Profile Likelihood Estimator in Python (PLEpy) is a python package for generating parameter likelihood profiles for Pyomo models. These profiles can be used to determine whether parameters are identifiable, practically non-identifiable or structurally non-identifiable. If the parameter is identifiable, confidence limits will be calculated for it. For more detail on the theory behind this method, see Raue et al. (2009).

Pyomo is an open-source modeling and optimization framework. It was chosen as a base for this tool due to its flexibility and user-friendliness. For documentation please refer to www.pyomo.org/documentation.

• Upper and lower non-linear confidence intervals (if they exist)
• Likelihood profile generation
• Optimal values of other model parameters for each point on likelihood profile

PLEpy can be installed using pip. Installation with conda is not yet supported, but will be in future versions. To install use the following command:

pip install plepy

Alternatively, this repository can be cloned:

git clone https://gitlab.com/monshap/hoc6h4cooh/

Make sure you manually add the local location of this package to your PATH and PYTHONPATH variables.

To test whether or not PLEpy was successfully installed, run one of the examples in the /examples folder. To run the rapid TEG example use the following python commands:

python examples/rapidTEG/rapidTEG_example.py

There are 6 key steps for using PLEpy:

1. Import the package
2. Define Pyomo model
3. Create PLEpy instance
4. Get confidence limits (if any)
5. Generate profiles between confidence limits
6. Plot results

from plepy import PLEpy

User must define a Pyomo model with at least one variable and an objective function. Currenty, the objective function must be named obj (i.e. for a Pyomo model, model, it must be defined as model.obj). This will be fixed in future versions to enable flexible naming of objective function. For reference on how to build a Pyomo model, see www.pyomo.org/documentation.

pl_inst = PLEpy(model, ['par1', 'par2', ..., 'parN'], indices=None, **kwds)

where model is your Pyomo model and 'par1' throught 'parN' are the names of the parameters to be profiled. indices is an optional argument that provides key-value pairs of index values for any indexed parameters. For example usage, see /examples/fiveshell/shell_example.py. Other options can be passed in using keywords. Eventually, there will be an API.

pl_inst.get_clims(pnames='all', alpha=0.05, acc=3)

The .get_clims() method will get upper and lower confidence limits (CLs) with power, alpha, for parameters listed in pnames. pnames can take the name of a single parameter, a list of parameters, or the value 'all' (default), which will CLs for all parameters listed at creation of PLEpy instance ('par1', 'par2', ..., 'parN' in example above). acc specifies the number of significant digits in the resulting CLs. Confidence limits are required for parameters before they can be profiled (step 5).

pl_inst.get_PL(pnames='all', n=20, min_step=1e-3, dtol=0.2, save=False)

The .get_PL() method generates profile likelihood curves between either upper and lower CLs (or parameter bounds, if there were no CLs). As in step 4, pnames is can take the name of a single parameter, a list of parameters, or the value 'all' (default). n specifies the minimum number of number of evaluations between each bound (increase to refine profile shape). On each interval (between evaluation points), if the change in $|2ln(\textrm{Objective})|$ is greater than dtol and the interval is greater than min_step, the midpoint will be evaluated. Profiling will stop once there are no more intervals with a profile change greater than dtol or all remaining intervals are smaller than min_step. If you would like to save these values to a JSON file, the save option can be set to True and an additonal keyword, fname, with a name for the file can be specified (default value is 'tmp_PLfile.json').

Note: This method requires upper and lower bounds for each parameter profiled (given by pnames). These can be generated using .get_clims() method (recommended) or manually specified as dictionaries (pl_inst.parlb and pl_inst.parub for lower and upper limits, respectively) with parameter names as keys and bounds as values.

pl_inst.plot_PL(**kwds)

Default usage ot the .plot_PL() method plots profiles for all parameters and all covariates on $2 \times N$ subplots, with a maximum of 4 columns per window. See example shown below. For more advanced usage, see full API.

1. A. Raue, C. Kreutz, T. Maiwald, J. Bachmann, M. Schilling, U. Klingmüller, J. Timmer. "Structural and practical identifiability analysis of partially observed dynamical models by exploiting the profile likelihood." Bioinformatics 25(15) (2009): 1923–1929. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp358

2. Hart, William E., Carl D. Laird, Jean-Paul Watson, David L. Woodruff, Gabriel A. Hackebeil, Bethany L. Nicholson, and John D. Siirola. Pyomo – Optimization Modeling in Python. Second Edition. Vol. 67. Springer, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58821-6

3. Hart, William E., Jean-Paul Watson, and David L. Woodruff. "Pyomo: modeling and solving mathematical programs in Python." Mathematical Programming Computation 3(3) (2011): 219-260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12532-011-0026-8

4. Nicholson, Bethany, John D. Siirola, Jean-Paul Watson, Victor M. Zavala, and Lorenz T. Biegler. "pyomo.dae: a modeling and automatic discretization framework for optimization with differential and algebraic equations." Mathematical Programming Computation 10(2) (2018): 187-223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12532-017-0127-0