xarray_01.ipynb

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   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# XArray 01"
   ]
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  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
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   "source": [
    "Real-world datasets are usually more than just raw numbers; they have labels which encode information about how the array values **map to locations** in space, time, etc.\n",
    "\n",
    "The immediate payoff of using xarray is that you’ll write less code. The long-term payoff is that you’ll understand what you were thinking when you come back to look at it weeks or months later."
   ]
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  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "31a0af09",
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   "source": [
    "## Core data structure\n",
    "\n",
    "* [DataArray](https://docs.xarray.dev/en/stable/generated/xarray.DataArray.html#xarray.DataArray) is our implementation of a labeled, N-dimensional array. It is an N-D generalization of a **pandas.Series**. The name DataArray itself is borrowed from Fernando Perez’s datarray project, which prototyped a similar data structure.\n",
    "\n",
    "* [Dataset](https://docs.xarray.dev/en/stable/generated/xarray.Dataset.html#xarray.Dataset) is a multi-dimensional, in-memory array database. It is a dict-like container of DataArray objects aligned along any number of shared dimensions, and serves a similar purpose in xarray to the **pandas.DataFrame**."
   ]
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  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "87292555",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Installation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "id": "8c96677d",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Overwriting xarray-requirements.txt\n"
     ]
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   "source": [
    "%%writefile xarray-requirements.txt\n",
    "xarray\n",
    "xarray[io]\n",
    "xarray[accel]\n",
    "xarray[parallel]\n",
    "xarray[viz]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
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   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Install with requirements"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "id": "bec1f35b",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# %pip install -r xarray-requirements.txt"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "f3709b30",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Quick Overview"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "id": "42b1e800",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "/home/ray/anaconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xarray/backends/cfgrib_.py:27: UserWarning: Failed to load cfgrib - most likely there is a problem accessing the ecCodes library. Try `import cfgrib` to get the full error message\n",
      "  warnings.warn(\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "import xarray as xr"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "id": "3615485f",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data = xr.DataArray(np.random.rand(5,6,7),\n",
    "                    dims = (\"alpha\",\"beta\",\"gamma\"),\n",
    "                    coords={\n",
    "                        \"alpha\":list(f\"a{i}\" for i in range(5)),\n",
    "                        \"beta\":list(f\"b{i}\" for i in range(6))\n",
    "                    }\n",
    "                   )"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "id": "08a2292b",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(5, 6, 7)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data.shape"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "id": "dc6928bd",
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   "outputs": [
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       "</style><pre class='xr-text-repr-fallback'>&lt;xarray.DataArray (beta: 2, gamma: 7)&gt;\n",
       "array([[0.44583396, 0.04676369, 0.19418846, 0.57919834, 0.16151899,\n",
       "        0.81942895, 0.33550218],\n",
       "       [0.51378198, 0.52923953, 0.27750499, 0.80572531, 0.86161738,\n",
       "        0.13583219, 0.9313442 ]])\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "    alpha    &lt;U2 &#x27;a2&#x27;\n",
       "  * beta     (beta) &lt;U2 &#x27;b2&#x27; &#x27;b3&#x27;\n",
       "Dimensions without coordinates: gamma</pre><div class='xr-wrap' style='display:none'><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.DataArray</div><div class='xr-array-name'></div><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span class='xr-has-index'>beta</span>: 2</li><li><span>gamma</span>: 7</li></ul></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><div class='xr-array-wrap'><input id='section-8456d9ba-9d82-4a2c-9273-2d7e7ccb38d5' class='xr-array-in' type='checkbox' checked><label for='section-8456d9ba-9d82-4a2c-9273-2d7e7ccb38d5' title='Show/hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-array-preview xr-preview'><span>0.4458 0.04676 0.1942 0.5792 0.1615 ... 0.8057 0.8616 0.1358 0.9313</span></div><div class='xr-array-data'><pre>array([[0.44583396, 0.04676369, 0.19418846, 0.57919834, 0.16151899,\n",
       "        0.81942895, 0.33550218],\n",
       "       [0.51378198, 0.52923953, 0.27750499, 0.80572531, 0.86161738,\n",
       "        0.13583219, 0.9313442 ]])</pre></div></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-df5684bd-f3d8-4053-b560-58b3d8d8cb89' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-df5684bd-f3d8-4053-b560-58b3d8d8cb89' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(2)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>alpha</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>()</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>&lt;U2</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>&#x27;a2&#x27;</div><input id='attrs-1cbe0afa-7edc-4483-b631-65f5c94c7958' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-1cbe0afa-7edc-4483-b631-65f5c94c7958' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-5146afaf-096b-4242-99ee-d896afe9fd68' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-5146afaf-096b-4242-99ee-d896afe9fd68' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array(&#x27;a2&#x27;, dtype=&#x27;&lt;U2&#x27;)</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>beta</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(beta)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>&lt;U2</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>&#x27;b2&#x27; &#x27;b3&#x27;</div><input id='attrs-6a13b572-65d6-4101-a196-6555951d9007' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-6a13b572-65d6-4101-a196-6555951d9007' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-7e91f4c4-54e7-49e5-becc-adbed7c3b399' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-7e91f4c4-54e7-49e5-becc-adbed7c3b399' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([&#x27;b2&#x27;, &#x27;b3&#x27;], dtype=&#x27;&lt;U2&#x27;)</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-d4bf9687-2d31-40ee-b690-bae5cbebba47' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox' disabled ><label for='section-d4bf9687-2d31-40ee-b690-bae5cbebba47' class='xr-section-summary'  title='Expand/collapse section'>Attributes: <span>(0)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<xarray.DataArray (beta: 2, gamma: 7)>\n",
       "array([[0.44583396, 0.04676369, 0.19418846, 0.57919834, 0.16151899,\n",
       "        0.81942895, 0.33550218],\n",
       "       [0.51378198, 0.52923953, 0.27750499, 0.80572531, 0.86161738,\n",
       "        0.13583219, 0.9313442 ]])\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "    alpha    <U2 'a2'\n",
       "  * beta     (beta) <U2 'b2' 'b3'\n",
       "Dimensions without coordinates: gamma"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data.sel({\"alpha\": \"a2\",\"beta\":[\"b2\",\"b3\"]})"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "defbf48a",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Digest pd.Series\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "id": "ac770449",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "</style><pre class='xr-text-repr-fallback'>&lt;xarray.DataArray &#x27;colname&#x27; (dim_0: 20)&gt;\n",
       "array([&#x27;val0&#x27;, &#x27;val1&#x27;, &#x27;val2&#x27;, &#x27;val3&#x27;, &#x27;val4&#x27;, &#x27;val5&#x27;, &#x27;val6&#x27;, &#x27;val7&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;val8&#x27;, &#x27;val9&#x27;, &#x27;val10&#x27;, &#x27;val11&#x27;, &#x27;val12&#x27;, &#x27;val13&#x27;, &#x27;val14&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;val15&#x27;, &#x27;val16&#x27;, &#x27;val17&#x27;, &#x27;val18&#x27;, &#x27;val19&#x27;], dtype=object)\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * dim_0    (dim_0) int64 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19</pre><div class='xr-wrap' style='display:none'><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.DataArray</div><div class='xr-array-name'>'colname'</div><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span class='xr-has-index'>dim_0</span>: 20</li></ul></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><div class='xr-array-wrap'><input id='section-f19398b2-611e-46c8-96ac-58d863e2679b' class='xr-array-in' type='checkbox' checked><label for='section-f19398b2-611e-46c8-96ac-58d863e2679b' title='Show/hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-array-preview xr-preview'><span>&#x27;val0&#x27; &#x27;val1&#x27; &#x27;val2&#x27; &#x27;val3&#x27; &#x27;val4&#x27; ... &#x27;val16&#x27; &#x27;val17&#x27; &#x27;val18&#x27; &#x27;val19&#x27;</span></div><div class='xr-array-data'><pre>array([&#x27;val0&#x27;, &#x27;val1&#x27;, &#x27;val2&#x27;, &#x27;val3&#x27;, &#x27;val4&#x27;, &#x27;val5&#x27;, &#x27;val6&#x27;, &#x27;val7&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;val8&#x27;, &#x27;val9&#x27;, &#x27;val10&#x27;, &#x27;val11&#x27;, &#x27;val12&#x27;, &#x27;val13&#x27;, &#x27;val14&#x27;,\n",
       "       &#x27;val15&#x27;, &#x27;val16&#x27;, &#x27;val17&#x27;, &#x27;val18&#x27;, &#x27;val19&#x27;], dtype=object)</pre></div></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-c23cb7dd-a05b-4887-88bc-a6ced1bdb6f3' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-c23cb7dd-a05b-4887-88bc-a6ced1bdb6f3' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(1)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>dim_0</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(dim_0)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>int64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ... 14 15 16 17 18 19</div><input id='attrs-0c9b901d-6b7d-4637-b434-48482eefc7e2' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-0c9b901d-6b7d-4637-b434-48482eefc7e2' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-1bd6667e-526e-47e1-bde6-c16cf2de36da' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-1bd6667e-526e-47e1-bde6-c16cf2de36da' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,\n",
       "       18, 19])</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-886229fe-4839-4f10-8177-3ef216a5eb5b' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox' disabled ><label for='section-886229fe-4839-4f10-8177-3ef216a5eb5b' class='xr-section-summary'  title='Expand/collapse section'>Attributes: <span>(0)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<xarray.DataArray 'colname' (dim_0: 20)>\n",
