stopwords: the R package

R package providing “one-stop shopping” (or should that be “one-shop stopping”?) for stopword lists in R, for multiple languages and sources. No longer should text analysis or NLP packages bake in their own stopword lists or functions, since this package can accommodate them all, and is easily extended.

Created by David Muhr, and extended in cooperation with Kenneth Benoit and Kohei Watanabe.

Installation

# from CRAN
install.packages("stopwords")

# Or get the development version from GitHub:
# install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("quanteda/stopwords")

Usage

head(stopwords::stopwords("de", source = "snowball"), 20)
##  [1] "aber"    "alle"    "allem"   "allen"   "aller"   "alles"   "als"    
##  [8] "also"    "am"      "an"      "ander"   "andere"  "anderem" "anderen"
## [15] "anderer" "anderes" "anderm"  "andern"  "anderr"  "anders"

head(stopwords::stopwords("ja", source = "marimo"), 20)
##  [1] "私"       "僕"       "自分"     "自身"     "我々"     "私達"    
##  [7] "あなた"   "彼"       "彼女"     "彼ら"     "彼女ら"   "あれ"    
## [13] "それ"     "これ"     "あれら"   "あれらの" "それら"   "それらの"
## [19] "これら"   "これらの"

For compatibility with the former quanteda::stopwords():

head(stopwords::stopwords("german"), 20)
##  [1] "aber"    "alle"    "allem"   "allen"   "aller"   "alles"   "als"    
##  [8] "also"    "am"      "an"      "ander"   "andere"  "anderem" "anderen"
## [15] "anderer" "anderes" "anderm"  "andern"  "anderr"  "anders"

Explore sources and languages:

# list all sources
stopwords::stopwords_getsources()
## [1] "snowball"      "stopwords-iso" "misc"          "smart"        
## [5] "marimo"        "ancient"       "nltk"          "perseus"

# list languages for a specific source
stopwords::stopwords_getlanguages("snowball")
##  [1] "da" "de" "en" "es" "fi" "fr" "hu" "ir" "it" "nl" "no" "pt" "ro" "ru" "sv"

Languages available

The following coverage of languages is currently available, by source. Note that the inclusiveness of the stopword lists will vary by source, and the number of languages covered by a stopword list does not necessarily mean that the source is better than one with more limited coverage. (There may be many reasons to prefer the default “snowball” source over the “stopwords-iso” source, for instance.)

The following languages are currently available:

Language	Code	snowball	marimo	nltk	stopwords-iso	Other
Afrikaans	af				✓
Arabic	ar		✓	✓	✓	misc
Armenian	hy				✓
Azerbaijani	az			✓
Basque	eu				✓
Bengali	bn				✓
Breton	br				✓
Bulgarian	bg				✓
Catalan	ca				✓	misc
Chinese	zh		✓		✓	misc
Croatian	hr				✓
Czech	cs				✓
Danish	da	✓		✓	✓
Dutch	nl	✓		✓	✓
English	en	✓	✓	✓	✓	smart
Esperanto	eo				✓
Estonian	et				✓
Finnish	fi	✓		✓	✓
French	fr	✓		✓	✓
Galician	gl				✓
German	de	✓	✓	✓	✓
Greek	el				✓	misc
Greek (ancient)	grc					ancient, perseus
Gujarati	gu					misc
Hausa	ha				✓
Hebrew	he		✓		✓
Hindi	hi				✓
Hungarian	hu	✓		✓	✓
Indonesian	id			✓	✓
Irish	ga				✓
Italian	it	✓		✓	✓
Japanese	ja		✓		✓
Kazakh	kk			✓
Korean	ko		✓		✓
Kurdish	ku				✓
Latin	la				✓	ancient, perseus
Lithuanian	lt				✓
Latvian	lv				✓
Malay	ms				✓
Marathi	mr				✓
Nepali	mr			✓
Norwegian	no	✓		✓	✓
Persian	fa				✓
Polish	pl				✓
Portuguese	pt	✓		✓	✓
Romanian	ro	✓		✓	✓
Russian	ru	✓	✓	✓	✓
Slovak	sk				✓
Slovenian	sl			✓	✓
Somali	so				✓
Southern Sotho	st				✓
Spanish	es	✓		✓	✓
Swahili	sw				✓
Swedish	sv	✓		✓	✓
Thai	th				✓
Tagalog	tl				✓
Tajik	tg			✓
Turkish	tr			✓	✓
Ukrainian	uk				✓
Urdu	ur				✓
Vietnamese	vi				✓
Yoruba	yo				✓
Zulu	zu				✓

