diff --git a/.github/workflows/linux-build.yml b/.github/workflows/linux-build.yml
index 3bc1ca5e3..b9100ed2c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/linux-build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/linux-build.yml
@@ -25,4 +25,6 @@ jobs:
         run: ./action-install-linux.sh
 
       - name: Build and test
-        run: make test
+        run: |
+          export CMAKE_GENERATOR=Ninja
+          make test
diff --git a/.github/workflows/macos-build.yml b/.github/workflows/macos-build.yml
index 44df48e8d..c7724cb04 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/macos-build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/macos-build.yml
@@ -26,9 +26,13 @@ jobs:
           repository: ${{ inputs.repository }}
           submodules: recursive
 
+      - name: Install ninja-build tool
+        uses: seanmiddleditch/gha-setup-ninja@v3
+
       - name: Configure build environment
         run: |
           echo git_ref_name="$(git describe --always)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo CMAKE_GENERATOR="Ninja" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
       - name: Configure build variant
         if: contains(inputs.build_variant, '-universal')
@@ -71,17 +75,17 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Build dependencies
         if: steps.cache-deps.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        run: make xcode/deps
+        run: make deps
 
       - name: Install Rime plugins
         run: ./action-install-plugins-macos.sh
 
       - name: Build and test
-        run: make xcode/test
+        run: make test
 
       - name: Create distributable
         run: |
-          make xcode/dist
+          make install
           tar -cjvf rime-${{ env.git_ref_name }}-${{ runner.os }}.tar.bz2 \
           dist version-info.txt
           tar -cjvf rime-deps-${{ env.git_ref_name }}-${{ runner.os }}.tar.bz2 \
diff --git a/.github/workflows/windows-build.yml b/.github/workflows/windows-build.yml
index b32026f67..54721677c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/windows-build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/windows-build.yml
@@ -23,11 +23,15 @@ jobs:
           repository: ${{ inputs.repository }}
           submodules: recursive
 
+      - name: Install ninja-build tool
+        uses: seanmiddleditch/gha-setup-ninja@v3
+
       - name: Configure build environment
         run: |
           copy env.vs2022.bat env.bat
           $git_ref_name = git describe --always
           echo "git_ref_name=$git_ref_name" >> $env:GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "CMAKE_GENERATOR=Ninja" >> $env:GITHUB_ENV
 
       - name: Cache Boost
         id: cache-boost
@@ -65,12 +69,16 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Build dependencies
         if: steps.cache-deps.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        env:
+          CMAKE_GENERATOR: Ninja
         run: .\build.bat deps
 
       - name: Install Rime plugins
         run: .\action-install-plugins-windows.bat
 
       - name: Build and test
+        env:
+          CMAKE_GENERATOR: Ninja
         run: .\build.bat test
 
       - name: Create distributable
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 6f5c5f5fa..d19483d0c 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -1,6 +1,30 @@
 RIME_ROOT ?= $(CURDIR)
 
+ifeq ($(shell uname),Darwin) # for macOS
+prefix ?= $(RIME_ROOT)/dist
+
+ifdef BOOST_ROOT
+CMAKE_BOOST_OPTIONS = -DBoost_NO_BOOST_CMAKE=TRUE \
+	-DBOOST_ROOT="$(BOOST_ROOT)"
+endif
+
+# https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/variable/CMAKE_OSX_SYSROOT.html
+export SDKROOT ?= $(shell xcrun --sdk macosx --show-sdk-path)
+
+# https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/envvar/MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET.html
+export MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET ?= 10.13
+
+ifdef BUILD_UNIVERSAL
+# https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/envvar/CMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES.html
+export CMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES = arm64;x86_64
+endif
+
+# boost::locale library from homebrew links to homebrewed icu4c libraries
+icu_prefix = $(shell brew --prefix)/opt/icu4c
+
+else # for Linux
 prefix ?= $(DESTDIR)/usr
+endif
 
 debug install-debug uninstall-debug test-debug: build ?= debug
 build ?= build
@@ -34,6 +58,12 @@ librime: release
 install-librime: install
 uninstall-librime: uninstall
 