       "array(['val0', 'val1', 'val2', 'val3', 'val4', 'val5', 'val6', 'val7',\n",
       "       'val8', 'val9', 'val10', 'val11', 'val12', 'val13', 'val14',\n",
       "       'val15', 'val16', 'val17', 'val18', 'val19'], dtype=object)\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * dim_0    (dim_0) int64 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "xr.DataArray(pd.Series(list(f\"val{i}\" for i in range(20)),\n",
    "                       index=list(range(20)), name = \"colname\"))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "id": "164dbc96",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(5, 6, 7)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data.values.shape"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "id": "e174d9ec",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "('alpha', 'beta', 'gamma')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data.dims"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "id": "9008a02e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * alpha    (alpha) <U2 'a0' 'a1' 'a2' 'a3' 'a4'\n",
       "  * beta     (beta) <U2 'b0' 'b1' 'b2' 'b3' 'b4' 'b5'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data.coords"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "45236939",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Attributes still empety"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "id": "f08941cb",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data.attrs"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ebc19b64",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Indexing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "id": "fa6f9d3e",
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
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       "array([[0.29294919, 0.6013221 , 0.78677338, 0.32532156, 0.75245173,\n",
       "        0.6437877 , 0.43915792],\n",
       "       [0.27246751, 0.8969204 , 0.87793027, 0.15273677, 0.74661816,\n",
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       "    alpha    &lt;U2 &#x27;a3&#x27;\n",
       "  * beta     (beta) &lt;U2 &#x27;b2&#x27; &#x27;b3&#x27;\n",
       "Dimensions without coordinates: gamma</pre><div class='xr-wrap' style='display:none'><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.DataArray</div><div class='xr-array-name'></div><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span class='xr-has-index'>beta</span>: 2</li><li><span>gamma</span>: 7</li></ul></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><div class='xr-array-wrap'><input id='section-d9e1e463-c168-4774-93a4-a6a07f1edb7f' class='xr-array-in' type='checkbox' checked><label for='section-d9e1e463-c168-4774-93a4-a6a07f1edb7f' title='Show/hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-array-preview xr-preview'><span>0.2929 0.6013 0.7868 0.3253 0.7525 ... 0.1527 0.7466 0.9265 0.2548</span></div><div class='xr-array-data'><pre>array([[0.29294919, 0.6013221 , 0.78677338, 0.32532156, 0.75245173,\n",
       "        0.6437877 , 0.43915792],\n",
       "       [0.27246751, 0.8969204 , 0.87793027, 0.15273677, 0.74661816,\n",
       "        0.92646989, 0.25479973]])</pre></div></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-22919273-2da4-43d7-8fff-312bd04f56e3' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-22919273-2da4-43d7-8fff-312bd04f56e3' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(2)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>alpha</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>()</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>&lt;U2</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>&#x27;a3&#x27;</div><input id='attrs-3a83a08f-a6c9-4e54-ad3d-0ebe5352ed3b' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-3a83a08f-a6c9-4e54-ad3d-0ebe5352ed3b' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-c35994f6-fc71-4e44-9a15-bd15c8e4e7e3' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-c35994f6-fc71-4e44-9a15-bd15c8e4e7e3' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array(&#x27;a3&#x27;, dtype=&#x27;&lt;U2&#x27;)</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>beta</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(beta)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>&lt;U2</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>&#x27;b2&#x27; &#x27;b3&#x27;</div><input id='attrs-32253c86-1b69-4357-947b-53d6347e5aa5' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-32253c86-1b69-4357-947b-53d6347e5aa5' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-06e4ad66-ae47-42fd-973a-1c09324d163a' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-06e4ad66-ae47-42fd-973a-1c09324d163a' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([&#x27;b2&#x27;, &#x27;b3&#x27;], dtype=&#x27;&lt;U2&#x27;)</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-0155f0c3-fbfe-4974-977a-78e913c513cd' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox' disabled ><label for='section-0155f0c3-fbfe-4974-977a-78e913c513cd' class='xr-section-summary'  title='Expand/collapse section'>Attributes: <span>(0)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<xarray.DataArray (beta: 2, gamma: 7)>\n",
       "array([[0.29294919, 0.6013221 , 0.78677338, 0.32532156, 0.75245173,\n",
       "        0.6437877 , 0.43915792],\n",
       "       [0.27246751, 0.8969204 , 0.87793027, 0.15273677, 0.74661816,\n",
       "        0.92646989, 0.25479973]])\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "    alpha    <U2 'a3'\n",
       "  * beta     (beta) <U2 'b2' 'b3'\n",
       "Dimensions without coordinates: gamma"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data.loc['a3',['b2','b3']]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "id": "05dd9689",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data.attrs['scope'] = \"all\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "id": "030b145f",
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data.sel({'alpha':'a1','beta':['b2','b3']}).attrs['positive']=\"True\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "id": "8f7bc615",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "\n",
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       "</style><pre class='xr-text-repr-fallback'>&lt;xarray.DataArray (beta: 1, gamma: 7)&gt;\n",
       "array([[0.99020923, 0.61815864, 0.89733253, 0.77660361, 0.93628946,\n",
       "        0.47107212, 0.31454367]])\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "    alpha    &lt;U2 &#x27;a1&#x27;\n",
       "  * beta     (beta) &lt;U2 &#x27;b2&#x27;\n",
       "Dimensions without coordinates: gamma\n",
       "Attributes:\n",
       "    scope:    all</pre><div class='xr-wrap' style='display:none'><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.DataArray</div><div class='xr-array-name'></div><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span class='xr-has-index'>beta</span>: 1</li><li><span>gamma</span>: 7</li></ul></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><div class='xr-array-wrap'><input id='section-af015301-5059-4b06-af95-84e4a06f9090' class='xr-array-in' type='checkbox' checked><label for='section-af015301-5059-4b06-af95-84e4a06f9090' title='Show/hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-array-preview xr-preview'><span>0.9902 0.6182 0.8973 0.7766 0.9363 0.4711 0.3145</span></div><div class='xr-array-data'><pre>array([[0.99020923, 0.61815864, 0.89733253, 0.77660361, 0.93628946,\n",
       "        0.47107212, 0.31454367]])</pre></div></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-2fa90006-1780-4caa-ad6c-b9932c29ceb6' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-2fa90006-1780-4caa-ad6c-b9932c29ceb6' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(2)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>alpha</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>()</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>&lt;U2</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>&#x27;a1&#x27;</div><input id='attrs-5da3b527-941a-4927-b33d-1664d2bd2dd1' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-5da3b527-941a-4927-b33d-1664d2bd2dd1' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-83382511-3103-4682-8fe2-1f3692896010' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-83382511-3103-4682-8fe2-1f3692896010' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array(&#x27;a1&#x27;, dtype=&#x27;&lt;U2&#x27;)</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>beta</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(beta)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>&lt;U2</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>&#x27;b2&#x27;</div><input id='attrs-1b1ca0b5-d678-4a69-b3ae-40df89c0dbae' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-1b1ca0b5-d678-4a69-b3ae-40df89c0dbae' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-6760c17d-f7ab-412a-b19f-bed6c7b010e6' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-6760c17d-f7ab-412a-b19f-bed6c7b010e6' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([&#x27;b2&#x27;], dtype=&#x27;&lt;U2&#x27;)</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-d52500f8-05fd-4e16-8dd1-554610d0820d' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-d52500f8-05fd-4e16-8dd1-554610d0820d' class='xr-section-summary' >Attributes: <span>(1)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>scope :</span></dt><dd>all</dd></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<xarray.DataArray (beta: 1, gamma: 7)>\n",
       "array([[0.99020923, 0.61815864, 0.89733253, 0.77660361, 0.93628946,\n",
       "        0.47107212, 0.31454367]])\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "    alpha    <U2 'a1'\n",
       "  * beta     (beta) <U2 'b2'\n",
       "Dimensions without coordinates: gamma\n",
       "Attributes:\n",
       "    scope:    all"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 53,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data.loc['a1',['b2']]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "id": "042f9610",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(5, 7)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 56,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data.sum(dim='beta').shape"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "id": "a1095680",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(6,)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 57,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data.sum(dim=['alpha','gamma']).shape"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "id": "1b0c0233",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data.loc['a1',['b5','b2']]-=1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 61,
   "id": "de9a92e7",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "\n",
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       "</style><pre class='xr-text-repr-fallback'>&lt;xarray.DataArray (beta: 2, gamma: 7)&gt;\n",
       "array([[-0.7254182 , -0.44272905, -0.58185521, -0.66946956, -0.37878769,\n",
       "        -0.6102657 , -0.19604565],\n",
       "       [-0.00979077, -0.38184136, -0.10266747, -0.22339639, -0.06371054,\n",
       "        -0.52892788, -0.68545633]])\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "    alpha    &lt;U2 &#x27;a1&#x27;\n",