Basic usage

head(stopwords::stopwords("de", source = "snowball"), 20)
##  [1] "aber"    "alle"    "allem"   "allen"   "aller"   "alles"   "als"    
##  [8] "also"    "am"      "an"      "ander"   "andere"  "anderem" "anderen"
## [15] "anderer" "anderes" "anderm"  "andern"  "anderr"  "anders"

head(stopwords::stopwords("de", source = "stopwords-iso"), 20)
##  [1] "a"           "ab"          "aber"        "ach"         "acht"       
##  [6] "achte"       "achten"      "achter"      "achtes"      "ag"         
## [11] "alle"        "allein"      "allem"       "allen"       "aller"      
## [16] "allerdings"  "alles"       "allgemeinen" "als"         "also"

For compatibility with the former quanteda::stopwords():

head(stopwords::stopwords("german"), 20)
##  [1] "aber"    "alle"    "allem"   "allen"   "aller"   "alles"   "als"    
##  [8] "also"    "am"      "an"      "ander"   "andere"  "anderem" "anderen"
## [15] "anderer" "anderes" "anderm"  "andern"  "anderr"  "anders"

Explore sources and languages:

# list all sources
stopwords::stopwords_getsources()
## [1] "snowball"      "stopwords-iso" "misc"          "smart"        
## [5] "marimo"        "ancient"       "nltk"          "perseus"

# list languages for a specific source
stopwords::stopwords_getlanguages("snowball")
##  [1] "da" "de" "en" "es" "fi" "fr" "hu" "ir" "it" "nl" "no" "pt" "ro" "ru" "sv"

Modifying stopword lists

It is now possible to edit your own stopword lists, using the interactive editor, with functions from the quanteda package (>= v2.02). For instance to edit the English stopword list for the Snowball source:

# edit the English stopwords
my_stopwords <- quanteda::char_edit(stopwords("en", source = "snowball"))

To edit stopwords whose underlying structure is a list, such as the “marimo” source, we can use the list_edit() function:

# edit the English stopwords
my_stopwordlist <- quanteda::list_edit(stopwords("en", source = "marimo", simplify = FALSE))

Finally, it’s possible to remove stopwords using pattern matching. The default is the easy-to-use “glob” style matching, which is equivalent to fixed matching when no wildcard characters are used. So to remove personal pronouns from the English Snowball word list, for instance, this would work:

library("quanteda", warn.conflicts = FALSE)
## Package version: 3.2.0
## Unicode version: 13.0
## ICU version: 69.1
## Parallel computing: 8 of 8 threads used.
## See https://quanteda.io for tutorials and examples.
posspronouns <- stopwords::data_stopwords_marimo$en$pronoun$possessive
posspronouns
## [1] "my"    "our"   "your"  "his"   "her"   "its"   "their"

stopwords("en", source = "snowball") %>%
  head(n = 10)
##  [1] "i"         "me"        "my"        "myself"    "we"        "our"      
##  [7] "ours"      "ourselves" "you"       "your"

See the difference when we remove them – “my”, “ours”, and “your” are gone:

stopwords("en", source = "snowball") %>%
  head(n = 10) %>%
  char_remove(pattern = posspronouns)
## [1] "i"         "me"        "myself"    "we"        "ours"      "ourselves"
## [7] "you"

There is no char_add(), since it’s just as easy to use c() for this, but there is a char_keep() for positive selection rather than removal.

Adding stopwords to your own package

In v2.2, we’ve removed the function use_stopwords() because the dependency on usethis added too many downstream package dependencies, and stopwords is meant to be a lightweight package.

However it is very easy to add a re-export for stopwords() to your package by adding this file as stopwords.R:

#' Stopwords
#'
#' @description
#' Return a character vector of stopwords.
#' See \code{stopwords::\link[stopwords:stopwords]{stopwords()}} for details.
#' @usage stopwords(language = "en", source = "snowball")
#' @name stopwords
#' @importFrom stopwords stopwords
#' @export
NULL

and add stopwords to the list of Imports: in your DESCRIPTION file.

Contributing

Additional sources can be defined and contributed by adding new data objects, as follows:

1. Data object. Create a named list of characters, in UTF-8 format, consisting of the stopwords for each language. The ISO-639-1 language code will form the name of the list element, and the values of each element will be the character vector of stopwords for literal matches. The data object should follow the package naming convention, and be called data_stopwords_newsource, where newsource is replaced by the name of the new source.

2. Documentation. The new source should be clearly documented, especially the source from which was taken.

License

This package as well as the source repositories are licensed under MIT.