[v24.1.x] [CORE-7719] Add has_valid_license & has_enterprise_features to phone-home metrics

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #23492 to branch v24.1.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v24.1.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-23492-v24.1.x-518
git cherry-pick -x c254729c5a 9a5f7d7d58 2bc21e9516 c9223a24ae

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-23492-v24.1.x-518
gh pr create \
  --title "[v24.1.x] [CORE-7719] Add `has_valid_license` & `has_enterprise_features`  to phone-home metrics" \
  --base "v24.1.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-23492-v24.1.x-518" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v24.1.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/23492 "

[CORE-7719]: https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-7719?atlOrigin=eyJpIjoiNWRkNTljNzYxNjVmNDY3MDlhMDU5Y2ZhYzA5YTRkZjUiLCJwIjoiZ2l0aHViLWNvbS1KU1cifQ

[oleiman]

Backport created in error. We didn't backport the enterprise features API past v24.2

[oleiman]

Backported enterprise features in #23761, may as well grab this as well if it's easy. See #23492 (comment)

[BenPope]

Fixed by #23866