diff --git a/doc/source/whatsnew/v1.0.0.rst b/doc/source/whatsnew/v1.0.0.rst
index b5f8e8ca4a126..052d58f1487fe 100644
--- a/doc/source/whatsnew/v1.0.0.rst
+++ b/doc/source/whatsnew/v1.0.0.rst
@@ -418,6 +418,7 @@ or ``matplotlib.Axes.plot``. See :ref:`plotting.formatters` for more.
 - Removed :meth:`DataFrame.as_blocks`, :meth:`Series.as_blocks`, `DataFrame.blocks`, :meth:`Series.blocks` (:issue:`17656`)
 - :meth:`pandas.Series.str.cat` now defaults to aligning ``others``, using ``join='left'`` (:issue:`27611`)
 - :meth:`pandas.Series.str.cat` does not accept list-likes *within* list-likes anymore (:issue:`27611`)
+- :meth:`Series.where` with ``Categorical`` dtype (or :meth:`DataFrame.where` with ``Categorical`` column) no longer allows setting new categories (:issue:`24114`)
 - :func:`core.internals.blocks.make_block` no longer accepts the "fastpath" keyword(:issue:`19265`)
 - :meth:`Block.make_block_same_class` no longer accepts the "dtype" keyword(:issue:`19434`)
 - Removed the previously deprecated :meth:`ExtensionArray._formatting_values`. Use :attr:`ExtensionArray._formatter` instead. (:issue:`23601`)
diff --git a/pandas/core/internals/blocks.py b/pandas/core/internals/blocks.py
index e4de1c94da450..b0382755f2edb 100644
--- a/pandas/core/internals/blocks.py
+++ b/pandas/core/internals/blocks.py
@@ -2887,37 +2887,6 @@ def concat_same_type(self, to_concat, placement=None):
             values, placement=placement or slice(0, len(values), 1), ndim=self.ndim
         )
 
-    def where(
-        self,
-        other,
-        cond,
-        align=True,
-        errors="raise",
-        try_cast: bool = False,
-        axis: int = 0,
-    ) -> List["Block"]:
-        # TODO(CategoricalBlock.where):
-        # This can all be deleted in favor of ExtensionBlock.where once
-        # we enforce the deprecation.
-        object_msg = (
-            "Implicitly converting categorical to object-dtype ndarray. "
-            "One or more of the values in 'other' are not present in this "
-            "categorical's categories. A future version of pandas will raise "
-            "a ValueError when 'other' contains different categories.\n\n"
-            "To preserve the current behavior, add the new categories to "
-            "the categorical before calling 'where', or convert the "
-            "categorical to a different dtype."
-        )
-        try:
-            # Attempt to do preserve categorical dtype.
-            result = super().where(other, cond, align, errors, try_cast, axis)
-        except (TypeError, ValueError):
-            warnings.warn(object_msg, FutureWarning, stacklevel=6)
-            result = self.astype(object).where(
-                other, cond, align=align, errors=errors, try_cast=try_cast, axis=axis
-            )
-        return result
-
     def replace(
         self,
         to_replace,
diff --git a/pandas/tests/arrays/categorical/test_indexing.py b/pandas/tests/arrays/categorical/test_indexing.py
index 6edd7fd00b707..f929eb24c9f19 100644
--- a/pandas/tests/arrays/categorical/test_indexing.py
+++ b/pandas/tests/arrays/categorical/test_indexing.py
@@ -206,13 +206,11 @@ def test_where_other_categorical(self):
         expected = pd.Series(Categorical(["a", "c", "c"], dtype=ser.dtype))
         tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)
 
-    def test_where_warns(self):
+    def test_where_new_category_raises(self):
         ser = pd.Series(Categorical(["a", "b", "c"]))
-        with tm.assert_produces_warning(FutureWarning):
-            result = ser.where([True, False, True], "d")
-
-        expected = pd.Series(np.array(["a", "d", "c"], dtype="object"))
-        tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)
+        msg = "Cannot setitem on a Categorical with a new category"
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+            ser.where([True, False, True], "d")
 
     def test_where_ordered_differs_rasies(self):
         ser = pd.Series(
@@ -221,11 +219,8 @@ def test_where_ordered_differs_rasies(self):
         other = Categorical(
             ["b", "c", "a"], categories=["a", "c", "b", "d"], ordered=True
         )
-        with tm.assert_produces_warning(FutureWarning):
-            result = ser.where([True, False, True], other)
-
-        expected = pd.Series(np.array(["a", "c", "c"], dtype=object))
-        tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="without identical categories"):
+            ser.where([True, False, True], other)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("index", [True, False])