[v24.1.x] Fixed race condition between appends and prefix truncation

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #24306 to branch v24.1.x. This issue was created as a placeholder because the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v24.1.x
git checkout -b manual-backport-24306-v24.1.x-622
git cherry-pick -x da891e2283 73fdfe1bb7 3709f81080

git push origin manual-backport-24306-v24.1.x-622
gh pr create \
  --title "[v24.1.x] Fixed race condition between appends and prefix truncation" \
  --base "v24.1.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "manual-backport-24306-v24.1.x-622" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v24.1.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/24306 "