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# Lab04_Data-Manipulation-Joining
## Lab04_grouping-joining-tidyr
### 曾子軒 Dennis Tseng
### 台大新聞所 NTU Journalism
### 2022/03/31

---

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# 今日重點

- `library(dplyr)`
- `library(tidyr)`

---

# 今天用的檔案


```r
library(tidyverse)
```

```
## ── Attaching packages ─────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse 1.3.0 ──
```

```
## ✓ ggplot2 3.3.5          ✓ purrr   0.3.4     
## ✓ tibble  3.1.4          ✓ dplyr   1.0.7     
## ✓ tidyr   1.1.2          ✓ stringr 1.4.0.9000
## ✓ readr   1.4.0          ✓ forcats 0.5.1
```

```
## ── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
## x dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
## x dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()
```

```r
df_main_clean &lt;- read_csv("data/Lab04/df_main_clean.csv") %&gt;% select(board, type, title, date, comments)
```

```
## 
## ── Column specification ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## cols(
##   board = col_character(),
##   type = col_character(),
##   title = col_character(),
##   date = col_date(format = ""),
##   comments = col_double(),
##   author = col_character(),
##   text = col_character(),
##   IP = col_character(),
##   link = col_character(),
##   time = col_datetime(format = "")
## )
```

```r
df_main_clean2 &lt;- read.csv("data/Lab04/df_main_clean.csv") %&gt;% select(board, type, title, date, comments)
```

---

# data importing: 推薦 readr 套件的理由

1. 讀進來預設就是 tibble
2. 函數很聰明，會去猜測每個 column 是什麼 type
3. 預設編碼是 UTF8，可以避免許多問題
4. 讀檔效率較佳，當資料筆數超過十萬會有明顯差異
5. 提供較多元的參數可供挑選

---
# 作業檢討: 推薦 readr 套件的理由

- 遇上中文的時候
- 欄位型態不同


```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% head(5)
```

```
## # A tibble: 5 × 5
##   board      type   title                                    date       comments
##   &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;  &lt;chr&gt;                                    &lt;date&gt;        &lt;dbl&gt;
## 1 KoreaDrama [公告] Fw: [公告] 您有一封未讀取的重要信件 請…  2021-01-18       20
## 2 KoreaDrama [新聞] [新聞] 柳惠英有望演出《直到清晨》        2021-01-18        5
## 3 KoreaDrama [閒聊] [閒聊]  Penthouse 上流戰爭第一季（雷）   2021-01-18      101
## 4 KoreaDrama [新聞] [新聞] 孫錫久有望演出APPLE TV+《Alpha R… 2021-01-18        9
## 5 KoreaDrama [LIVE] [LIVE] JTBC 前輩，那支口紅不要塗 EP01-E… 2021-01-18      249
```

```r
df_main_clean2 %&gt;% head(5)
```

```
##        board   type                                         title       date
## 1 KoreaDrama [公告]    Fw: [公告] 您有一封未讀取的重要信件 請查閱 2021-01-18
## 2 KoreaDrama [新聞]             [新聞] 柳惠英有望演出《直到清晨》 2021-01-18
## 3 KoreaDrama [閒聊]        [閒聊]  Penthouse 上流戰爭第一季（雷） 2021-01-18
## 4 KoreaDrama [新聞] [新聞] 孫錫久有望演出APPLE TV+《Alpha Romeo》 2021-01-18
## 5 KoreaDrama [LIVE]    [LIVE] JTBC 前輩，那支口紅不要塗 EP01-EP02 2021-01-18
##   comments
## 1       20
## 2        5
## 3      101
## 4        9
## 5      249
```

---

# dplyr: 修改欄位名稱

- `rename()`
- `select()`
- `mutate()`


```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% rename(ban = board) %&gt;% head(5)
df_main_clean %&gt;% select(ban = board) %&gt;% head(5)
df_main_clean %&gt;% mutate(ban = board) %&gt;% head(5)
```

---


# dplyr: 選擇欄位

- 懶人的福音，幫助你快速選 column
- operator: `:`, `!`, `&amp;`, `|`, `c()`
- selection helpers: 
      - specific columns: `everything()`, `last_col()`
      - matching patterns: `starts_with()`, `ends_with()`, `contains()`, `matches()`, `num_range()`

