diff --git a/.github/workflows/test.yml b/.github/workflows/test.yml
index e21ffb57..0d0efeb6 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -79,16 +79,56 @@ jobs:
           password: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
       - name: Pull
         run: |
-          docker compose pull debian-go || :
+          docker compose pull debian || :
       - name: Test
         run: |
-          docker compose run debian-go
+          docker compose run debian
       - name: Push
         if: >-
           success() && github.event_name == 'push' && github.repository == 'apache/arrow-go' && github.ref_name == 'main'
         continue-on-error: true
         run: |
-          docker compose push debian-go
+          docker compose push debian
+  docker-cgo:
+    name: AMD64 Debian 12 Go ${{ matrix.go }} - CGO
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 20
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        go:
+          - '1.22'
+          - '1.23'
+    env:
+      GO: ${{ matrix.go }}
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@692973e3d937129bcbf40652eb9f2f61becf3332 # v4.1.7
+        with:
+          submodules: recursive
+      - name: Login to GitHub Container registry
+        uses: docker/login-action@v3
+        with:
+          registry: ghcr.io
+          username: ${{ github.actor }}
+          password: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+      - name: Pull
+        run: |
+          docker compose pull debian || :
+          docker compose pull debian-cgo || :
+      - name: Build
+        run: |
+          docker compose build debian
+          docker compose build debian-cgo
+      - name: Test
+        run: |
+          docker compose run debian-cgo
+      - name: Push
+        if: >-
+          success() && github.event_name == 'push' && github.repository == 'apache/arrow-go' && github.ref_name == 'main'
+        continue-on-error: true
+        run: |
+          docker compose push debian-cgo
   macos:
     name: AMD64 macOS 12 Go ${{ matrix.go }}
     runs-on: macos-12
diff --git a/ci/docker/debian-cgo.dockerfile b/ci/docker/debian-cgo.dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d6171d38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ci/docker/debian-cgo.dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+ARG base
+FROM ${base}
+
+ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND noninteractive
+
+# install libarrow-dev to link against with CGO
+RUN apt-get update -y -q && \
+    apt-get install -y -q --no-install-recommends \
+        ca-certificates \
+        lsb-release \
+        wget && \
+    wget https://apache.jfrog.io/artifactory/arrow/$(lsb_release --id --short | tr 'A-Z' 'a-z')/apache-arrow-apt-source-latest-$(lsb_release --codename --short).deb && \
+    apt-get install -y -q --no-install-recommends \
+        ./apache-arrow-apt-source-latest-$(lsb_release --codename --short).deb && \
+    rm -f apache-arrow-apt-source-latest-$(lsb_release --codename --short).deb && \
+    apt-get update -y -q && \
+    apt-get install -y -q --no-install-recommends \
+        cmake \
+        libarrow-dev && \
+    apt-get clean
diff --git a/compose.yaml b/compose.yaml
index a17de305..42d306bc 100644
--- a/compose.yaml
+++ b/compose.yaml
@@ -26,10 +26,10 @@
 # $ ARCH=arm64v8 docker compose run debian-go
 
 services:
-  debian-go:
+  debian:
     # Usage:
-    #   docker compose build debian-go
-    #   docker compose run debian-go
+    #   docker compose build debian
+    #   docker compose run debian
     image: ${REPO}:${ARCH}-debian-${DEBIAN}-${GO}
     build:
       context: .
@@ -47,3 +47,20 @@ services:
         git config --global --add safe.directory /arrow-go && \
         /arrow-go/ci/scripts/build.sh /arrow-go && \
         /arrow-go/ci/scripts/test.sh /arrow-go"
+  debian-cgo:
+    # Usage:
+    #   docker compose build debian-cgo
+    #   docker compose run debian-cgo
+    image: ${REPO}:${ARCH}-debian-${DEBIAN}-${GO}-cgo
+    build:
+      context: .
+      dockerfile: ci/docker/debian-cgo.dockerfile
+      cache_from:
+        - ${REPO}:${ARCH}-debian-${DEBIAN}-${GO}-cgo
+      args:
+        base: ${REPO}:${ARCH}-debian-${DEBIAN}-${GO}
+    shm_size: *shm-size
+    volumes: *debian-volumes
+    environment:
+      ARROW_GO_TESTCGO: "1"
+    command: *go-command