+ifdef NOPARALLEL
+export MAKEFLAGS+=" -j1 "
+else
+export MAKEFLAGS+=" -j$(( $(nproc) + 1)) "
+endif
+
 librime-static:
 	cmake . -B$(build) \
 	-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$(prefix) \
diff --git a/action-install-linux.sh b/action-install-linux.sh
index 8f9a6d072..c8d0a32a3 100755
--- a/action-install-linux.sh
+++ b/action-install-linux.sh
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ sudo apt update -y
 # https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/google-glog/+bug/1991919
 # https://github.com/kadalu-tech/pkgs/pull/2/files#r1001042597
 sudo apt install -y libunwind-dev
+sudo apt install -y ninja-build
 sudo apt install -y ${dep_packages[@]}
 make deps/gtest
 make -C deps/opencc build
diff --git a/build.bat b/build.bat
index f6b43edda..e3feecaed 100644
--- a/build.bat
+++ b/build.bat
@@ -194,6 +194,7 @@ if defined PLATFORM_TOOLSET (
 )
 set deps_cmake_flags=%common_cmake_flags%^
  -DCMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES:STRING="%build_config%"^
+ -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE:STRING="%build_config%"^
  -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE:STRING="/MT /O2 /Ob2 /DNDEBUG"^
  -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE:STRING="/MT /O2 /Ob2 /DNDEBUG"^
  -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG:STRING="/MTd /Od"^
@@ -209,7 +210,7 @@ if %build_deps% == 1 (
   -DWITH_GFLAGS:BOOL=OFF^
   -DCMAKE_MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY="MultiThreaded$<$<CONFIG:Debug>:Debug>"
   if errorlevel 1 goto error
-  cmake --build cmake-%build_dir% --config %build_config% --target INSTALL
+  cmake --build cmake-%build_dir% --config %build_config% --target install
   if errorlevel 1 goto error
   popd
 
@@ -219,7 +220,7 @@ if %build_deps% == 1 (
   -DLEVELDB_BUILD_BENCHMARKS:BOOL=OFF^
   -DLEVELDB_BUILD_TESTS:BOOL=OFF
   if errorlevel 1 goto error
-  cmake --build %build_dir% --config %build_config% --target INSTALL
+  cmake --build %build_dir% --config %build_config% --target install
   if errorlevel 1 goto error
   popd
 
@@ -232,7 +233,7 @@ if %build_deps% == 1 (
   -DYAML_CPP_BUILD_TESTS:BOOL=OFF^
   -DYAML_CPP_BUILD_TOOLS:BOOL=OFF
   if errorlevel 1 goto error
-  cmake --build %build_dir% --config %build_config% --target INSTALL
+  cmake --build %build_dir% --config %build_config% --target install
   if errorlevel 1 goto error
   popd
 
@@ -241,7 +242,7 @@ if %build_deps% == 1 (
   cmake . -B%build_dir% %deps_cmake_flags%^
   -DBUILD_GMOCK:BOOL=OFF
   if errorlevel 1 goto error
-  cmake --build %build_dir% --config %build_config% --target INSTALL
+  cmake --build %build_dir% --config %build_config% --target install
   if errorlevel 1 goto error
   popd
 
@@ -249,7 +250,7 @@ if %build_deps% == 1 (
   pushd deps\marisa-trie
   cmake .. -B%build_dir% %deps_cmake_flags%
   if errorlevel 1 goto error
-  cmake --build %build_dir% --config %build_config% --target INSTALL
+  cmake --build %build_dir% --config %build_config% --target install
   if errorlevel 1 goto error
   popd
 
@@ -259,7 +260,7 @@ if %build_deps% == 1 (
   -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF^
   -DBUILD_TESTING=OFF
   if errorlevel 1 goto error
-  cmake --build %build_dir% --config %build_config% --target INSTALL
+  cmake --build %build_dir% --config %build_config% --target install
   if errorlevel 1 goto error
   popd
 )
@@ -273,6 +274,7 @@ set rime_cmake_flags=%common_cmake_flags%^
  -DENABLE_LOGGING=%enable_logging%^
  -DBOOST_USE_CXX11=ON^
  -DCMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES="%build_config%"^
+ -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE="%build_config%"^
  -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX:PATH="%RIME_ROOT%\dist"
 
 echo on
@@ -284,14 +286,14 @@ echo.
 echo building librime.
 echo.
 echo on
-cmake --build %build_dir% --config %build_config% --target INSTALL
+cmake --build %build_dir% --config %build_config% --target install
 @echo off
 if errorlevel 1 goto error
 
 if "%build_test%" == "ON" (
   copy /y dist\lib\rime.dll build\test
   pushd build\test
-  .\Release\rime_test.exe || goto error
+  .\Release\rime_test.exe || .\rime_test.exe || goto error
   popd
 )
 
diff --git a/deps.mk b/deps.mk
index ac8f6e1bd..bb9b3ab1b 100644
--- a/deps.mk
+++ b/deps.mk
@@ -3,6 +3,12 @@
 rime_root = $(CURDIR)
 src_dir = $(rime_root)/deps
 