---

# dplyr: 選擇欄位

- operator: `:`, `!`, `&amp;`, `|`, `c()`


```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% slice(1)
```

```
## # A tibble: 1 × 5
##   board      type   title                                      date       comments
##   &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;  &lt;chr&gt;                                      &lt;date&gt;        &lt;dbl&gt;
## 1 KoreaDrama [公告] Fw: [公告] 您有一封未讀取的重要信件 請查閱 2021-01-18       20
```

```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% select(type:date) %&gt;% slice(1)
```

```
## # A tibble: 1 × 3
##   type   title                                      date      
##   &lt;chr&gt;  &lt;chr&gt;                                      &lt;date&gt;    
## 1 [公告] Fw: [公告] 您有一封未讀取的重要信件 請查閱 2021-01-18
```

```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% select(1:2, 4) %&gt;% slice(1)
```

```
## # A tibble: 1 × 3
##   board      type   date      
##   &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;  &lt;date&gt;    
## 1 KoreaDrama [公告] 2021-01-18
```

```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% select(!title) %&gt;% slice(1)
```

```
## # A tibble: 1 × 4
##   board      type   date       comments
##   &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;  &lt;date&gt;        &lt;dbl&gt;
## 1 KoreaDrama [公告] 2021-01-18       20
```

---

# dplyr: 選擇欄位

- specific columns: `everything()`, `last_col()`


```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% select(comments, everything()) %&gt;% slice(1)
```

```
## # A tibble: 1 × 5
##   comments board      type   title                                      date      
##      &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;  &lt;chr&gt;                                      &lt;date&gt;    
## 1       20 KoreaDrama [公告] Fw: [公告] 您有一封未讀取的重要信件 請查閱 2021-01-18
```

```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% select(-board, everything(), board) %&gt;% slice(1)
```

```
## # A tibble: 1 × 5
##   type   title                                      date       comments board   
##   &lt;chr&gt;  &lt;chr&gt;                                      &lt;date&gt;        &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;   
## 1 [公告] Fw: [公告] 您有一封未讀取的重要信件 請查閱 2021-01-18       20 KoreaDr…
```

---

# dplyr: 排序欄位

- specific columns: `everything()`, `last_col()`


```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% relocate(comments) %&gt;% slice(1)
```

```
## # A tibble: 1 × 5
##   comments board      type   title                                      date      
##      &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;  &lt;chr&gt;                                      &lt;date&gt;    
## 1       20 KoreaDrama [公告] Fw: [公告] 您有一封未讀取的重要信件 請查閱 2021-01-18
```

```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% relocate(comments, .after = board) %&gt;% slice(1)
```

```
## # A tibble: 1 × 5
##   board      comments type   title                                      date      
##   &lt;chr&gt;         &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;  &lt;chr&gt;                                      &lt;date&gt;    
## 1 KoreaDrama       20 [公告] Fw: [公告] 您有一封未讀取的重要信件 請查閱 2021-01-18
```

```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% relocate(comments, .before = title) %&gt;% slice(1)
```

```
## # A tibble: 1 × 5
##   board      type   comments title                                      date      
##   &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;     &lt;dbl&gt; &lt;chr&gt;                                      &lt;date&gt;    
## 1 KoreaDrama [公告]       20 Fw: [公告] 您有一封未讀取的重要信件 請查閱 2021-01-18
```

---

# dplyr: 選擇欄位

- specific columns: `everything()`, `last_col()`


```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% select(last_col()) %&gt;% slice(1)
```

```
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   comments
##      &lt;dbl&gt;
## 1       20
```

```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% select(1:last_col()) %&gt;% slice(1)
```

```
## # A tibble: 1 × 5
##   board      type   title                                      date       comments
##   &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;  &lt;chr&gt;                                      &lt;date&gt;        &lt;dbl&gt;
## 1 KoreaDrama [公告] Fw: [公告] 您有一封未讀取的重要信件 請查閱 2021-01-18       20
```

```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% select(1:last_col(1)) %&gt;% slice(1)
```

```
## # A tibble: 1 × 4
##   board      type   title                                      date      
##   &lt;chr&gt;      &lt;chr&gt;  &lt;chr&gt;                                      &lt;date&gt;    
## 1 KoreaDrama [公告] Fw: [公告] 您有一封未讀取的重要信件 請查閱 2021-01-18
```

