diff --git a/pdfminer/ccitt.py b/pdfminer/ccitt.py
index efc34823..61caed97 100644
--- a/pdfminer/ccitt.py
+++ b/pdfminer/ccitt.py
@@ -576,6 +576,7 @@ def ccittfaxdecode(data, params):
 # test
 def main(argv):
     if not argv[1:]:
+        import unittest
         return unittest.main()
 
     class Parser(CCITTG4Parser):
@@ -598,7 +599,7 @@ def close(self):
             pygame.image.save(self.img, 'out.bmp')
             return
     for path in argv[1:]:
-        fp = file(path, 'rb')
+        fp = open(path, 'rb')
         (_, _, k, w, h, _) = path.split('.')
         parser = Parser(int(w))
         parser.feedbytes(fp.read())
diff --git a/pdfminer/cmapdb.py b/pdfminer/cmapdb.py
index 4b508124..c3403d13 100644
--- a/pdfminer/cmapdb.py
+++ b/pdfminer/cmapdb.py
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ def do_keyword(self, pos, token):
 def main(argv):
     args = argv[1:]
     for fname in args:
-        fp = file(fname, 'rb')
+        fp = open(fname, 'rb')
         cmap = FileUnicodeMap()
         #cmap = FileCMap()
         CMapParser(cmap, fp).run()
diff --git a/tools/pdf2html.cgi b/tools/pdf2html.cgi
index b0f93a5d..8522a04b 100755
--- a/tools/pdf2html.cgi
+++ b/tools/pdf2html.cgi
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ def convert(infp, outfp, path, codec='utf-8',
             maxpages=0, maxfilesize=0, pagenos=None,
             html=True):
     # save the input file.
-    src = file(path, 'wb')
+    src = open(path, 'wb')
     nbytes = 0
     while 1:
         data = infp.read(4096)
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ def convert(infp, outfp, path, codec='utf-8',
                                layoutmode='exact')
     else:
         device = TextConverter(rsrcmgr, outfp, codec=codec, laparams=laparams)
-    fp = file(path, 'rb')
+    fp = open(path, 'rb')
     interpreter = PDFPageInterpreter(rsrcmgr, device)
     for page in PDFPage.get_pages(fp, pagenos, maxpages=maxpages):
         interpreter.process_page(page)