[v23.3.x] Guard from concurrent elections

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #21361 to branch v23.3.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v23.3.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-21361-v23.3.x-401
git cherry-pick -x cafb4458f7fe29071ddc2d4e9ffa1a4224b6cfae f8f7561a9e1739916244b98d1de51560a0171ce6 a7f1d75a91477e55522d836b8ae9e8da204992c5 97e52de555701a0ee5ce6129bca8bef82920cceb 8a933e6976fa7bc9ebb93942fcb36d59e3e46b1c

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-21361-v23.3.x-401
gh pr create \
  --title "[v23.3.x] Guard from concurrent elections" \
  --base "v23.3.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-21361-v23.3.x-401" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v23.3.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/21361 "

JIRA Link: [CORE-5742](https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-5742)