---

# dplyr: 選擇欄位

- matching patterns: `starts_with()`, `ends_with()`, `contains()`, `matches()`, `num_range()`


```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% select(starts_with("marry")) %&gt;% slice(1)
```

```
## # A tibble: 1 × 0
```

```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% select(starts_with(c("marry_cp", "county"))) %&gt;% slice(1)
```

```
## # A tibble: 1 × 0
```

---

# dplyr: 選擇欄位

- matching patterns: `starts_with()`, `ends_with()`, `contains()`, `matches()`, `num_range()`
- `contains()` 放字串


```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% select(contains("comm")) %&gt;% slice(1)
```

```
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   comments
##      &lt;dbl&gt;
## 1       20
```

---

# dplyr: 選擇欄位

- matching patterns: `starts_with()`, `ends_with()`, `contains()`, `matches()`, `num_range()`
- `matches()` 放正規表示式


```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% select(matches("com.*nt")) %&gt;% slice(1)
```

```
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   comments
##      &lt;dbl&gt;
## 1       20
```

---

# dplyr: 判斷區間

- `if_else()` and `case_when()`
 - 常常與 `mutate()` 搭配判斷條件用，`NA` 無法判斷要特別處理
 - `if_else(條件, TRUE 的值, FALSE 的值)`
 - `case_when(條件 ~ 滿足條件的值, 最後有一個類似 else 的東西)`


```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% 
  mutate(comments_interval = if_else(comments &lt; 60, "&lt;60", "&gt;=60")) %&gt;%
  mutate(comments_interval = if_else(comments &gt;= 70 &amp; comments_interval == "&gt;=60", "&gt;=70", comments_interval)) %&gt;%
  count(comments_interval)
```


---

# dplyr: 判斷區間

- `if_else()` and `case_when()`
 - 常常與 `mutate()` 搭配判斷條件用，`NA` 無法判斷要特別處理
 - `if_else(條件, TRUE 的值, FALSE 的值)`
 - `case_when(條件 ~ 滿足條件的值, 最後有一個類似 else 的東西)`


```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% 
  mutate(comments_interval = case_when(
    # 條件寫左邊，中間用 ~ 連接，右邊放數值
    comments &lt; 60 ~ "&lt;60",
    comments &gt;= 60 &amp; comments &lt; 70 ~ "&gt;=60",
    comments &gt;= 70 ~ "&gt;=70",
    # 最後是 TRUE ~ 值 作結，放 else 的內容
    TRUE ~ "others"
  )) %&gt;%
  count(comments_interval)
```

---

# dplyr: 取 subset

- 取出特定的 row
 - `slice()`
 - `row_number()`


```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% slice(11:12)
df_main_clean %&gt;% filter(row_number() == 10)
```

---

# dplyr: group and summarize

- `summarize()`
 - 產出一個總結後的 dataframe
 - 若有先 `group_by()`，會產出各組的總結
- `group_by()`
 - 把 dataframe 變成 grouped dataframe，長相相同
 - group 之後使用動詞
 - 比較：有 `group_by()` 和沒 `group_by()`

---
# dplyr: group and summarize


```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% 
  summarise(comments = max(comments, na.rm = T))
```

```
## # A tibble: 1 × 1
##   comments
##      &lt;dbl&gt;
## 1     1499
```


```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% group_by(board) %&gt;%
  summarise(comments = max(comments, na.rm = T))
```

```
## # A tibble: 4 × 2
##   board       comments
##   &lt;chr&gt;          &lt;dbl&gt;
## 1 China-Drama      825
## 2 EAseries        1499
## 3 KoreaDrama      1498
## 4 TaiwanDrama     1413
```

---
# dplyr: group and summarize

- `ungroup()`
 - 把 grouped 的狀態消除變回原本的
 - 有時候會需要先 `group_by()` 再 `ungroup()`
 - 底下來看  `summarize()`, `group_by()` and `ungroup()` 的應用
 
