HTTP middleware provide a convenient mechanism for filtering HTTP requests entering your application. For example, Laravel includes a middleware that verifies the user of your application is authenticated. If the user is not authenticated, the middleware will redirect the user to the login screen. However, if the user is authenticated, the middleware will allow the request to proceed further into the application.
Of course, middleware can be written to perform a variety of tasks besides authentication. A CORS middleware might be responsible for adding the proper headers to all responses leaving your application. A logging middleware might log all incoming requests to your application.
There are several middleware included in the Laravel framework, including middleware for maintenance, authentication, CSRF protection, and more. All of these middleware are located in the app/Http/Middleware directory.
To create a new middleware, use the make:middleware Artisan command:
php artisan make:middleware OldMiddleware
This command will place a new OldMiddleware class within your app/Http/Middleware directory. In this middleware, we will only allow access to the route if the supplied age is greater than 200. Otherwise, we will redirect the users back to the "home" URI.
<?php namespace App\Http\Middleware;
use Closure;
class OldMiddleware {
/**
* Run the request filter.
*
* @param \Illuminate\Http\Request $request
* @param \Closure $next
* @return mixed
*/
public function handle($request, Closure $next)
{
if ($request->input('age') < 200)
{
return redirect('home');
}
return $next($request);
}
}
As you can see, if the given age is less than 200, the middleware will return an HTTP redirect to the client; otherwise, the request will be passed further into the application. To pass the request deeper into the application (allowing the middleware to "pass"), simply call the $next callback with the $request.
It's best to envision middleware as a series of "layers" HTTP requests must pass through before they hit your application. Each layer can examine the request and even reject it entirely.
Whether a middleware runs before or after a request depends on the middleware itself. This middleware would perform some task before the request is handled by the application:
<?php namespace App\Http\Middleware;
use Closure;
class BeforeMiddleware implements Middleware {
public function handle($request, Closure $next)
{
// Perform action
return $next($request);
}
}
However, this middleware would perform its task after the request is handled by the application:
<?php namespace App\Http\Middleware;
use Closure;
class AfterMiddleware implements Middleware {
public function handle($request, Closure $next)
{
$response = $next($request);
// Perform action
return $response;
}
}
If you want a middleware to be run during every HTTP request to your application, simply list the middleware class in the $middleware property of your app/Http/Kernel.php class.
If you would like to assign middleware to specific routes, you should first assign the middleware a short-hand key in your app/Http/Kernel.php file. By default, the $routeMiddleware property of this class contains entries for the middleware included with Laravel. To add your own, simply append it to this list and assign it a key of your choosing.
Once the middleware has been defined in the HTTP kernel, you may use the middleware key in the route options array:
Route::get('admin/profile', ['middleware' => 'auth', function()
{
//
}]);
Sometimes a middleware may need to do some work after the HTTP response has already been sent to the browser. For example, the "session" middleware included with Laravel writes the session data to storage after the response has been sent to the browser. To accomplish this, you may define the middleware as "terminable".
use Closure;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Routing\TerminableMiddleware;
class StartSession implements TerminableMiddleware {
public function handle($request, Closure $next)
{
return $next($request);
}
public function terminate($request, $response)
{
// Store the session data...
}
}
As you can see, in addition to defining a handle method, TerminableMiddleware define a terminate method. This method receives both the request and the response. Once you have defined a terminable middleware, you should add it to the list of global middlewares in your HTTP kernel.