diff --git a/NAMESPACE b/NAMESPACE
index 8a3200163..7a1af9fe4 100644
--- a/NAMESPACE
+++ b/NAMESPACE
@@ -110,6 +110,7 @@ export(expect_reference)
 export(expect_s3_class)
 export(expect_s4_class)
 export(expect_setequal)
+export(expect_shape)
 export(expect_silent)
 export(expect_snapshot)
 export(expect_snapshot_error)
diff --git a/NEWS.md b/NEWS.md
index 23cedc936..c15c47fd3 100644
--- a/NEWS.md
+++ b/NEWS.md
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 # testthat (development version)
 
+* New expectation, `expect_shape()`, for testing the shape (i.e., the `length()`,
+  `nrow()` and/or `ncol()`, or `dim()`, all in one place (#1423, @michaelchirico).
+
 # testthat 3.1.0
 
 ## Snapshot tests
diff --git a/R/expect-length.R b/R/expect-length.R
index 0b8d09285..a64643dea 100644
--- a/R/expect-length.R
+++ b/R/expect-length.R
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #' Does code return a vector with the specified length?
 #'
-#' @seealso [expect_vector()] to make assertions about the "size" of a vector
+#' @seealso [expect_vector()] to make assertions about the "size" of a vector,
+#'   [expect_shape()] for more general assertions about object "shape".
 #' @inheritParams expect_that
 #' @param n Expected length.
 #' @family expectations
@@ -25,3 +26,80 @@ expect_length <- function(object, n) {
 