       "  * beta     (beta) &lt;U2 &#x27;b5&#x27; &#x27;b2&#x27;\n",
       "Dimensions without coordinates: gamma\n",
       "Attributes:\n",
       "    scope:    all</pre><div class='xr-wrap' style='display:none'><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.DataArray</div><div class='xr-array-name'></div><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span class='xr-has-index'>beta</span>: 2</li><li><span>gamma</span>: 7</li></ul></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><div class='xr-array-wrap'><input id='section-f00b88b9-9b23-4a52-95d5-b419d49cf1c5' class='xr-array-in' type='checkbox' checked><label for='section-f00b88b9-9b23-4a52-95d5-b419d49cf1c5' title='Show/hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-array-preview xr-preview'><span>-0.7254 -0.4427 -0.5819 -0.6695 ... -0.2234 -0.06371 -0.5289 -0.6855</span></div><div class='xr-array-data'><pre>array([[-0.7254182 , -0.44272905, -0.58185521, -0.66946956, -0.37878769,\n",
       "        -0.6102657 , -0.19604565],\n",
       "       [-0.00979077, -0.38184136, -0.10266747, -0.22339639, -0.06371054,\n",
       "        -0.52892788, -0.68545633]])</pre></div></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-3b3cb2da-782c-424b-800b-f4933d8e0041' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-3b3cb2da-782c-424b-800b-f4933d8e0041' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(2)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>alpha</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>()</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>&lt;U2</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>&#x27;a1&#x27;</div><input id='attrs-3965427d-f80f-4cef-bec0-7cbb39216532' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-3965427d-f80f-4cef-bec0-7cbb39216532' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-d3f10a44-e565-4928-ae41-3e15116d0466' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-d3f10a44-e565-4928-ae41-3e15116d0466' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array(&#x27;a1&#x27;, dtype=&#x27;&lt;U2&#x27;)</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>beta</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(beta)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>&lt;U2</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>&#x27;b5&#x27; &#x27;b2&#x27;</div><input id='attrs-05120c15-0add-4170-b08f-a15960755629' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-05120c15-0add-4170-b08f-a15960755629' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-b7ca7e3e-6bfe-43a9-98ea-f0182d6dc727' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-b7ca7e3e-6bfe-43a9-98ea-f0182d6dc727' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([&#x27;b5&#x27;, &#x27;b2&#x27;], dtype=&#x27;&lt;U2&#x27;)</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-5c4f5306-cb4f-49e0-a25d-a9edb1bd75a4' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-5c4f5306-cb4f-49e0-a25d-a9edb1bd75a4' class='xr-section-summary' >Attributes: <span>(1)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>scope :</span></dt><dd>all</dd></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
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       "<xarray.DataArray (beta: 2, gamma: 7)>\n",
       "array([[-0.7254182 , -0.44272905, -0.58185521, -0.66946956, -0.37878769,\n",
       "        -0.6102657 , -0.19604565],\n",
       "       [-0.00979077, -0.38184136, -0.10266747, -0.22339639, -0.06371054,\n",
       "        -0.52892788, -0.68545633]])\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "    alpha    <U2 'a1'\n",
       "  * beta     (beta) <U2 'b5' 'b2'\n",
       "Dimensions without coordinates: gamma\n",
       "Attributes:\n",
       "    scope:    all"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 61,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data.loc['a1',['b5','b2']]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "id": "8c88b8f9",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
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       "...\n",
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       "Dimensions without coordinates: gamma\n",
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       "    scope:    all</pre><div class='xr-wrap' style='display:none'><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.DataArray</div><div class='xr-array-name'></div><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span class='xr-has-index'>alpha</span>: 5</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>beta</span>: 6</li><li><span>gamma</span>: 7</li></ul></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><div class='xr-array-wrap'><input id='section-35130513-109a-491a-9749-1247edb534d2' class='xr-array-in' type='checkbox' checked><label for='section-35130513-109a-491a-9749-1247edb534d2' title='Show/hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-array-preview xr-preview'><span>0.5829 0.7506 0.5674 0.7504 0.1363 ... 0.7632 0.4509 0.6274 0.1996</span></div><div class='xr-array-data'><pre>array([[[0.58285712, 0.75061301, 0.56744894, 0.75039354, 0.13631481,\n",
       "         0.17710446, 0.60954071],\n",
       "        [0.78718157, 0.8134704 , 0.65505902, 0.0305125 , 0.78297017,\n",
       "         0.69224427, 0.6069334 ],\n",
       "        [0.172684  , 0.68515484, 0.57329528, 0.07749062, 0.65564712,\n",
       "         0.80831891, 0.41943574],\n",
       "        [0.00318508, 0.66567942, 0.03393437, 0.83810594, 0.75330071,\n",
       "         0.16528575, 0.16643095],\n",
       "        [0.79936804, 0.67603547, 0.16186551, 0.25286623, 0.44839726,\n",
       "         0.6789841 , 0.53916076],\n",
       "        [0.02693341, 0.82347447, 0.82160007, 0.63880679, 0.53700843,\n",
       "         0.64158092, 0.40458046]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[0.51058267, 0.6915564 , 0.32581309, 0.82800987, 0.63642901,\n",
       "         0.14689353, 0.63008836],\n",
       "        [0.61254189, 0.61377501, 0.36711336, 0.47158532, 0.36714435,\n",
       "         0.71510097, 0.66775173],\n",
       "        [0.83614076, 0.57953553, 0.781666  , 0.70086083, 0.80536412,\n",
       "         0.45384189, 0.30938256],\n",
       "        [0.73824139, 0.30074256, 0.05256643, 0.12070822, 0.55476183,\n",
       "...\n",
       "         0.60022925, 0.42517744],\n",
       "        [0.26910873, 0.78140889, 0.7694185 , 0.15214361, 0.67916041,\n",
       "         0.79950453, 0.25205161],\n",
       "        [0.35705175, 0.02615339, 0.13083429, 0.5321933 , 0.63254507,\n",
       "         0.0142466 , 0.43641372],\n",
       "        [0.04592303, 0.04305345, 0.79028919, 0.28177056, 0.83336334,\n",
       "         0.38525426, 0.78398839]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[0.71703694, 0.58343944, 0.37875759, 0.75393059, 0.45591982,\n",
       "         0.01704276, 0.34675763],\n",
       "        [0.18474043, 0.62227621, 0.19807584, 0.47761496, 0.70403017,\n",
       "         0.12028476, 0.62650803],\n",
       "        [0.38954804, 0.7929401 , 0.32746681, 0.4349302 , 0.78809222,\n",
       "         0.53497788, 0.44665625],\n",
       "        [0.38348211, 0.47474237, 0.73702897, 0.1787502 , 0.40485362,\n",
       "         0.654961  , 0.08767285],\n",
       "        [0.43503697, 0.80390449, 0.82960112, 0.43315713, 0.40829236,\n",
       "         0.73725642, 0.64872329],\n",
       "        [0.79769404, 0.31484307, 0.23085362, 0.7632384 , 0.45090692,\n",
       "         0.62743184, 0.19963619]]])</pre></div></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-eb53f199-27c9-48b7-a657-55bc742cc5b0' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-eb53f199-27c9-48b7-a657-55bc742cc5b0' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(2)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>alpha</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(alpha)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>&lt;U2</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>&#x27;a0&#x27; &#x27;a1&#x27; &#x27;a2&#x27; &#x27;a3&#x27; &#x27;a4&#x27;</div><input id='attrs-3e8d2631-fd84-4faa-bde8-989ffbf458d4' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-3e8d2631-fd84-4faa-bde8-989ffbf458d4' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-6d4f803b-8a8f-48fb-8d3d-7bb35b7b09aa' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-6d4f803b-8a8f-48fb-8d3d-7bb35b7b09aa' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([&#x27;a0&#x27;, &#x27;a1&#x27;, &#x27;a2&#x27;, &#x27;a3&#x27;, &#x27;a4&#x27;], dtype=&#x27;&lt;U2&#x27;)</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>beta</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(beta)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>&lt;U2</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>&#x27;b0&#x27; &#x27;b1&#x27; &#x27;b2&#x27; &#x27;b3&#x27; &#x27;b4&#x27; &#x27;b5&#x27;</div><input id='attrs-cc415d40-58e9-4989-abc4-c0b0cdc22717' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-cc415d40-58e9-4989-abc4-c0b0cdc22717' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-6658c076-fc28-4254-9741-968f2d44b347' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-6658c076-fc28-4254-9741-968f2d44b347' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([&#x27;b0&#x27;, &#x27;b1&#x27;, &#x27;b2&#x27;, &#x27;b3&#x27;, &#x27;b4&#x27;, &#x27;b5&#x27;], dtype=&#x27;&lt;U2&#x27;)</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-e03fcde6-0bcd-461a-97d3-41898c626e00' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-e03fcde6-0bcd-461a-97d3-41898c626e00' class='xr-section-summary' >Attributes: <span>(1)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>scope :</span></dt><dd>all</dd></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
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       "         0.62743184, 0.19963619]]])\n",
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       "Dimensions without coordinates: gamma\n",
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     "execution_count": 58,
     "metadata": {},
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   "source": [
    "np.sin(data)"
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  {
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    "It also means that in most cases, you do not need to worry about the order of dimensions"
   ]
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   "execution_count": 62,
   "id": "4fb068a2",
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       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color-row-odd);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-dims {\n",
       "  grid-column: 2;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype {\n",
       "  grid-column: 3;\n",
       "  text-align: right;\n",
       "  color: var(--xr-font-color2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-preview {\n",
       "  grid-column: 4;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name,\n",
       ".xr-var-dims,\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype,\n",
       ".xr-preview,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt {\n",
       "  white-space: nowrap;\n",
       "  overflow: hidden;\n",
       "  text-overflow: ellipsis;\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name:hover,\n",
       ".xr-var-dims:hover,\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype:hover,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt:hover {\n",