 
---
# dplyr: group and summarize

- 舉例
 - 計算各子板、各類型文章數量的**佔比**
 - 取出**各子板**當中文章佔該板最高的類型 
 - 取出**不分子板**當中文章佔該板最高的類型 

---
# dplyr: group and summarize

- 舉例
 - 計算各子板、各類型文章數量的**佔比**
 

```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% group_by(board, type) %&gt;%
  summarise(n = n()) %&gt;%
  mutate(per = n/sum(n))
```

```
## # A tibble: 60 × 4
## # Groups:   board [4]
##    board       type       n     per
##    &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;chr&gt;  &lt;int&gt;   &lt;dbl&gt;
##  1 China-Drama [Live]    45 0.125  
##  2 China-Drama [公告]     4 0.0111 
##  3 China-Drama [創作]     9 0.0249 
##  4 China-Drama [問題]    33 0.0914 
##  5 China-Drama [心得]   128 0.355  
##  6 China-Drama [情報]    12 0.0332 
##  7 China-Drama [新聞]     9 0.0249 
##  8 China-Drama [板務]     1 0.00277
##  9 China-Drama [求薦]     7 0.0194 
## 10 China-Drama [討論]     1 0.00277
## # … with 50 more rows
```

---
# group and summarize

- 舉例
 - 取出**各子板**當中文章佔該板最高的類型 
 

```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% group_by(board, type) %&gt;%
  summarise(n = n()) %&gt;%
  mutate(per = n/sum(n)) %&gt;%
  filter(per == max(per))
```

```
## # A tibble: 4 × 4
## # Groups:   board [4]
##   board       type       n   per
##   &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;chr&gt;  &lt;int&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;
## 1 China-Drama [心得]   128 0.355
## 2 EAseries    [新聞]   123 0.321
## 3 KoreaDrama  [心得]    98 0.266
## 4 TaiwanDrama [LIVE]   105 0.305
```

---
# group and summarize

- 舉例
 - 取出**不分子板**當中文章佔該板最高的類型 
 

```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% group_by(board, type) %&gt;%
  summarise(n = n()) %&gt;% ungroup() %&gt;%
  mutate(per = n/sum(n)) %&gt;%
  filter(per == max(per))
```

```
## # A tibble: 1 × 4
##   board       type       n    per
##   &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;chr&gt;  &lt;int&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;
## 1 China-Drama [心得]   128 0.0879
```

---

# group and summarize

- 舉例
 - 取出**各子板**當中文章佔該板**次高**的類型 
 

```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% group_by(board, type) %&gt;%
  summarise(n = n()) %&gt;%
  mutate(per = n/sum(n)) %&gt;%
  arrange(board, desc(per)) %&gt;%
  filter(row_number() == 2)
```

```
## # A tibble: 4 × 4
## # Groups:   board [4]
##   board       type       n   per
##   &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;chr&gt;  &lt;int&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;
## 1 China-Drama [閒聊]   110 0.305
## 2 EAseries    [心得]   109 0.285
## 3 KoreaDrama  [LIVE]    87 0.236
## 4 TaiwanDrama [心得]    57 0.166
```

---
# group and summarize

- 舉例
 - 取出**不分子板**當中文章佔該板**次高**的類型 
 

```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% group_by(board, type) %&gt;%
  summarise(n = n()) %&gt;% ungroup() %&gt;%
  mutate(per = n/sum(n)) %&gt;%
  arrange(desc(per)) %&gt;%
  filter(row_number() == 2)
```

```
## # A tibble: 1 × 4
##   board    type       n    per
##   &lt;chr&gt;    &lt;chr&gt;  &lt;int&gt;  &lt;dbl&gt;
## 1 EAseries [新聞]   123 0.0844
```
 
---
# dplyr: group and summarize

- 算不重複的數量
 - `distinct()` &amp; `n_distinct()`
 - 算出**各子板**有多少不重複發文天數


```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% group_by(board) %&gt;%
  summarise(n = n_distinct(date))
```

```
## # A tibble: 4 × 2
##   board           n
##   &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;int&gt;
## 1 China-Drama    81
## 2 EAseries       48
## 3 KoreaDrama     47
## 4 TaiwanDrama    67
```
 