   invisible(act$val)
 }
+
+#' Does code return an object with the specified shape?
+#'
+#' By "shape", we mean an object's [dim()], or, for one-dimensional objects,
+#'   it's [length()]. Thus this is an extension of [expect_length()] to more
+#'   general objects like [data.frame()], [matrix()], and [array()].
+#' To wit, first, the object's `dim()` is checked. If non-`NULL`, it is compared
+#'   to `shape` (or one/both of `nrow`, `ncol`, if they are supplied, in which
+#'   case they take precedence). If `dim(object)` is `NULL`, `length(object)`
+#'   is compared to `shape`.
+#'
+#' @seealso [expect_length()] to specifically make assertions about the
+#'   [length()] of a vector.
+#' @inheritParams expect_that
+#' @param shape Expected shape, an integer vector.
+#' @param nrow Expected number of rows, numeric.
+#' @param ncol Expected number of columns, numeric.
+#' @family expectations
+#' @export
+#' @examples
+expect_shape = function(object, shape, nrow, ncol) {
+  stopifnot(
+    missing(shape) || is.numeric(shape),
+    missing(nrow) || is.numeric(nrow),
+    missing(ncol) || is.numeric(ncol)
+  )
+
+  dim_object <- dim(object)
+  if (is.null(dim_object)) {
+    if (missing(shape)) {
+      stop("`shape` must be provided for one-dimensional inputs")
+    }
+    return(expect_length(object, shape))
+  }
+
+  act <- quasi_label(enquo(object), arg = "object")
+
+  if (missing(nrow) && missing(ncol)) {
+    # testing dim
+    if (missing(shape)) {
+      stop("`shape` must be provided if `nrow` and `ncol` are not")
+    }
+    act$shape <- dim_object
+
+    expect(
+      isTRUE(all.equal(act$shape, shape)),
+      sprintf("%s has shape (%s), not (%s).", act$lab, toString(act$shape), toString(shape))
+    )
+  } else if (missing(nrow) && !missing(ncol)) {
+    # testing only ncol
+    act$ncol <- dim_object[2L]
+
+    expect(
+      act$ncol == ncol,
+      sprintf("%s has %i columns, not %i.", act$lab, act$ncol, ncol)
+    )
+  } else if (!missing(nrow) && missing(ncol)) {
+    # testing only nrow
+    act$nrow <- dim_object[1L]
+
+    expect(
+      act$nrow == nrow,
+      sprintf("%s has %i rows, not %i.", act$lab, act$nrow, nrow)
+    )
+  } else {
+    # testing both nrow & ncol (useful, e.g., for testing dim(.)[1:2] for arrays
+    act$nrow <- dim_object[1L]
+    act$ncol <- dim_object[2L]
+
+    expect(
+      act$nrow == nrow && act$ncol == ncol,
+      sprintf("%s has %i rows and %i columns, not %i rows and %i columns", act$lab, act$nrow, act$ncol, nrow, ncol)
+    )
+  }
+
+  return(act$val)
+}
diff --git a/man/expect_shape.Rd b/man/expect_shape.Rd
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e59b827b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/expect_shape.Rd
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+% Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand
+% Please edit documentation in R/expect-length.R
+\name{expect_shape}
+\alias{expect_shape}
+\title{Does code return an object with the specified shape?}
+\usage{
+expect_shape(object, shape, nrow, ncol)
+}
+\arguments{
+\item{object}{Object to test.
+
+  Supports limited unquoting to make it easier to generate readable failures
+  within a function or for loop. See [quasi_label] for more details.}
+
+\item{shape}{Expected shape, an integer vector.}
+\item{nrow}{Expected number of rows, numeric.}
+\item{ncol}{Expected number of columns, numeric.}
+}
+\description{
+By "shape", we mean an object's [dim()], or, for one-dimensional objects,
+  it's [length()]. Thus this is an extension of [expect_length()] to more
+  general objects like [data.frame()], [matrix()], and [array()].
+To wit, first, the object's `dim()` is checked. If non-`NULL`, it is compared
+  to `shape` (or one/both of `nrow`, `ncol`, if they are supplied, in which
+  case they take precedence). If `dim(object)` is `NULL`, `length(object)`
+  is compared to `shape`.
+}
+\seealso{
+[expect_length()] to specifically make assertions about the
+  [length()] of a vector.
+
+Other expectations: 
+\code{\link{comparison-expectations}},
+\code{\link{equality-expectations}},
+\code{\link{expect_error}()},
+\code{\link{expect_length}()},
+\code{\link{expect_match}()},
+\code{\link{expect_named}()},
+\code{\link{expect_null}()},
+\code{\link{expect_output}()},
+\code{\link{expect_reference}()},
+\code{\link{expect_silent}()},
+\code{\link{inheritance-expectations}},
+\code{\link{logical-expectations}}
+}
+\concept{expectations}
diff --git a/tests/testthat/test-expect-shape.R b/tests/testthat/test-expect-shape.R
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bee3e4908
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/testthat/test-expect-shape.R
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+test_that("shape computed correctly", {
+  # equivalent to expect_length
+  expect_success(expect_shape(1, 1))
+  expect_failure(expect_shape(1, 2), "has length 1, not length 2.")
+  expect_success(expect_shape(1:10, 10))
+  expect_success(expect_shape(letters[1:5], 5))
+
+  # testing dim()
+  expect_success(expect_shape(matrix(nrow = 5, ncol = 4), c(5L, 4L)))
+  expect_failure(expect_shape(matrix(nrow = 6, ncol = 3), c(6L, 2L)))
+  expect_failure(expect_shape(matrix(nrow = 6, ncol = 3), c(7L, 3L)))
+  expect_success(expect_shape(data.frame(1:10, 11:20), c(10, 2)))
+  expect_success(expect_shape(array(dim = 1:3), 1:3))
+
+  # testing nrow=
+  expect_success(expect_shape(matrix(nrow = 5, ncol = 4), nrow = 5L))
+  expect_failure(expect_shape(matrix(nrow = 5, ncol = 5), nrow = 6L))
+  expect_success(expect_shape(data.frame(1:10, 11:20), nrow = 10L))
+
+  # testing ncol=
+  expect_success(expect_shape(matrix(nrow = 5, ncol = 4), ncol = 4L))
+  expect_failure(expect_shape(matrix(nrow = 5, ncol = 5), ncol = 7L))
+  expect_success(expect_shape(data.frame(1:10, 11:20), ncol = 2L))
+
+  # testing nrow= and ncol=
+  expect_success(expect_shape(matrix(nrow = 5, ncol = 4), nrow = 5L, ncol = 4L))
+  expect_failure(expect_shape(matrix(nrow = 5, ncol = 5), nrow = 6L, ncol = 5L))
+  expect_success(expect_shape(data.frame(1:10, 11:20), nrow = 10L, ncol = 2L))
+  expect_success(expect_shape(array(dim = 5:7), nrow = 5L, ncol = 6L))
+
+  # precedence of manual nrow/ncol over shape
+  expect_success(expect_shape(matrix(nrow = 7, ncol = 10), 1:2, nrow = 7L))
+  expect_success(expect_shape(matrix(nrow = 7, ncol = 10), 1:2, ncol = 10L))
+})
+
+test_that("uses S4 dim method", {
+  A <- setClass("ExpectShapeA", slots = c(x = "numeric", y = "numeric"))
+  setMethod("dim", "ExpectShapeA", function(x) 8:10)
+  expect_success(expect_shape(A(x = 1:9, y = 3), 8:10))
+})
+
+test_that("returns input", {
+  x <- list(1:10, letters)
+  out <- expect_shape(x, 2)
+  expect_identical(out, x)
+})
+
+test_that("at least one argument is required", {
+  expect_error(expect_shape(1:10), "`shape` must be provided for one-dimensional inputs", fixed = TRUE)
+  expect_error(expect_shape(cbind(1:2)), "`shape` must be provided if `nrow` and `ncol` are not")
+})