       "  overflow: visible;\n",
       "  width: auto;\n",
       "  z-index: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color) !important;\n",
       "  padding-bottom: 5px !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs-in:checked ~ .xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data-in:checked ~ .xr-var-data {\n",
       "  display: block;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-data > table {\n",
       "  float: right;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name span,\n",
       ".xr-var-data,\n",
       ".xr-attrs {\n",
       "  padding-left: 25px !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1 / -1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "dl.xr-attrs {\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "  display: grid;\n",
       "  grid-template-columns: 125px auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dd {\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "  float: left;\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "  width: auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt {\n",
       "  font-weight: normal;\n",
       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt:hover span {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  background: var(--xr-background-color);\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dd {\n",
       "  grid-column: 2;\n",
       "  white-space: pre-wrap;\n",
       "  word-break: break-all;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-icon-database,\n",
       ".xr-icon-file-text2 {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "  width: 1em;\n",
       "  height: 1.5em !important;\n",
       "  stroke-width: 0;\n",
       "  stroke: currentColor;\n",
       "  fill: currentColor;\n",
       "}\n",
       "</style><pre class='xr-text-repr-fallback'>&lt;xarray.DataArray (alpha: 5, beta: 6, gamma: 7)&gt;\n",
       "array([[[0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]]])\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * alpha    (alpha) &lt;U2 &#x27;a0&#x27; &#x27;a1&#x27; &#x27;a2&#x27; &#x27;a3&#x27; &#x27;a4&#x27;\n",
       "  * beta     (beta) &lt;U2 &#x27;b0&#x27; &#x27;b1&#x27; &#x27;b2&#x27; &#x27;b3&#x27; &#x27;b4&#x27; &#x27;b5&#x27;\n",
       "Dimensions without coordinates: gamma</pre><div class='xr-wrap' style='display:none'><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.DataArray</div><div class='xr-array-name'></div><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span class='xr-has-index'>alpha</span>: 5</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>beta</span>: 6</li><li><span>gamma</span>: 7</li></ul></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><div class='xr-array-wrap'><input id='section-24535342-a85b-409c-be31-f8ec99a4338c' class='xr-array-in' type='checkbox' checked><label for='section-24535342-a85b-409c-be31-f8ec99a4338c' title='Show/hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-array-preview xr-preview'><span>0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ... 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0</span></div><div class='xr-array-data'><pre>array([[[0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]]])</pre></div></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-dc6ebd52-bb4f-4df6-9328-c454f8ea27de' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-dc6ebd52-bb4f-4df6-9328-c454f8ea27de' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(2)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>alpha</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(alpha)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>&lt;U2</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>&#x27;a0&#x27; &#x27;a1&#x27; &#x27;a2&#x27; &#x27;a3&#x27; &#x27;a4&#x27;</div><input id='attrs-99937e28-e140-47a6-bcfd-65ea07a5233a' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-99937e28-e140-47a6-bcfd-65ea07a5233a' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-be6d53e2-fc77-4301-9ee9-5565277db775' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-be6d53e2-fc77-4301-9ee9-5565277db775' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([&#x27;a0&#x27;, &#x27;a1&#x27;, &#x27;a2&#x27;, &#x27;a3&#x27;, &#x27;a4&#x27;], dtype=&#x27;&lt;U2&#x27;)</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>beta</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(beta)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>&lt;U2</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>&#x27;b0&#x27; &#x27;b1&#x27; &#x27;b2&#x27; &#x27;b3&#x27; &#x27;b4&#x27; &#x27;b5&#x27;</div><input id='attrs-d0a7d343-41a2-434e-b5e5-924c23b241bf' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-d0a7d343-41a2-434e-b5e5-924c23b241bf' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-427478bd-7210-404a-81d3-0913688250ac' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-427478bd-7210-404a-81d3-0913688250ac' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([&#x27;b0&#x27;, &#x27;b1&#x27;, &#x27;b2&#x27;, &#x27;b3&#x27;, &#x27;b4&#x27;, &#x27;b5&#x27;], dtype=&#x27;&lt;U2&#x27;)</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-99e88505-3f53-47c6-aa67-5d849cad5cfa' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox' disabled ><label for='section-99e88505-3f53-47c6-aa67-5d849cad5cfa' class='xr-section-summary'  title='Expand/collapse section'>Attributes: <span>(0)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<xarray.DataArray (alpha: 5, beta: 6, gamma: 7)>\n",
       "array([[[0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.],\n",
       "        [0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.]]])\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * alpha    (alpha) <U2 'a0' 'a1' 'a2' 'a3' 'a4'\n",
       "  * beta     (beta) <U2 'b0' 'b1' 'b2' 'b3' 'b4' 'b5'\n",
       "Dimensions without coordinates: gamma"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 62,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data-data.T"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "a93dec1f",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Group By"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 69,
   "id": "916336f0",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "  color: var(--xr-disabled-color);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary-in:checked + label:before {\n",
       "  content: '▼';\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary-in:checked + label > span {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary,\n",
       ".xr-section-inline-details {\n",
       "  padding-top: 4px;\n",
       "  padding-bottom: 4px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-inline-details {\n",
       "  grid-column: 2 / -1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-details {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "  grid-column: 1 / -1;\n",
       "  margin-bottom: 5px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-section-summary-in:checked ~ .xr-section-details {\n",
       "  display: contents;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-array-wrap {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1 / -1;\n",
       "  display: grid;\n",
       "  grid-template-columns: 20px auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-array-wrap > label {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "  vertical-align: top;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-preview {\n",
       "  color: var(--xr-font-color3);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-array-preview,\n",
       ".xr-array-data {\n",
       "  padding: 0 5px !important;\n",
       "  grid-column: 2;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-array-data,\n",
       ".xr-array-in:checked ~ .xr-array-preview {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-array-in:checked ~ .xr-array-data,\n",
       ".xr-array-preview {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list {\n",
       "  display: inline-block !important;\n",
       "  list-style: none;\n",
       "  padding: 0 !important;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list li {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list:before {\n",
       "  content: '(';\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list:after {\n",
       "  content: ')';\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list li:not(:last-child):after {\n",
       "  content: ',';\n",
       "  padding-right: 5px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-has-index {\n",
       "  font-weight: bold;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-list,\n",
       ".xr-var-item {\n",
       "  display: contents;\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-var-item > div,\n",
       ".xr-var-item label,\n",
       ".xr-var-item > .xr-var-name span {\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color-row-even);\n",
       "  margin-bottom: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-item > .xr-var-name:hover span {\n",
       "  padding-right: 5px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-list > li:nth-child(odd) > div,\n",
       ".xr-var-list > li:nth-child(odd) > label,\n",
       ".xr-var-list > li:nth-child(odd) > .xr-var-name span {\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color-row-odd);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-dims {\n",
       "  grid-column: 2;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype {\n",
       "  grid-column: 3;\n",
       "  text-align: right;\n",
       "  color: var(--xr-font-color2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-preview {\n",
       "  grid-column: 4;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name,\n",
       ".xr-var-dims,\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype,\n",
       ".xr-preview,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt {\n",
       "  white-space: nowrap;\n",
       "  overflow: hidden;\n",
       "  text-overflow: ellipsis;\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name:hover,\n",
       ".xr-var-dims:hover,\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype:hover,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt:hover {\n",
       "  overflow: visible;\n",
       "  width: auto;\n",
       "  z-index: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color) !important;\n",
       "  padding-bottom: 5px !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs-in:checked ~ .xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data-in:checked ~ .xr-var-data {\n",
       "  display: block;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-data > table {\n",
       "  float: right;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name span,\n",
       ".xr-var-data,\n",
       ".xr-attrs {\n",
       "  padding-left: 25px !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1 / -1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "dl.xr-attrs {\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "  display: grid;\n",
       "  grid-template-columns: 125px auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dd {\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "  float: left;\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "  width: auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt {\n",
       "  font-weight: normal;\n",