---
# dplyr: group and summarize

- 算不重複的數量
 - `distinct()` &amp; `n_distinct()`
 - 算出**各子板**有多少不重複發文天數


```r
df_main_clean %&gt;% distinct(board, date) %&gt;%
  count(board)
```

```
## # A tibble: 4 × 2
##   board           n
##   &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;int&gt;
## 1 China-Drama    81
## 2 EAseries       48
## 3 KoreaDrama     47
## 4 TaiwanDrama    67
```

---
# tidy data

- Pivoting
 - `pivot_longer()` 把資料變成長表格
 - `cols` = 放進去的欄位, `names_to` = 名稱欄位叫做什麼, `values_to` = 值欄位叫做什麼
 - 多注意一個參數 `values_drop_na` 預設為 FALSE
 - `pivot_wider()` 把資料變成寬表格
 - `id_cols` = 不要動的欄位, `names_from` = 名稱來自哪, `values_from` = 值來自哪
 - 多注意一個參數 `values_fill`
 

---
# tidy data

- df_main_agg 是一個 wide data


```r
df_main_agg &lt;- df_main_clean %&gt;% group_by(board) %&gt;%
  summarise(article = n(), comments = sum(comments))

df_main_agg
```

```
## # A tibble: 4 × 3
##   board       article comments
##   &lt;chr&gt;         &lt;int&gt;    &lt;dbl&gt;
## 1 China-Drama     361    38491
## 2 EAseries        383    12397
## 3 KoreaDrama      369    61846
## 4 TaiwanDrama     344    24864
```

---
# tidy data

- 把它變長

```r
df_main_agg_long &lt;- 
  df_main_agg %&gt;% 
  pivot_longer(cols = -board, names_to = "type", values_to = "n")

df_main_agg_long
```

```
## # A tibble: 8 × 3
##   board       type         n
##   &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;chr&gt;    &lt;dbl&gt;
## 1 China-Drama article    361
## 2 China-Drama comments 38491
## 3 EAseries    article    383
## 4 EAseries    comments 12397
## 5 KoreaDrama  article    369
## 6 KoreaDrama  comments 61846
## 7 TaiwanDrama article    344
## 8 TaiwanDrama comments 24864
```

---
# tidy data

- 把它變寬


```r
df_main_agg_wide &lt;- 
  df_main_agg_long %&gt;%
  pivot_wider(id = board, names_from = type, values_from = n, values_fill = list(n = 0))

df_main_agg_wide
```

```
## # A tibble: 4 × 3
##   board       article comments
##   &lt;chr&gt;         &lt;dbl&gt;    &lt;dbl&gt;
## 1 China-Drama     361    38491
## 2 EAseries        383    12397
## 3 KoreaDrama      369    61846
## 4 TaiwanDrama     344    24864
```

---
# tidy data

- Splitting and Combining
 - `separate()` 把一個欄位切開(split)成多個欄位
 - `unite()` 把多個欄位合併(combine)成多個欄位
 - `col` = 要動的欄位, `into` = 要變成什麼名字, `sep` = 切分的符號, `remove` = 是否要保留原本的欄位

---

# tidy data
- 把它合併

```r
df_main_sep &lt;- 
  df_main_agg %&gt;% 
  unite(col = "metric", 2:3, sep = "-")

df_main_sep
```

```
## # A tibble: 4 × 2
##   board       metric   
##   &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;chr&gt;    
## 1 China-Drama 361-38491
## 2 EAseries    383-12397
## 3 KoreaDrama  369-61846
## 4 TaiwanDrama 344-24864
```

---
# tidy data

- 把它切開


```r
df_main_uni &lt;- 
  df_main_sep %&gt;%
  separate(col = metric, into = c("article", "comments"))

df_main_uni
```

```
## # A tibble: 4 × 3
##   board       article comments
##   &lt;chr&gt;       &lt;chr&gt;   &lt;chr&gt;   
## 1 China-Drama 361     38491   
## 2 EAseries    383     12397   
## 3 KoreaDrama  369     61846   
## 4 TaiwanDrama 344     24864
```
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