From c004e382a0689d8dd2c77a69d567460aa47d7e0e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex Waygood <Alex.Waygood@Gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 5 Jun 2023 15:10:49 +0100
Subject: [PATCH] gh-105280: Ensure `isinstance([], collections.abc.Mapping)`
 always evaluates to `False` (GH-105281) (cherry picked from commit
 08756dbba647440803d2ba4545ba0ab2f0cdfe1c)

Co-authored-by: Alex Waygood <Alex.Waygood@Gmail.com>
---
 Lib/test/test_typing.py                       | 14 ++++++++++
 Lib/typing.py                                 | 28 +++++++++++++------
 ...-06-04-12-16-47.gh-issue-105280.srRbCe.rst |  4 +++
 3 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2023-06-04-12-16-47.gh-issue-105280.srRbCe.rst

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_typing.py b/Lib/test/test_typing.py
index 3a2f7393eb46c5..ef1db06109eca3 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_typing.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_typing.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 import collections.abc
 from collections import defaultdict
 from functools import lru_cache, wraps
+import gc
 import inspect
 import itertools
 import pickle
@@ -2758,6 +2759,19 @@ def x(self): ...
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, only_classes_allowed):
             issubclass(1, BadPG)
 
+    def test_isinstance_checks_not_at_whim_of_gc(self):
+        self.addCleanup(gc.enable)
+        gc.disable()
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError,
+            "Protocols can only inherit from other protocols"
+        ):
+            class Foo(collections.abc.Mapping, Protocol):
+                pass
+
+        self.assertNotIsInstance([], collections.abc.Mapping)
+
     def test_issubclass_and_isinstance_on_Protocol_itself(self):
         class C:
             def x(self): pass
diff --git a/Lib/typing.py b/Lib/typing.py
index 06d50306c4754e..2acb9f052f2af5 100644
--- a/Lib/typing.py
+++ b/Lib/typing.py
@@ -1777,6 +1777,25 @@ def _pickle_pskwargs(pskwargs):
 class _ProtocolMeta(ABCMeta):
     # This metaclass is somewhat unfortunate,
     # but is necessary for several reasons...
+    def __new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace, /, **kwargs):
+        if name == "Protocol" and bases == (Generic,):
+            pass
+        elif Protocol in bases:
+            for base in bases:
+                if not (
+                    base in {object, Generic}
+                    or base.__name__ in _PROTO_ALLOWLIST.get(base.__module__, [])
+                    or (
+                        issubclass(base, Generic)
+                        and getattr(base, "_is_protocol", False)
+                    )
+                ):
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"Protocols can only inherit from other protocols, "
+                        f"got {base!r}"
+                    )
+        return super().__new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace, **kwargs)
+
     def __init__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         if getattr(cls, "_is_protocol", False):
@@ -1912,14 +1931,7 @@ def _proto_hook(other):
         if not cls._is_protocol:
             return
 
-        # ... otherwise check consistency of bases, and prohibit instantiation.
-        for base in cls.__bases__:
-            if not (base in (object, Generic) or
-                    base.__module__ in _PROTO_ALLOWLIST and
-                    base.__name__ in _PROTO_ALLOWLIST[base.__module__] or
-                    issubclass(base, Generic) and getattr(base, '_is_protocol', False)):
-                raise TypeError('Protocols can only inherit from other'
-                                ' protocols, got %r' % base)
+        # ... otherwise prohibit instantiation.
         if cls.__init__ is Protocol.__init__:
             cls.__init__ = _no_init_or_replace_init
 
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2023-06-04-12-16-47.gh-issue-105280.srRbCe.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2023-06-04-12-16-47.gh-issue-105280.srRbCe.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..8e469646604316
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2023-06-04-12-16-47.gh-issue-105280.srRbCe.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Fix bug where ``isinstance([], collections.abc.Mapping)`` could evaluate to
+``True`` if garbage collection happened at the wrong time. The bug was
+caused by changes to the implementation of :class:`typing.Protocol` in
+Python 3.12.