       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt:hover span {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  background: var(--xr-background-color);\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dd {\n",
       "  grid-column: 2;\n",
       "  white-space: pre-wrap;\n",
       "  word-break: break-all;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-icon-database,\n",
       ".xr-icon-file-text2 {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "  width: 1em;\n",
       "  height: 1.5em !important;\n",
       "  stroke-width: 0;\n",
       "  stroke: currentColor;\n",
       "  fill: currentColor;\n",
       "}\n",
       "</style><pre class='xr-text-repr-fallback'>&lt;xarray.DataArray &#x27;labels&#x27; (alpha: 5)&gt;\n",
       "array([&#x27;E&#x27;, &#x27;F&#x27;, &#x27;G&#x27;, &#x27;C&#x27;, &#x27;E&#x27;], dtype=&#x27;&lt;U1&#x27;)\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * alpha    (alpha) &lt;U2 &#x27;a0&#x27; &#x27;a1&#x27; &#x27;a2&#x27; &#x27;a3&#x27; &#x27;a4&#x27;</pre><div class='xr-wrap' style='display:none'><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.DataArray</div><div class='xr-array-name'>'labels'</div><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span class='xr-has-index'>alpha</span>: 5</li></ul></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><div class='xr-array-wrap'><input id='section-005c58a1-37aa-418b-bd5c-98cbbda75208' class='xr-array-in' type='checkbox' checked><label for='section-005c58a1-37aa-418b-bd5c-98cbbda75208' title='Show/hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-array-preview xr-preview'><span>&#x27;E&#x27; &#x27;F&#x27; &#x27;G&#x27; &#x27;C&#x27; &#x27;E&#x27;</span></div><div class='xr-array-data'><pre>array([&#x27;E&#x27;, &#x27;F&#x27;, &#x27;G&#x27;, &#x27;C&#x27;, &#x27;E&#x27;], dtype=&#x27;&lt;U1&#x27;)</pre></div></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-20df6392-8bc4-4e6e-993e-b56a28b2a830' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-20df6392-8bc4-4e6e-993e-b56a28b2a830' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(1)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>alpha</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(alpha)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>&lt;U2</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>&#x27;a0&#x27; &#x27;a1&#x27; &#x27;a2&#x27; &#x27;a3&#x27; &#x27;a4&#x27;</div><input id='attrs-74f96852-4c2d-400d-9036-4c5185f777b5' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-74f96852-4c2d-400d-9036-4c5185f777b5' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-fd93b9f6-61c4-4fe9-a947-5a8625664051' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-fd93b9f6-61c4-4fe9-a947-5a8625664051' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([&#x27;a0&#x27;, &#x27;a1&#x27;, &#x27;a2&#x27;, &#x27;a3&#x27;, &#x27;a4&#x27;], dtype=&#x27;&lt;U2&#x27;)</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-c4a5c89d-418b-47b1-9df6-d10bdbfd3c7a' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox' disabled ><label for='section-c4a5c89d-418b-47b1-9df6-d10bdbfd3c7a' class='xr-section-summary'  title='Expand/collapse section'>Attributes: <span>(0)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<xarray.DataArray 'labels' (alpha: 5)>\n",
       "array(['E', 'F', 'G', 'C', 'E'], dtype='<U1')\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * alpha    (alpha) <U2 'a0' 'a1' 'a2' 'a3' 'a4'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 69,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "labels = xr.DataArray(\n",
    "    [\"E\",\"F\",\"G\",\"C\",\"E\"],[data.coords['alpha']], name='labels')\n",
    "labels"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 77,
   "id": "9ce9fc89",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-dims {\n",
       "  grid-column: 2;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype {\n",
       "  grid-column: 3;\n",
       "  text-align: right;\n",
       "  color: var(--xr-font-color2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-preview {\n",
       "  grid-column: 4;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name,\n",
       ".xr-var-dims,\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype,\n",
       ".xr-preview,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt {\n",
       "  white-space: nowrap;\n",
       "  overflow: hidden;\n",
       "  text-overflow: ellipsis;\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name:hover,\n",
       ".xr-var-dims:hover,\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype:hover,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt:hover {\n",
       "  overflow: visible;\n",
       "  width: auto;\n",
       "  z-index: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color) !important;\n",
       "  padding-bottom: 5px !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs-in:checked ~ .xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data-in:checked ~ .xr-var-data {\n",
       "  display: block;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-data > table {\n",
       "  float: right;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name span,\n",
       ".xr-var-data,\n",
       ".xr-attrs {\n",
       "  padding-left: 25px !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1 / -1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "dl.xr-attrs {\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "  display: grid;\n",
       "  grid-template-columns: 125px auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dd {\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "  float: left;\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "  width: auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt {\n",
       "  font-weight: normal;\n",
       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt:hover span {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  background: var(--xr-background-color);\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dd {\n",
       "  grid-column: 2;\n",
       "  white-space: pre-wrap;\n",
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       "\n",
       ".xr-icon-database,\n",
       ".xr-icon-file-text2 {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "  width: 1em;\n",
       "  height: 1.5em !important;\n",
       "  stroke-width: 0;\n",
       "  stroke: currentColor;\n",
       "  fill: currentColor;\n",
       "}\n",
       "</style><pre class='xr-text-repr-fallback'>&lt;xarray.DataArray (alpha: 5, beta: 6)&gt;\n",
       "array([[ 0.55622238,  0.70247355,  0.52937354,  0.42080785,  0.55251769,\n",
       "         0.61879538],\n",
       "       [ 0.58941118,  0.58442676, -0.28511296,  0.38469164,  0.37965861,\n",
       "        -0.51493872],\n",
       "       [ 0.4624802 ,  0.32548678,  0.36891922,  0.57929223,  0.46891296,\n",
       "         0.32755125],\n",
       "       [ 0.48165336,  0.69198201,  0.54882337,  0.5897061 ,  0.31919378,\n",
       "         0.50966271],\n",
       "       [ 0.50136265,  0.44764079,  0.57636456,  0.44505003,  0.6808264 ,\n",
       "         0.52743384]])\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * alpha    (alpha) &lt;U2 &#x27;a0&#x27; &#x27;a1&#x27; &#x27;a2&#x27; &#x27;a3&#x27; &#x27;a4&#x27;\n",
       "  * beta     (beta) &lt;U2 &#x27;b0&#x27; &#x27;b1&#x27; &#x27;b2&#x27; &#x27;b3&#x27; &#x27;b4&#x27; &#x27;b5&#x27;</pre><div class='xr-wrap' style='display:none'><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.DataArray</div><div class='xr-array-name'></div><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span class='xr-has-index'>alpha</span>: 5</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>beta</span>: 6</li></ul></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><div class='xr-array-wrap'><input id='section-bbb7e867-6d58-470c-ae46-2d6e31aae885' class='xr-array-in' type='checkbox' checked><label for='section-bbb7e867-6d58-470c-ae46-2d6e31aae885' title='Show/hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-array-preview xr-preview'><span>0.5562 0.7025 0.5294 0.4208 0.5525 ... 0.5764 0.4451 0.6808 0.5274</span></div><div class='xr-array-data'><pre>array([[ 0.55622238,  0.70247355,  0.52937354,  0.42080785,  0.55251769,\n",
       "         0.61879538],\n",
       "       [ 0.58941118,  0.58442676, -0.28511296,  0.38469164,  0.37965861,\n",
       "        -0.51493872],\n",
       "       [ 0.4624802 ,  0.32548678,  0.36891922,  0.57929223,  0.46891296,\n",
       "         0.32755125],\n",
       "       [ 0.48165336,  0.69198201,  0.54882337,  0.5897061 ,  0.31919378,\n",
       "         0.50966271],\n",
       "       [ 0.50136265,  0.44764079,  0.57636456,  0.44505003,  0.6808264 ,\n",
       "         0.52743384]])</pre></div></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-71684c21-ff78-4a06-982a-47ac512a707f' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-71684c21-ff78-4a06-982a-47ac512a707f' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(2)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>alpha</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(alpha)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>&lt;U2</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>&#x27;a0&#x27; &#x27;a1&#x27; &#x27;a2&#x27; &#x27;a3&#x27; &#x27;a4&#x27;</div><input id='attrs-1c173935-695e-4485-9016-0f5d84333977' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-1c173935-695e-4485-9016-0f5d84333977' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-354562e1-e945-4c12-959b-9550ece20be7' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-354562e1-e945-4c12-959b-9550ece20be7' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([&#x27;a0&#x27;, &#x27;a1&#x27;, &#x27;a2&#x27;, &#x27;a3&#x27;, &#x27;a4&#x27;], dtype=&#x27;&lt;U2&#x27;)</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>beta</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(beta)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>&lt;U2</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>&#x27;b0&#x27; &#x27;b1&#x27; &#x27;b2&#x27; &#x27;b3&#x27; &#x27;b4&#x27; &#x27;b5&#x27;</div><input id='attrs-5b434765-63f9-434c-80ac-45bdf1246ead' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-5b434765-63f9-434c-80ac-45bdf1246ead' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-1db5ca6d-4c15-4236-a3b0-d39d1648ec84' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-1db5ca6d-4c15-4236-a3b0-d39d1648ec84' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([&#x27;b0&#x27;, &#x27;b1&#x27;, &#x27;b2&#x27;, &#x27;b3&#x27;, &#x27;b4&#x27;, &#x27;b5&#x27;], dtype=&#x27;&lt;U2&#x27;)</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-b6354cec-7e36-4adc-a61c-3a98f8ba8a61' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox' disabled ><label for='section-b6354cec-7e36-4adc-a61c-3a98f8ba8a61' class='xr-section-summary'  title='Expand/collapse section'>Attributes: <span>(0)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<xarray.DataArray (alpha: 5, beta: 6)>\n",
       "array([[ 0.55622238,  0.70247355,  0.52937354,  0.42080785,  0.55251769,\n",
       "         0.61879538],\n",
       "       [ 0.58941118,  0.58442676, -0.28511296,  0.38469164,  0.37965861,\n",
       "        -0.51493872],\n",
       "       [ 0.4624802 ,  0.32548678,  0.36891922,  0.57929223,  0.46891296,\n",
       "         0.32755125],\n",
       "       [ 0.48165336,  0.69198201,  0.54882337,  0.5897061 ,  0.31919378,\n",
       "         0.50966271],\n",
       "       [ 0.50136265,  0.44764079,  0.57636456,  0.44505003,  0.6808264 ,\n",
