diff --git a/objectivec/GPBAny.pbobjc.m b/objectivec/GPBAny.pbobjc.m
index ada41e569d3d..9b7939d52b34 100644
--- a/objectivec/GPBAny.pbobjc.m
+++ b/objectivec/GPBAny.pbobjc.m
@@ -91,9 +91,9 @@ + (GPBDescriptor *)descriptor {
         "\001\001\004\241!!\000";
     [localDescriptor setupExtraTextInfo:extraTextFormatInfo];
 #endif  // !GPBOBJC_SKIP_MESSAGE_TEXTFORMAT_EXTRAS
-    #if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
+#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
       NSAssert(descriptor == nil, @"Startup recursed!");
-    #endif  // DEBUG
+#endif  // DEBUG
     descriptor = localDescriptor;
   }
   return descriptor;
diff --git a/objectivec/GPBApi.pbobjc.m b/objectivec/GPBApi.pbobjc.m
index a6283a84f176..b416445c0f04 100644
--- a/objectivec/GPBApi.pbobjc.m
+++ b/objectivec/GPBApi.pbobjc.m
@@ -145,9 +145,9 @@ + (GPBDescriptor *)descriptor {
                                     fieldCount:(uint32_t)(sizeof(fields) / sizeof(GPBMessageFieldDescription))
                                    storageSize:sizeof(GPBApi__storage_)
                                          flags:(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlags)(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_UsesClassRefs | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_Proto3OptionalKnown | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_ClosedEnumSupportKnown)];
-    #if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
+#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
       NSAssert(descriptor == nil, @"Startup recursed!");
-    #endif  // DEBUG
+#endif  // DEBUG
     descriptor = localDescriptor;
   }
   return descriptor;
@@ -272,9 +272,9 @@ + (GPBDescriptor *)descriptor {
         "\002\002\007\244\241!!\000\004\010\244\241!!\000";
     [localDescriptor setupExtraTextInfo:extraTextFormatInfo];
 #endif  // !GPBOBJC_SKIP_MESSAGE_TEXTFORMAT_EXTRAS
-    #if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
+#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
       NSAssert(descriptor == nil, @"Startup recursed!");
-    #endif  // DEBUG
+#endif  // DEBUG
     descriptor = localDescriptor;
   }
   return descriptor;
@@ -341,9 +341,9 @@ + (GPBDescriptor *)descriptor {
                                     fieldCount:(uint32_t)(sizeof(fields) / sizeof(GPBMessageFieldDescription))
                                    storageSize:sizeof(GPBMixin__storage_)
                                          flags:(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlags)(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_UsesClassRefs | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_Proto3OptionalKnown | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_ClosedEnumSupportKnown)];
-    #if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
+#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
       NSAssert(descriptor == nil, @"Startup recursed!");
-    #endif  // DEBUG
+#endif  // DEBUG
     descriptor = localDescriptor;
   }
   return descriptor;
diff --git a/objectivec/GPBDuration.pbobjc.m b/objectivec/GPBDuration.pbobjc.m
index 1a54a76b306c..a618e9cd57b5 100644
--- a/objectivec/GPBDuration.pbobjc.m
+++ b/objectivec/GPBDuration.pbobjc.m
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ + (GPBDescriptor *)descriptor {
                                     fieldCount:(uint32_t)(sizeof(fields) / sizeof(GPBMessageFieldDescription))
                                    storageSize:sizeof(GPBDuration__storage_)
                                          flags:(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlags)(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_UsesClassRefs | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_Proto3OptionalKnown | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_ClosedEnumSupportKnown)];
-    #if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
+#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
       NSAssert(descriptor == nil, @"Startup recursed!");
-    #endif  // DEBUG
+#endif  // DEBUG
     descriptor = localDescriptor;
   }
   return descriptor;
diff --git a/objectivec/GPBEmpty.pbobjc.m b/objectivec/GPBEmpty.pbobjc.m
index b69738c5934f..c33be8bb963a 100644
--- a/objectivec/GPBEmpty.pbobjc.m
+++ b/objectivec/GPBEmpty.pbobjc.m
@@ -62,9 +62,9 @@ + (GPBDescriptor *)descriptor {
                                     fieldCount:0
                                    storageSize:sizeof(GPBEmpty__storage_)
                                          flags:(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlags)(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_UsesClassRefs | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_Proto3OptionalKnown | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_ClosedEnumSupportKnown)];
-    #if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
+#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
