diff --git a/libraries/app/api.cpp b/libraries/app/api.cpp
index 094cf207d..318ad821b 100644
--- a/libraries/app/api.cpp
+++ b/libraries/app/api.cpp
@@ -169,14 +169,9 @@ namespace graphene { namespace app {
     void network_broadcast_api::broadcast_transaction(const signed_transaction& trx)
     {
        trx.validate();
-
-       auto& chain_db = *_app.chain_database();
-       chain_db.check_tansaction_for_duplicated_operations(trx);
-       trx.get_signature_keys( chain_db.get_chain_id() ); // Extract public keys from signatures
-       chain_db.push_transaction( trx );
-
-       if( _app.p2p_node() != nullptr )
-          _app.p2p_node()->broadcast_transaction(trx);
+       _app.chain_database()->check_tansaction_for_duplicated_operations(trx);
+       _app.chain_database()->push_transaction(trx);
+       _app.p2p_node()->broadcast_transaction(trx);
     }
 
     fc::variant network_broadcast_api::broadcast_transaction_synchronous(const signed_transaction& trx)
@@ -201,13 +196,8 @@ namespace graphene { namespace app {
     {
        trx.validate();
        _callbacks[trx.id()] = cb;
-
-       auto& chain_db = *_app.chain_database();
-       trx.get_signature_keys( chain_db.get_chain_id() ); // Extract public keys from signatures
-       chain_db.push_transaction( trx );
-
-       if( _app.p2p_node() != nullptr )
-          _app.p2p_node()->broadcast_transaction(trx);
+       _app.chain_database()->push_transaction(trx);
+       _app.p2p_node()->broadcast_transaction(trx);
     }
 
     network_node_api::network_node_api( application& a ) : _app( a )
diff --git a/libraries/app/application.cpp b/libraries/app/application.cpp
index 82033932f..75cb95fd9 100644
--- a/libraries/app/application.cpp
+++ b/libraries/app/application.cpp
@@ -506,9 +506,6 @@ namespace detail {
                }
             }
 
-            transaction_message.trx.get_signature_keys( get_chain_id() ); // Extract public keys from signatures
-
-            _chain_db->push_transaction( transaction_message.trx );
             return result;
          } catch ( const graphene::chain::unlinkable_block_exception& e ) {
             // translate to a graphene::net exception
diff --git a/libraries/chain/include/graphene/chain/protocol/transaction.hpp b/libraries/chain/include/graphene/chain/protocol/transaction.hpp
index e1fea5ce5..95c399613 100644
--- a/libraries/chain/include/graphene/chain/protocol/transaction.hpp
+++ b/libraries/chain/include/graphene/chain/protocol/transaction.hpp
@@ -123,13 +123,6 @@ namespace graphene { namespace chain {
       signed_transaction( const transaction& trx = transaction() )
          : transaction(trx){}
 
-      /** Extract public keys from signatures when initializing with another signed transaction and a chain ID */
-      signed_transaction( const signed_transaction& trx, const chain_id_type& chain_id )
-         : signed_transaction(trx)
-      {
-         signees = _get_signature_keys( chain_id );
-      }
-
       /** signs and appends to signatures */
       const signature_type& sign( const private_key_type& key, const chain_id_type& chain_id );
 
@@ -196,10 +189,6 @@ namespace graphene { namespace chain {
 
       /// Removes all signatures and signees
       void clear_signatures() { signatures.clear(); signees.clear(); }
-
-   private:
-      /// To be used by constructor and get_signature_keys() function
-      flat_set<public_key_type> _get_signature_keys( const chain_id_type& chain_id )const;
    };
 
    void verify_authority( const vector<operation>& ops, const flat_set<public_key_type>& sigs,
diff --git a/libraries/chain/protocol/transaction.cpp b/libraries/chain/protocol/transaction.cpp
index 616c4c83f..a11e3335d 100644
--- a/libraries/chain/protocol/transaction.cpp
+++ b/libraries/chain/protocol/transaction.cpp
@@ -299,32 +299,26 @@ void verify_authority( const vector<operation>& ops, const flat_set<public_key_t
 
 
 const flat_set<public_key_type>& signed_transaction::get_signature_keys( const chain_id_type& chain_id )const
-{
+{ try {
    // Strictly we should check whether the given chain ID is same as the one used to initialize the `signees` field.
    // However, we don't pass in another chain ID so far, for better performance, we skip the check.
    if( signees.empty() && !signatures.empty() )
    {
-      signees = _get_signature_keys( chain_id );
+      auto d = sig_digest( chain_id );
+      flat_set<public_key_type> result;
+      for( const auto&  sig : signatures )
+      {
+         GRAPHENE_ASSERT(
+            result.insert( fc::ecc::public_key(sig,d) ).second,
+            tx_duplicate_sig,
+            "Duplicate Signature detected" );
+      }
+      signees = std::move( result );
    }
    return signees;
-}
-
-flat_set<public_key_type> signed_transaction::_get_signature_keys( const chain_id_type& chain_id )const
-{ try {
-   auto d = sig_digest( chain_id );
-   flat_set<public_key_type> result;
-   for( const auto&  sig : signatures )
-   {
-      GRAPHENE_ASSERT(
-         result.insert( fc::ecc::public_key(sig,d) ).second,
-         tx_duplicate_sig,
-         "Duplicate Signature detected" );
-   }
-   return result;
 } FC_CAPTURE_AND_RETHROW() }
 
 
-
 set<public_key_type> signed_transaction::get_required_signatures(
    const chain_id_type& chain_id,
    const flat_set<public_key_type>& available_keys,
diff --git a/programs/build_helpers/cat-parts b/programs/build_helpers/cat-parts
index 592619b27..2bcd1c8ae 100755
Binary files a/programs/build_helpers/cat-parts and b/programs/build_helpers/cat-parts differ
diff --git a/tests/common/database_fixture.cpp b/tests/common/database_fixture.cpp
index 39308da2f..f31ec00af 100644
--- a/tests/common/database_fixture.cpp
+++ b/tests/common/database_fixture.cpp
@@ -1561,7 +1561,6 @@ bool _push_block( database& db, const signed_block& b, uint32_t skip_flags /* =
 
 processed_transaction _push_transaction( database& db, const signed_transaction& tx, uint32_t skip_flags /* = 0 */ )
 { try {
-   tx.get_signature_keys( db.get_chain_id() ); // Extract public keys from signatures
    auto pt = db.push_transaction( tx, skip_flags );
    database_fixture::verify_asset_supplies(db);
    return pt;