       "         0.52743384]])\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * alpha    (alpha) <U2 'a0' 'a1' 'a2' 'a3' 'a4'\n",
       "  * beta     (beta) <U2 'b0' 'b1' 'b2' 'b3' 'b4' 'b5'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 77,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data.groupby(labels).mean(\"gamma\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 80,
   "id": "c0fcc582",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = xr.DataArray(np.random.randn(5), coords = [data.coords['alpha']])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 84,
   "id": "4ee4538d",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "b = xr.DataArray(np.random.randn(6), dims ='zeta' )"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 86,
   "id": "f437f3ca",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "\n",
       ".xr-var-list > li:nth-child(odd) > div,\n",
       ".xr-var-list > li:nth-child(odd) > label,\n",
       ".xr-var-list > li:nth-child(odd) > .xr-var-name span {\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color-row-odd);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-dims {\n",
       "  grid-column: 2;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype {\n",
       "  grid-column: 3;\n",
       "  text-align: right;\n",
       "  color: var(--xr-font-color2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-preview {\n",
       "  grid-column: 4;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name,\n",
       ".xr-var-dims,\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype,\n",
       ".xr-preview,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt {\n",
       "  white-space: nowrap;\n",
       "  overflow: hidden;\n",
       "  text-overflow: ellipsis;\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name:hover,\n",
       ".xr-var-dims:hover,\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype:hover,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt:hover {\n",
       "  overflow: visible;\n",
       "  width: auto;\n",
       "  z-index: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color) !important;\n",
       "  padding-bottom: 5px !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs-in:checked ~ .xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data-in:checked ~ .xr-var-data {\n",
       "  display: block;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-data > table {\n",
       "  float: right;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name span,\n",
       ".xr-var-data,\n",
       ".xr-attrs {\n",
       "  padding-left: 25px !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1 / -1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "dl.xr-attrs {\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "  display: grid;\n",
       "  grid-template-columns: 125px auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dd {\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "  float: left;\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "  width: auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt {\n",
       "  font-weight: normal;\n",
       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt:hover span {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  background: var(--xr-background-color);\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dd {\n",
       "  grid-column: 2;\n",
       "  white-space: pre-wrap;\n",
       "  word-break: break-all;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-icon-database,\n",
       ".xr-icon-file-text2 {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "  width: 1em;\n",
       "  height: 1.5em !important;\n",
       "  stroke-width: 0;\n",
       "  stroke: currentColor;\n",
       "  fill: currentColor;\n",
       "}\n",
       "</style><pre class='xr-text-repr-fallback'>&lt;xarray.DataArray (alpha: 5, zeta: 6)&gt;\n",
       "array([[ 0.50958444,  0.7936628 ,  1.44580721,  2.33965024,  1.64950209,\n",
       "         0.68511181],\n",
       "       [-1.69425049, -1.41017213, -0.75802773,  0.13581531, -0.55433284,\n",
       "        -1.51872312],\n",
       "       [-2.32731077, -2.04323241, -1.391088  , -0.49724497, -1.18739312,\n",
       "        -2.1517834 ],\n",
       "       [ 0.18642363,  0.47050199,  1.1226464 ,  2.01648944,  1.32634128,\n",
       "         0.361951  ],\n",
       "       [-1.76858347, -1.48450511, -0.8323607 ,  0.06148233, -0.62866582,\n",
       "        -1.5930561 ]])\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * alpha    (alpha) &lt;U2 &#x27;a0&#x27; &#x27;a1&#x27; &#x27;a2&#x27; &#x27;a3&#x27; &#x27;a4&#x27;\n",
       "Dimensions without coordinates: zeta</pre><div class='xr-wrap' style='display:none'><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.DataArray</div><div class='xr-array-name'></div><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span class='xr-has-index'>alpha</span>: 5</li><li><span>zeta</span>: 6</li></ul></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><div class='xr-array-wrap'><input id='section-cda0c8cf-c0ef-43de-8678-067577247805' class='xr-array-in' type='checkbox' checked><label for='section-cda0c8cf-c0ef-43de-8678-067577247805' title='Show/hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-array-preview xr-preview'><span>0.5096 0.7937 1.446 2.34 1.65 ... -0.8324 0.06148 -0.6287 -1.593</span></div><div class='xr-array-data'><pre>array([[ 0.50958444,  0.7936628 ,  1.44580721,  2.33965024,  1.64950209,\n",
       "         0.68511181],\n",
       "       [-1.69425049, -1.41017213, -0.75802773,  0.13581531, -0.55433284,\n",
       "        -1.51872312],\n",
       "       [-2.32731077, -2.04323241, -1.391088  , -0.49724497, -1.18739312,\n",
       "        -2.1517834 ],\n",
       "       [ 0.18642363,  0.47050199,  1.1226464 ,  2.01648944,  1.32634128,\n",
       "         0.361951  ],\n",
       "       [-1.76858347, -1.48450511, -0.8323607 ,  0.06148233, -0.62866582,\n",
       "        -1.5930561 ]])</pre></div></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-6f3618ce-999c-4234-95cd-675f203c67ec' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-6f3618ce-999c-4234-95cd-675f203c67ec' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(1)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>alpha</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(alpha)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>&lt;U2</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>&#x27;a0&#x27; &#x27;a1&#x27; &#x27;a2&#x27; &#x27;a3&#x27; &#x27;a4&#x27;</div><input id='attrs-6237233d-d1fb-43ea-b23f-ace0eccef3c1' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-6237233d-d1fb-43ea-b23f-ace0eccef3c1' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-6c25b657-f01e-4d71-83ff-8d534d55a437' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-6c25b657-f01e-4d71-83ff-8d534d55a437' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([&#x27;a0&#x27;, &#x27;a1&#x27;, &#x27;a2&#x27;, &#x27;a3&#x27;, &#x27;a4&#x27;], dtype=&#x27;&lt;U2&#x27;)</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-a5d8850f-20e6-45a5-8012-920c67094550' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox' disabled ><label for='section-a5d8850f-20e6-45a5-8012-920c67094550' class='xr-section-summary'  title='Expand/collapse section'>Attributes: <span>(0)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<xarray.DataArray (alpha: 5, zeta: 6)>\n",
       "array([[ 0.50958444,  0.7936628 ,  1.44580721,  2.33965024,  1.64950209,\n",
       "         0.68511181],\n",
       "       [-1.69425049, -1.41017213, -0.75802773,  0.13581531, -0.55433284,\n",
       "        -1.51872312],\n",
       "       [-2.32731077, -2.04323241, -1.391088  , -0.49724497, -1.18739312,\n",
       "        -2.1517834 ],\n",
       "       [ 0.18642363,  0.47050199,  1.1226464 ,  2.01648944,  1.32634128,\n",
       "         0.361951  ],\n",
       "       [-1.76858347, -1.48450511, -0.8323607 ,  0.06148233, -0.62866582,\n",
       "        -1.5930561 ]])\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * alpha    (alpha) <U2 'a0' 'a1' 'a2' 'a3' 'a4'\n",
       "Dimensions without coordinates: zeta"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 86,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a + b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "399d5f60",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Plot"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 89,
   "id": "2ae46172",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "/home/ray/anaconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xarray/plot/plot.py:1476: MatplotlibDeprecationWarning: shading='flat' when X and Y have the same dimensions as C is deprecated since 3.3.  Either specify the corners of the quadrilaterals with X and Y, or pass shading='auto', 'nearest' or 'gouraud', or set rcParams['pcolor.shading'].  This will become an error two minor releases later.\n",
      "  primitive = ax.pcolormesh(x, y, z, **kwargs)\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.collections.QuadMesh at 0x7fe0dc3f6850>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 89,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 432x288 with 2 Axes>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {
      "needs_background": "light"
     },
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data.loc['a1'].plot()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "aafd041d",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### to series"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 91,
   "id": "d532a5aa",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
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       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
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       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>alpha</th>\n",
       "      <th>beta</th>\n",
       "      <th>gamma</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\">a0</th>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\">b0</th>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.622240</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.848989</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.603404</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.848657</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.136741</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\">a4</th>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\">b5</th>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.232955</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.868310</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.467781</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.678251</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.200987</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>210 rows × 1 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                         0\n",
       "alpha beta gamma          \n",
       "a0    b0   0      0.622240\n",
       "           1      0.848989\n",
       "           2      0.603404\n",
       "           3      0.848657\n",
       "           4      0.136741\n",
       "...                    ...\n",
       "a4    b5   2      0.232955\n",
       "           3      0.868310\n",
       "           4      0.467781\n",
       "           5      0.678251\n",
       "           6      0.200987\n",
       "\n",