       NSAssert(descriptor == nil, @"Startup recursed!");
-    #endif  // DEBUG
+#endif  // DEBUG
     descriptor = localDescriptor;
   }
   return descriptor;
diff --git a/objectivec/GPBFieldMask.pbobjc.m b/objectivec/GPBFieldMask.pbobjc.m
index 8de5ad42ffb0..347bcbef0e92 100644
--- a/objectivec/GPBFieldMask.pbobjc.m
+++ b/objectivec/GPBFieldMask.pbobjc.m
@@ -75,9 +75,9 @@ + (GPBDescriptor *)descriptor {
                                     fieldCount:(uint32_t)(sizeof(fields) / sizeof(GPBMessageFieldDescription))
                                    storageSize:sizeof(GPBFieldMask__storage_)
                                          flags:(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlags)(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_UsesClassRefs | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_Proto3OptionalKnown | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_ClosedEnumSupportKnown)];
-    #if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
+#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
       NSAssert(descriptor == nil, @"Startup recursed!");
-    #endif  // DEBUG
+#endif  // DEBUG
     descriptor = localDescriptor;
   }
   return descriptor;
diff --git a/objectivec/GPBSourceContext.pbobjc.m b/objectivec/GPBSourceContext.pbobjc.m
index 7ae605b32a81..cea417de1be8 100644
--- a/objectivec/GPBSourceContext.pbobjc.m
+++ b/objectivec/GPBSourceContext.pbobjc.m
@@ -75,9 +75,9 @@ + (GPBDescriptor *)descriptor {
                                     fieldCount:(uint32_t)(sizeof(fields) / sizeof(GPBMessageFieldDescription))
                                    storageSize:sizeof(GPBSourceContext__storage_)
                                          flags:(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlags)(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_UsesClassRefs | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_Proto3OptionalKnown | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_ClosedEnumSupportKnown)];
-    #if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
+#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
       NSAssert(descriptor == nil, @"Startup recursed!");
-    #endif  // DEBUG
+#endif  // DEBUG
     descriptor = localDescriptor;
   }
   return descriptor;
diff --git a/objectivec/GPBStruct.pbobjc.m b/objectivec/GPBStruct.pbobjc.m
index eabd761866e0..600b49574f51 100644
--- a/objectivec/GPBStruct.pbobjc.m
+++ b/objectivec/GPBStruct.pbobjc.m
@@ -115,9 +115,9 @@ + (GPBDescriptor *)descriptor {
                                     fieldCount:(uint32_t)(sizeof(fields) / sizeof(GPBMessageFieldDescription))
                                    storageSize:sizeof(GPBStruct__storage_)
                                          flags:(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlags)(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_UsesClassRefs | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_Proto3OptionalKnown | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_ClosedEnumSupportKnown)];
-    #if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
+#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
       NSAssert(descriptor == nil, @"Startup recursed!");
-    #endif  // DEBUG
+#endif  // DEBUG
     descriptor = localDescriptor;
   }
   return descriptor;
@@ -222,9 +222,9 @@ + (GPBDescriptor *)descriptor {
     [localDescriptor setupOneofs:oneofs
                            count:(uint32_t)(sizeof(oneofs) / sizeof(char*))
                    firstHasIndex:-1];
-    #if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
+#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
       NSAssert(descriptor == nil, @"Startup recursed!");
-    #endif  // DEBUG
+#endif  // DEBUG
     descriptor = localDescriptor;
   }
   return descriptor;
@@ -285,9 +285,9 @@ + (GPBDescriptor *)descriptor {
                                     fieldCount:(uint32_t)(sizeof(fields) / sizeof(GPBMessageFieldDescription))
                                    storageSize:sizeof(GPBListValue__storage_)
                                          flags:(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlags)(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_UsesClassRefs | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_Proto3OptionalKnown | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_ClosedEnumSupportKnown)];
-    #if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
+#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
       NSAssert(descriptor == nil, @"Startup recursed!");
-    #endif  // DEBUG
+#endif  // DEBUG
     descriptor = localDescriptor;
   }
   return descriptor;
diff --git a/objectivec/GPBTimestamp.pbobjc.m b/objectivec/GPBTimestamp.pbobjc.m
index edd73498a21f..dc6baebf2c95 100644
--- a/objectivec/GPBTimestamp.pbobjc.m
+++ b/objectivec/GPBTimestamp.pbobjc.m
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ + (GPBDescriptor *)descriptor {
