[v23.2.x] Improved logging around tx processing

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #14739 to branch v23.2.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v23.2.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-14739-v23.2.x-213
git cherry-pick -x f65999a837b1ffd82f53dfe2137d049492e832af b8f63a76bc1f9943503a61951321381a6f62013a

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-14739-v23.2.x-213
gh pr create \
  --title "[v23.2.x] Improved logging around tx processing" \
  --base "v23.2.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-14739-v23.2.x-213" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --reviewer "bharathv,rystsov" \
  --milestone "v23.2.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/14739 "