       "[210 rows x 1 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 91,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.DataFrame(data.to_series())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "b8a2b178",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Datasets"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 96,
   "id": "1814e69f",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ds = xr.Dataset(dict(foo=data,bar=('alpha',[9,8,7,6,5]), baz=np.pi))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "4b6c0a3e",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "```bar``` in this case is aligned with ```foo```'s ```alpha```"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 97,
   "id": "8bf0960c",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
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       "</style><pre class='xr-text-repr-fallback'>&lt;xarray.Dataset&gt;\n",
       "Dimensions:  (alpha: 5, beta: 6, gamma: 7)\n",
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       "Dimensions without coordinates: gamma\n",
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       "    foo      (alpha, beta, gamma) float64 0.6222 0.849 0.6034 ... 0.6783 0.201\n",
       "    bar      (alpha) int64 9 8 7 6 5\n",
       "    baz      float64 3.142</pre><div class='xr-wrap' style='display:none'><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.Dataset</div></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-63eccd3c-0a38-41ca-91ca-a42f04f32a94' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox' disabled ><label for='section-63eccd3c-0a38-41ca-91ca-a42f04f32a94' class='xr-section-summary'  title='Expand/collapse section'>Dimensions:</label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span class='xr-has-index'>alpha</span>: 5</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>beta</span>: 6</li><li><span>gamma</span>: 7</li></ul></div><div class='xr-section-details'></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-8e8dae9d-8ef0-4233-8e9e-0c5fad956773' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-8e8dae9d-8ef0-4233-8e9e-0c5fad956773' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(2)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>alpha</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(alpha)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>&lt;U2</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>&#x27;a0&#x27; &#x27;a1&#x27; &#x27;a2&#x27; &#x27;a3&#x27; &#x27;a4&#x27;</div><input id='attrs-43ca8493-0d57-42d2-b1d5-759829179e00' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-43ca8493-0d57-42d2-b1d5-759829179e00' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-0903bcb3-9f13-49e3-8432-58e1cdb8e876' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-0903bcb3-9f13-49e3-8432-58e1cdb8e876' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([&#x27;a0&#x27;, &#x27;a1&#x27;, &#x27;a2&#x27;, &#x27;a3&#x27;, &#x27;a4&#x27;], dtype=&#x27;&lt;U2&#x27;)</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>beta</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(beta)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>&lt;U2</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>&#x27;b0&#x27; &#x27;b1&#x27; &#x27;b2&#x27; &#x27;b3&#x27; &#x27;b4&#x27; &#x27;b5&#x27;</div><input id='attrs-3d0fa0e1-4301-4bc3-985c-92c970e5745f' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-3d0fa0e1-4301-4bc3-985c-92c970e5745f' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-9d469721-8e51-425b-9b74-64abc74d9dc4' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-9d469721-8e51-425b-9b74-64abc74d9dc4' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([&#x27;b0&#x27;, &#x27;b1&#x27;, &#x27;b2&#x27;, &#x27;b3&#x27;, &#x27;b4&#x27;, &#x27;b5&#x27;], dtype=&#x27;&lt;U2&#x27;)</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-f7a2cf03-a00a-4792-95ae-a4916df44ae9' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-f7a2cf03-a00a-4792-95ae-a4916df44ae9' class='xr-section-summary' >Data variables: <span>(3)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>foo</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(alpha, beta, gamma)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>0.6222 0.849 ... 0.6783 0.201</div><input id='attrs-5c72d6a4-57c5-41f4-a44a-55cd67a8234d' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-5c72d6a4-57c5-41f4-a44a-55cd67a8234d' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-2d7ee4cb-742b-4164-95c6-a39fea6f5d7e' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-2d7ee4cb-742b-4164-95c6-a39fea6f5d7e' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>scope :</span></dt><dd>all</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([[[ 0.62224041,  0.84898935,  0.60340436,  0.84865726,\n",
       "          0.13674054,  0.17804362,  0.65548111],\n",
       "        [ 0.90622555,  0.95009437,  0.71426073,  0.03051724,\n",
       "          0.89942631,  0.76459429,  0.65219633],\n",
       "        [ 0.17355396,  0.75481626,  0.61052205,  0.07756838,\n",
       "          0.71503934,  0.94129112,  0.43282365],\n",
       "        [ 0.00318509,  0.72840391,  0.03394089,  0.99380179,\n",
       "          0.8530665 ,  0.16604774,  0.16720903],\n",
       "        [ 0.92624269,  0.74236903,  0.1625808 ,  0.25564163,\n",
       "          0.46497142,  0.74637797,  0.56944031],\n",
       "        [ 0.02693667,  0.96750807,  0.9642122 ,  0.69294637,\n",
       "          0.56688679,  0.69655751,  0.41652003]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[ 0.53586231,  0.76364155,  0.33187162,  0.97554905,\n",
       "          0.68985975,  0.147427  ,  0.681667  ],\n",
       "        [ 0.6592724 ,  0.66083339,  0.37590379,  0.4910877 ,\n",
       "          0.37593711,  0.79676855,  0.73118437],\n",
       "        [-0.00979077, -0.38184136, -0.10266747, -0.22339639,\n",
       "         -0.06371054, -0.52892788, -0.68545633],\n",
       "        [ 0.83045949,  0.30547117,  0.05259066,  0.12100328,\n",
       "...\n",
       "          0.75245173,  0.6437877 ,  0.43915792],\n",
       "        [ 0.27246751,  0.8969204 ,  0.87793027,  0.15273677,\n",
       "          0.74661816,  0.92646989,  0.25479973],\n",
       "        [ 0.36510968,  0.02615638,  0.13121046,  0.56118911,\n",
       "          0.68483481,  0.01424708,  0.45160892],\n",
       "        [ 0.04593919,  0.04306676,  0.91128083,  0.28563894,\n",
       "          0.98516507,  0.39548333,  0.90106486]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[ 0.79954203,  0.62295723,  0.3884535 ,  0.85402477,\n",
       "          0.47340543,  0.01704358,  0.35411203],\n",
       "        [ 0.18580774,  0.67164715,  0.19939447,  0.49793801,\n",
       "          0.78105659,  0.12057672,  0.67706486],\n",
       "        [ 0.40014082,  0.91561934,  0.33362131,  0.44996076,\n",
       "          0.90770355,  0.56448156,  0.46302457],\n",
       "        [ 0.39356372,  0.49467129,  0.82866384,  0.17971604,\n",
       "          0.41681874,  0.71413101,  0.08778555],\n",
       "        [ 0.45007934,  0.93383123,  0.97839292,  0.44799263,\n",
       "          0.42058261,  0.82900044,  0.70590561],\n",
       "        [ 0.92346174,  0.32029131,  0.23295491,  0.86831048,\n",
       "          0.46778116,  0.67825068,  0.20098662]]])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>bar</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(alpha)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>int64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>9 8 7 6 5</div><input id='attrs-c9aaeebf-8c7d-4860-99e2-30a5ec58ffc2' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-c9aaeebf-8c7d-4860-99e2-30a5ec58ffc2' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-bdedcbc6-6f0f-46e4-a70d-921530c80c86' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-bdedcbc6-6f0f-46e4-a70d-921530c80c86' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([9, 8, 7, 6, 5])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>baz</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>()</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>3.142</div><input id='attrs-c69bc4ee-d304-4d0e-8f46-c9f61fc3c0e8' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-c69bc4ee-d304-4d0e-8f46-c9f61fc3c0e8' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-871eb896-9349-4357-b195-b18b95f800e7' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-871eb896-9349-4357-b195-b18b95f800e7' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array(3.14159265)</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-34b05282-bdc4-4438-bed8-fc58822f4616' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox' disabled ><label for='section-34b05282-bdc4-4438-bed8-fc58822f4616' class='xr-section-summary'  title='Expand/collapse section'>Attributes: <span>(0)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<xarray.Dataset>\n",
       "Dimensions:  (alpha: 5, beta: 6, gamma: 7)\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * alpha    (alpha) <U2 'a0' 'a1' 'a2' 'a3' 'a4'\n",
       "  * beta     (beta) <U2 'b0' 'b1' 'b2' 'b3' 'b4' 'b5'\n",
       "Dimensions without coordinates: gamma\n",
       "Data variables:\n",
       "    foo      (alpha, beta, gamma) float64 0.6222 0.849 0.6034 ... 0.6783 0.201\n",
       "    bar      (alpha) int64 9 8 7 6 5\n",
       "    baz      float64 3.142"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 97,
     "metadata": {},
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    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ds"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "9921eb7a",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Save and load dataset"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 98,
   "id": "9e46f0fb",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ds.to_netcdf('somedata.nc')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 99,
   "id": "24dd03e6",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "/home/ray/anaconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/xarray/backends/plugins.py:61: RuntimeWarning: Engine 'cfgrib' loading failed:\n",
      "Cannot find the ecCodes library\n",
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       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list:before {\n",
       "  content: '(';\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list:after {\n",
       "  content: ')';\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-dim-list li:not(:last-child):after {\n",
       "  content: ',';\n",
       "  padding-right: 5px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-has-index {\n",
       "  font-weight: bold;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-list,\n",
       ".xr-var-item {\n",
       "  display: contents;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-item > div,\n",
       ".xr-var-item label,\n",
       ".xr-var-item > .xr-var-name span {\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color-row-even);\n",
       "  margin-bottom: 0;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-item > .xr-var-name:hover span {\n",
       "  padding-right: 5px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-list > li:nth-child(odd) > div,\n",
       ".xr-var-list > li:nth-child(odd) > label,\n",
       ".xr-var-list > li:nth-child(odd) > .xr-var-name span {\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color-row-odd);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-dims {\n",