                                     fieldCount:(uint32_t)(sizeof(fields) / sizeof(GPBMessageFieldDescription))
                                    storageSize:sizeof(GPBTimestamp__storage_)
                                          flags:(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlags)(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_UsesClassRefs | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_Proto3OptionalKnown | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_ClosedEnumSupportKnown)];
-    #if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
+#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
       NSAssert(descriptor == nil, @"Startup recursed!");
-    #endif  // DEBUG
+#endif  // DEBUG
     descriptor = localDescriptor;
   }
   return descriptor;
diff --git a/objectivec/GPBType.pbobjc.m b/objectivec/GPBType.pbobjc.m
index db7a41f7e515..7b44e3995170 100644
--- a/objectivec/GPBType.pbobjc.m
+++ b/objectivec/GPBType.pbobjc.m
@@ -307,9 +307,9 @@ + (GPBDescriptor *)descriptor {
                                     fieldCount:(uint32_t)(sizeof(fields) / sizeof(GPBMessageFieldDescription))
                                    storageSize:sizeof(GPBType__storage_)
                                          flags:(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlags)(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_UsesClassRefs | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_Proto3OptionalKnown | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_ClosedEnumSupportKnown)];
-    #if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
+#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
       NSAssert(descriptor == nil, @"Startup recursed!");
-    #endif  // DEBUG
+#endif  // DEBUG
     descriptor = localDescriptor;
   }
   return descriptor;
@@ -468,9 +468,9 @@ + (GPBDescriptor *)descriptor {
         "\001\006\004\241!!\000";
     [localDescriptor setupExtraTextInfo:extraTextFormatInfo];
 #endif  // !GPBOBJC_SKIP_MESSAGE_TEXTFORMAT_EXTRAS
-    #if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
+#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
       NSAssert(descriptor == nil, @"Startup recursed!");
-    #endif  // DEBUG
+#endif  // DEBUG
     descriptor = localDescriptor;
   }
   return descriptor;
@@ -593,9 +593,9 @@ + (GPBDescriptor *)descriptor {
                                     fieldCount:(uint32_t)(sizeof(fields) / sizeof(GPBMessageFieldDescription))
                                    storageSize:sizeof(GPBEnum__storage_)
                                          flags:(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlags)(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_UsesClassRefs | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_Proto3OptionalKnown | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_ClosedEnumSupportKnown)];
-    #if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
+#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
       NSAssert(descriptor == nil, @"Startup recursed!");
-    #endif  // DEBUG
+#endif  // DEBUG
     descriptor = localDescriptor;
   }
   return descriptor;
@@ -673,9 +673,9 @@ + (GPBDescriptor *)descriptor {
                                     fieldCount:(uint32_t)(sizeof(fields) / sizeof(GPBMessageFieldDescription))
                                    storageSize:sizeof(GPBEnumValue__storage_)
                                          flags:(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlags)(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_UsesClassRefs | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_Proto3OptionalKnown | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_ClosedEnumSupportKnown)];
-    #if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
+#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
       NSAssert(descriptor == nil, @"Startup recursed!");
-    #endif  // DEBUG
+#endif  // DEBUG
     descriptor = localDescriptor;
   }
   return descriptor;
@@ -730,9 +730,9 @@ + (GPBDescriptor *)descriptor {
                                     fieldCount:(uint32_t)(sizeof(fields) / sizeof(GPBMessageFieldDescription))
                                    storageSize:sizeof(GPBOption__storage_)
                                          flags:(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlags)(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_UsesClassRefs | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_Proto3OptionalKnown | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_ClosedEnumSupportKnown)];
-    #if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
+#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
       NSAssert(descriptor == nil, @"Startup recursed!");
-    #endif  // DEBUG
+#endif  // DEBUG
     descriptor = localDescriptor;
   }
   return descriptor;
diff --git a/objectivec/GPBWrappers.pbobjc.m b/objectivec/GPBWrappers.pbobjc.m
