[v23.1.x] Use chunked_fifo to retrieve deltas from controller_backend

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #11691 to branch v23.1.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v23.1.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-11691-v23.1.x-38
git cherry-pick -x 114daef3d064c27d88e065605610bbaf10c86a23 da0958cb3d9fe9b50d8e5f3e0187b8ffea9c8702 fddcb308fc830b147abf16c1b9453e576e57a68f

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-11691-v23.1.x-38
gh pr create \
  --title "[v23.1.x] Use `chunked_fifo` to retrieve deltas from `controller_backend`" \
  --base "v23.1.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-11691-v23.1.x-38" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --reviewer "dotnwat,ztlpn" \
  --milestone "v23.1.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/11691 "