       "  grid-column: 2;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype {\n",
       "  grid-column: 3;\n",
       "  text-align: right;\n",
       "  color: var(--xr-font-color2);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-preview {\n",
       "  grid-column: 4;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name,\n",
       ".xr-var-dims,\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype,\n",
       ".xr-preview,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt {\n",
       "  white-space: nowrap;\n",
       "  overflow: hidden;\n",
       "  text-overflow: ellipsis;\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name:hover,\n",
       ".xr-var-dims:hover,\n",
       ".xr-var-dtype:hover,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt:hover {\n",
       "  overflow: visible;\n",
       "  width: auto;\n",
       "  z-index: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data {\n",
       "  display: none;\n",
       "  background-color: var(--xr-background-color) !important;\n",
       "  padding-bottom: 5px !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs-in:checked ~ .xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data-in:checked ~ .xr-var-data {\n",
       "  display: block;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-data > table {\n",
       "  float: right;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-var-name span,\n",
       ".xr-var-data,\n",
       ".xr-attrs {\n",
       "  padding-left: 25px !important;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-attrs,\n",
       ".xr-var-data {\n",
       "  grid-column: 1 / -1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "dl.xr-attrs {\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "  display: grid;\n",
       "  grid-template-columns: 125px auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt,\n",
       ".xr-attrs dd {\n",
       "  padding: 0;\n",
       "  margin: 0;\n",
       "  float: left;\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "  width: auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt {\n",
       "  font-weight: normal;\n",
       "  grid-column: 1;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dt:hover span {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  background: var(--xr-background-color);\n",
       "  padding-right: 10px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-attrs dd {\n",
       "  grid-column: 2;\n",
       "  white-space: pre-wrap;\n",
       "  word-break: break-all;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".xr-icon-database,\n",
       ".xr-icon-file-text2 {\n",
       "  display: inline-block;\n",
       "  vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "  width: 1em;\n",
       "  height: 1.5em !important;\n",
       "  stroke-width: 0;\n",
       "  stroke: currentColor;\n",
       "  fill: currentColor;\n",
       "}\n",
       "</style><pre class='xr-text-repr-fallback'>&lt;xarray.Dataset&gt;\n",
       "Dimensions:  (alpha: 5, beta: 6, gamma: 7)\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * alpha    (alpha) object &#x27;a0&#x27; &#x27;a1&#x27; &#x27;a2&#x27; &#x27;a3&#x27; &#x27;a4&#x27;\n",
       "  * beta     (beta) object &#x27;b0&#x27; &#x27;b1&#x27; &#x27;b2&#x27; &#x27;b3&#x27; &#x27;b4&#x27; &#x27;b5&#x27;\n",
       "Dimensions without coordinates: gamma\n",
       "Data variables:\n",
       "    foo      (alpha, beta, gamma) float64 0.6222 0.849 0.6034 ... 0.6783 0.201\n",
       "    bar      (alpha) int64 9 8 7 6 5\n",
       "    baz      float64 3.142</pre><div class='xr-wrap' style='display:none'><div class='xr-header'><div class='xr-obj-type'>xarray.Dataset</div></div><ul class='xr-sections'><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-b71d1513-0fa9-488c-9244-6ed610aa8f35' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox' disabled ><label for='section-b71d1513-0fa9-488c-9244-6ed610aa8f35' class='xr-section-summary'  title='Expand/collapse section'>Dimensions:</label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'><ul class='xr-dim-list'><li><span class='xr-has-index'>alpha</span>: 5</li><li><span class='xr-has-index'>beta</span>: 6</li><li><span>gamma</span>: 7</li></ul></div><div class='xr-section-details'></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-d38a8996-c464-4acd-813b-680fe2451b5c' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-d38a8996-c464-4acd-813b-680fe2451b5c' class='xr-section-summary' >Coordinates: <span>(2)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>alpha</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(alpha)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>object</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>&#x27;a0&#x27; &#x27;a1&#x27; &#x27;a2&#x27; &#x27;a3&#x27; &#x27;a4&#x27;</div><input id='attrs-962d649f-ed48-46f5-bdc6-e5c49d33382d' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-962d649f-ed48-46f5-bdc6-e5c49d33382d' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-54f90aeb-3709-483d-89ed-7318460d2faf' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-54f90aeb-3709-483d-89ed-7318460d2faf' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([&#x27;a0&#x27;, &#x27;a1&#x27;, &#x27;a2&#x27;, &#x27;a3&#x27;, &#x27;a4&#x27;], dtype=object)</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span class='xr-has-index'>beta</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(beta)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>object</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>&#x27;b0&#x27; &#x27;b1&#x27; &#x27;b2&#x27; &#x27;b3&#x27; &#x27;b4&#x27; &#x27;b5&#x27;</div><input id='attrs-b90cb669-0d98-4000-9115-f963edf5f3bd' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-b90cb669-0d98-4000-9115-f963edf5f3bd' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-ae619687-c353-4596-b241-f1b1d53c9f6a' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-ae619687-c353-4596-b241-f1b1d53c9f6a' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([&#x27;b0&#x27;, &#x27;b1&#x27;, &#x27;b2&#x27;, &#x27;b3&#x27;, &#x27;b4&#x27;, &#x27;b5&#x27;], dtype=object)</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-0e810b23-e833-4ddb-803d-5b199087e4ee' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox'  checked><label for='section-0e810b23-e833-4ddb-803d-5b199087e4ee' class='xr-section-summary' >Data variables: <span>(3)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><ul class='xr-var-list'><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>foo</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(alpha, beta, gamma)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-96916812-43d1-40c2-9056-bd1801ca970b' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' ><label for='attrs-96916812-43d1-40c2-9056-bd1801ca970b' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-27615cfd-e367-458a-af72-e19e13272de2' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-27615cfd-e367-458a-af72-e19e13272de2' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'><dt><span>scope :</span></dt><dd>all</dd></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([[[ 0.62224 ,  0.848989, ...,  0.178044,  0.655481],\n",
       "        [ 0.906226,  0.950094, ...,  0.764594,  0.652196],\n",
       "        ...,\n",
       "        [ 0.926243,  0.742369, ...,  0.746378,  0.56944 ],\n",
       "        [ 0.026937,  0.967508, ...,  0.696558,  0.41652 ]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[ 0.535862,  0.763642, ...,  0.147427,  0.681667],\n",
       "        [ 0.659272,  0.660833, ...,  0.796769,  0.731184],\n",
       "        ...,\n",
       "        [ 0.032315,  0.264779, ...,  0.578191,  0.303799],\n",
       "        [-0.725418, -0.442729, ..., -0.610266, -0.196046]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       ...,\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[ 0.773935,  0.239061, ...,  0.053511,  0.52315 ],\n",
       "        [ 0.690026,  0.833715, ...,  0.948959,  0.095208],\n",
       "        ...,\n",
       "        [ 0.36511 ,  0.026156, ...,  0.014247,  0.451609],\n",
       "        [ 0.045939,  0.043067, ...,  0.395483,  0.901065]],\n",
       "\n",
       "       [[ 0.799542,  0.622957, ...,  0.017044,  0.354112],\n",
       "        [ 0.185808,  0.671647, ...,  0.120577,  0.677065],\n",
       "        ...,\n",
       "        [ 0.450079,  0.933831, ...,  0.829   ,  0.705906],\n",
       "        [ 0.923462,  0.320291, ...,  0.678251,  0.200987]]])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>bar</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>(alpha)</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>int64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-7e5385ae-7db3-4659-babc-625ac30c8073' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-7e5385ae-7db3-4659-babc-625ac30c8073' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-f56abb10-3851-4c1f-a8e7-e264b5a50295' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-f56abb10-3851-4c1f-a8e7-e264b5a50295' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array([9, 8, 7, 6, 5])</pre></div></li><li class='xr-var-item'><div class='xr-var-name'><span>baz</span></div><div class='xr-var-dims'>()</div><div class='xr-var-dtype'>float64</div><div class='xr-var-preview xr-preview'>...</div><input id='attrs-4dbe785b-3ff5-48f3-bde4-846850176323' class='xr-var-attrs-in' type='checkbox' disabled><label for='attrs-4dbe785b-3ff5-48f3-bde4-846850176323' title='Show/Hide attributes'><svg class='icon xr-icon-file-text2'><use xlink:href='#icon-file-text2'></use></svg></label><input id='data-f8c3ebd1-53f7-4451-9cc2-6a0c585072bc' class='xr-var-data-in' type='checkbox'><label for='data-f8c3ebd1-53f7-4451-9cc2-6a0c585072bc' title='Show/Hide data repr'><svg class='icon xr-icon-database'><use xlink:href='#icon-database'></use></svg></label><div class='xr-var-attrs'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div><div class='xr-var-data'><pre>array(3.141593)</pre></div></li></ul></div></li><li class='xr-section-item'><input id='section-97fe9ef7-3d1b-4112-bbdf-b2e1b237e4c1' class='xr-section-summary-in' type='checkbox' disabled ><label for='section-97fe9ef7-3d1b-4112-bbdf-b2e1b237e4c1' class='xr-section-summary'  title='Expand/collapse section'>Attributes: <span>(0)</span></label><div class='xr-section-inline-details'></div><div class='xr-section-details'><dl class='xr-attrs'></dl></div></li></ul></div></div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<xarray.Dataset>\n",
       "Dimensions:  (alpha: 5, beta: 6, gamma: 7)\n",
       "Coordinates:\n",
       "  * alpha    (alpha) object 'a0' 'a1' 'a2' 'a3' 'a4'\n",
       "  * beta     (beta) object 'b0' 'b1' 'b2' 'b3' 'b4' 'b5'\n",
       "Dimensions without coordinates: gamma\n",
       "Data variables:\n",
       "    foo      (alpha, beta, gamma) float64 ...\n",
       "    bar      (alpha) int64 ...\n",
       "    baz      float64 ..."
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 99,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "xr.open_dataset('somedata.nc')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 104,
   "id": "ce04e7bb",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "xr.save_mfdataset([ds], paths=[\"./multifile\"], mode='w')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "5c1793a0",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
 ],
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