index 07be68bacee4..30461e3f6fe9 100644
--- a/objectivec/GPBWrappers.pbobjc.m
+++ b/objectivec/GPBWrappers.pbobjc.m
@@ -83,9 +83,9 @@ + (GPBDescriptor *)descriptor {
                                     fieldCount:(uint32_t)(sizeof(fields) / sizeof(GPBMessageFieldDescription))
                                    storageSize:sizeof(GPBDoubleValue__storage_)
                                          flags:(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlags)(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_UsesClassRefs | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_Proto3OptionalKnown | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_ClosedEnumSupportKnown)];
-    #if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
+#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
       NSAssert(descriptor == nil, @"Startup recursed!");
-    #endif  // DEBUG
+#endif  // DEBUG
     descriptor = localDescriptor;
   }
   return descriptor;
@@ -129,9 +129,9 @@ + (GPBDescriptor *)descriptor {
                                     fieldCount:(uint32_t)(sizeof(fields) / sizeof(GPBMessageFieldDescription))
                                    storageSize:sizeof(GPBFloatValue__storage_)
                                          flags:(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlags)(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_UsesClassRefs | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_Proto3OptionalKnown | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_ClosedEnumSupportKnown)];
-    #if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
+#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
       NSAssert(descriptor == nil, @"Startup recursed!");
-    #endif  // DEBUG
+#endif  // DEBUG
     descriptor = localDescriptor;
   }
   return descriptor;
@@ -175,9 +175,9 @@ + (GPBDescriptor *)descriptor {
                                     fieldCount:(uint32_t)(sizeof(fields) / sizeof(GPBMessageFieldDescription))
                                    storageSize:sizeof(GPBInt64Value__storage_)
                                          flags:(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlags)(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_UsesClassRefs | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_Proto3OptionalKnown | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_ClosedEnumSupportKnown)];
-    #if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
+#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
       NSAssert(descriptor == nil, @"Startup recursed!");
-    #endif  // DEBUG
+#endif  // DEBUG
     descriptor = localDescriptor;
   }
   return descriptor;
@@ -221,9 +221,9 @@ + (GPBDescriptor *)descriptor {
                                     fieldCount:(uint32_t)(sizeof(fields) / sizeof(GPBMessageFieldDescription))
                                    storageSize:sizeof(GPBUInt64Value__storage_)
                                          flags:(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlags)(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_UsesClassRefs | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_Proto3OptionalKnown | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_ClosedEnumSupportKnown)];
-    #if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
+#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
       NSAssert(descriptor == nil, @"Startup recursed!");
-    #endif  // DEBUG
+#endif  // DEBUG
     descriptor = localDescriptor;
   }
   return descriptor;
@@ -267,9 +267,9 @@ + (GPBDescriptor *)descriptor {
                                     fieldCount:(uint32_t)(sizeof(fields) / sizeof(GPBMessageFieldDescription))
                                    storageSize:sizeof(GPBInt32Value__storage_)
                                          flags:(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlags)(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_UsesClassRefs | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_Proto3OptionalKnown | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_ClosedEnumSupportKnown)];
-    #if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
+#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
       NSAssert(descriptor == nil, @"Startup recursed!");
-    #endif  // DEBUG
+#endif  // DEBUG
     descriptor = localDescriptor;
   }
   return descriptor;
@@ -313,9 +313,9 @@ + (GPBDescriptor *)descriptor {
                                     fieldCount:(uint32_t)(sizeof(fields) / sizeof(GPBMessageFieldDescription))
                                    storageSize:sizeof(GPBUInt32Value__storage_)
                                          flags:(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlags)(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_UsesClassRefs | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_Proto3OptionalKnown | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_ClosedEnumSupportKnown)];
