income of age group 25-64 years olds were used" />
<img id="graph-metro2-2" data-title="Distribution of 12th grade enrollment size of visited public HS's vs non-visited public HS's" />
<img id="graph-metro2-3" data-title="Math score proficiency by average median household income in zip codes of visited public HS's vs non-visited public HS's" data-caption="Average median household income of age group 25-64 years olds were used" />
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<img id="graph-metro2-4" data-title="Distribution of percent non-white students enrolled in visited public HS's vs non-visited public HS's" data-caption="Non-white is defined as students identifying as Black, Latinx, or Native" />
<img id="graph-metro2-5" data-title="Distribution of number of students scoring proficient in Math in visited public HS's vs non-visited public HS's" />
<img id="graph-metro2-6" data-title="Math score proficiency by percent non-white students enrolled in visited public HS's vs non-visited public HS's" data-caption="Non-white is defined as students identifying as Black, Latinx, or Native" />
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<h1>Out-of-State Results</h1>
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<img id="graph-metro3-1" data-title="Distribution of average median household income in zip codes of visited public HS's vs non-visited public HS's" data-caption="Average median household income of age group 25-64 years olds were used" />
<img id="graph-metro3-2" data-title="Distribution of 12th grade enrollment size of visited public HS's vs non-visited public HS's" />
<img id="graph-metro3-3" data-title="Math score proficiency by average median household income in zip codes of visited public HS's vs non-visited public HS's" data-caption="Average median household income of age group 25-64 years olds were used" />
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<img id="graph-metro3-4" data-title="Distribution of percent non-white students enrolled in visited public HS's vs non-visited public HS's" data-caption="Non-white is defined as students identifying as Black, Latinx, or Native" />
<img id="graph-metro3-5" data-title="Distribution of number of students scoring proficient in Math in visited public HS's vs non-visited public HS's" />
<img id="graph-metro3-6" data-title="Math score proficiency by percent non-white students enrolled in visited public HS's vs non-visited public HS's" data-caption="Non-white is defined as students identifying as Black, Latinx, or Native" />
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<h1>Off-Campus Recruiting Results</h1>
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<h2>Number of events by type and in-state, out-of-state</h2>
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<h1>Off-Campus Recruiting Results</h1>
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<h1>Off-Campus Recruiting Results</h1>
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<h2>Average racial composition of visited vs. non-visited high schools</h2>
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<h1>Discussion</h1>
<hr />
<h2>A theory of change</h2>
<p>Macro theory of change</p>
<ul>
<li>Transform national policy discourse about access to consider university enrollment behavior and the incentives universities face</li>
</ul>
<p><br></p>
<p>Local theory of change</p>
<ul>
<li>Provide concrete data about university EM behavior to local actors committed to access</li>
<li>Local actors use these data to demand substantive change</li>
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<h1>Discussion</h1>
<hr />
<h2>The political economy of enrollment management</h2>
<p>Mitchell Stevens says:</p>
<ul>
<li>Transformation from "national service" to "market" political economy</li>
<li>The "sieve" serves social reproduction rather than social mobility</li>
</ul>
<p><br></p>
<p>This is what happens when state cuts investment in public flagship universities </p>
<ul>
<li>Increase nonresident enrollment; they pay 2X-3X more than residents</li>
<li>Recruit in wealthy (predominantly white) parts of metropolitan areas</li>
<li>Don't vilify universities for focusing on paying customers; rational response to state disinvestment</li>
</ul>
<p><br></p>
<p>How do we get out of vicious cycle</p>
<ul>
<li>What if instead of saying: "despite state cuts we care about access more than ever"</li>
<li>Universities said this: "this is how enrollment priorities change when state funding shrinks"</li>
<li>Then the question to politicians, society becomes
<ul>
<li>"Is this the higher education system we want?"</li>
<li>Or do we have to increase block grants and increase purchasing power of poor students?</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
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