-    #if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
+#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
       NSAssert(descriptor == nil, @"Startup recursed!");
-    #endif  // DEBUG
+#endif  // DEBUG
     descriptor = localDescriptor;
   }
   return descriptor;
@@ -358,9 +358,9 @@ + (GPBDescriptor *)descriptor {
                                     fieldCount:(uint32_t)(sizeof(fields) / sizeof(GPBMessageFieldDescription))
                                    storageSize:sizeof(GPBBoolValue__storage_)
                                          flags:(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlags)(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_UsesClassRefs | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_Proto3OptionalKnown | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_ClosedEnumSupportKnown)];
-    #if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
+#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
       NSAssert(descriptor == nil, @"Startup recursed!");
-    #endif  // DEBUG
+#endif  // DEBUG
     descriptor = localDescriptor;
   }
   return descriptor;
@@ -404,9 +404,9 @@ + (GPBDescriptor *)descriptor {
                                     fieldCount:(uint32_t)(sizeof(fields) / sizeof(GPBMessageFieldDescription))
                                    storageSize:sizeof(GPBStringValue__storage_)
                                          flags:(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlags)(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_UsesClassRefs | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_Proto3OptionalKnown | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_ClosedEnumSupportKnown)];
-    #if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
+#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
       NSAssert(descriptor == nil, @"Startup recursed!");
-    #endif  // DEBUG
+#endif  // DEBUG
     descriptor = localDescriptor;
   }
   return descriptor;
@@ -450,9 +450,9 @@ + (GPBDescriptor *)descriptor {
                                     fieldCount:(uint32_t)(sizeof(fields) / sizeof(GPBMessageFieldDescription))
                                    storageSize:sizeof(GPBBytesValue__storage_)
                                          flags:(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlags)(GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_UsesClassRefs | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_Proto3OptionalKnown | GPBDescriptorInitializationFlag_ClosedEnumSupportKnown)];
-    #if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
+#if defined(DEBUG) && DEBUG
       NSAssert(descriptor == nil, @"Startup recursed!");
-    #endif  // DEBUG
+#endif  // DEBUG
     descriptor = localDescriptor;
   }
   return descriptor;
diff --git a/ruby/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/jruby/Utils.java b/ruby/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/jruby/Utils.java
index 16136cb9b70e..78aa57f1ef7c 100644
--- a/ruby/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/jruby/Utils.java
+++ b/ruby/src/main/java/com/google/protobuf/jruby/Utils.java
@@ -36,7 +36,9 @@
 import com.google.protobuf.DescriptorProtos.FieldDescriptorProto;
 import com.google.protobuf.Descriptors.FieldDescriptor;
 import java.math.BigInteger;
+import org.jcodings.Encoding;
 import org.jcodings.specific.ASCIIEncoding;
+import org.jcodings.specific.UTF8Encoding;
 import org.jruby.*;
 import org.jruby.exceptions.RaiseException;
 import org.jruby.ext.bigdecimal.RubyBigDecimal;
@@ -141,12 +143,12 @@ public static IRubyObject checkType(
           throw createInvalidTypeError(context, "boolean", fieldName, value);
         break;
       case BYTES:
-        value = validateAndEncodeString(context, "bytes", fieldName, value, "Encoding::ASCII_8BIT");
+        value = validateAndEncodeString(context, "bytes", fieldName, value, ASCIIEncoding.INSTANCE);
         break;
       case STRING:
         value =
             validateAndEncodeString(
-                context, "string", fieldName, symToString(value), "Encoding::UTF_8");
+                context, "string", fieldName, symToString(value), UTF8Encoding.INSTANCE);
         break;
       case MESSAGE:
         if (value.getMetaClass() != typeClass) {
@@ -383,11 +385,15 @@ private static IRubyObject validateAndEncodeString(
       String fieldType,
       String fieldName,
       IRubyObject value,
-      String encoding) {
+      Encoding encoding) {
     if (!(value instanceof RubyString))
       throw createInvalidTypeError(context, fieldType, fieldName, value);
 
-    value = ((RubyString) value).encode(context, context.runtime.evalScriptlet(encoding));
+    value =
+        ((RubyString) value)
+            .encode(
+                context,
+                context.runtime.getEncodingService().convertEncodingToRubyEncoding(encoding));
     value.setFrozen(true);
     return value;
   }