+ifdef NOPARALLEL
+export MAKEFLAGS+=" -j1 "
+else
+export MAKEFLAGS+=" -j$(( $(nproc) + 1)) "
+endif
+
 glog: build ?= cmake-build
 build ?= build
 
diff --git a/env.bat.template b/env.bat.template
index cdcb2563f..2a10834cb 100644
--- a/env.bat.template
+++ b/env.bat.template
@@ -6,10 +6,18 @@ rem REQUIRED: path to Boost source directory
 if not defined BOOST_ROOT set BOOST_ROOT=%RIME_ROOT%\deps\boost_1_78_0
 
 rem architecture, Visual Studio version and platform toolset
-set ARCH=Win32
-set BJAM_TOOLSET=msvc-14.2
-set CMAKE_GENERATOR="Visual Studio 16 2019"
-set PLATFORM_TOOLSET=v142
+if not defined CMAKE_GENERATOR (
+    set ARCH=Win32
+    set BJAM_TOOLSET=msvc-14.2
+    set CMAKE_GENERATOR="Visual Studio 16 2019"
+    set PLATFORM_TOOLSET=v142
+) else (
+    set VSVEROPT="-version 16,17"
+    call "%~dp0env.vswhere.bat" x86
+    set VSVEROPT=
+    set CXX=cl
+    set CC=cl
+)
 
 rem OPTIONAL: path to additional build tools
 rem set DEVTOOLS_PATH=%ProgramFiles%\Git\cmd;%ProgramFiles%\CMake\bin;C:\Python27;
diff --git a/env.vs2017_xp.bat b/env.vs2017_xp.bat
index bcf4a1e3f..623813a25 100644
--- a/env.vs2017_xp.bat
+++ b/env.vs2017_xp.bat
@@ -6,10 +6,18 @@ rem REQUIRED: path to Boost source directory
 if not defined BOOST_ROOT set BOOST_ROOT=%RIME_ROOT%\deps\boost_1_69_0
 
 rem architecture, Visual Studio version and platform toolset
-set ARCH=Win32
-set BJAM_TOOLSET=msvc-14.1
-set CMAKE_GENERATOR="Visual Studio 15 2017"
-set PLATFORM_TOOLSET=v141_xp
+if not defined CMAKE_GENERATOR (
+    set ARCH=Win32
+    set BJAM_TOOLSET=msvc-14.1
+    set CMAKE_GENERATOR="Visual Studio 15 2017"
+    set PLATFORM_TOOLSET=v141_xp
+) else (
+    set "VSVEROPT=-version [15.0^,16.0^)"
+    call ./env.vswhere.bat x86
+    set VSVEROPT=
+    set CXX=cl
+    set CC=cl
+)
 
 rem OPTIONAL: path to additional build tools
 rem set DEVTOOLS_PATH=%ProgramFiles%\Git\cmd;%ProgramFiles%\CMake\bin;C:\Python27;
diff --git a/env.vs2019.bat b/env.vs2019.bat
index cdcb2563f..e535b4487 100644
--- a/env.vs2019.bat
+++ b/env.vs2019.bat
@@ -6,10 +6,18 @@ rem REQUIRED: path to Boost source directory
 if not defined BOOST_ROOT set BOOST_ROOT=%RIME_ROOT%\deps\boost_1_78_0
 
 rem architecture, Visual Studio version and platform toolset
-set ARCH=Win32
-set BJAM_TOOLSET=msvc-14.2
-set CMAKE_GENERATOR="Visual Studio 16 2019"
-set PLATFORM_TOOLSET=v142
+if not defined CMAKE_GENERATOR (
+    set ARCH=Win32
+    set BJAM_TOOLSET=msvc-14.2
+    set CMAKE_GENERATOR="Visual Studio 16 2019"
+    set PLATFORM_TOOLSET=v142
+) else (
+    set "VSVEROPT=-version [16.0^,17.0^)"
+    call ./env.vswhere.bat x86
+    set VSVEROPT=
+    set CXX=cl
+    set CC=cl
+)
 
 rem OPTIONAL: path to additional build tools
 rem set DEVTOOLS_PATH=%ProgramFiles%\Git\cmd;%ProgramFiles%\CMake\bin;C:\Python27;
diff --git a/env.vs2022.bat b/env.vs2022.bat
index 6f9d7c70e..b8a8c3201 100644
--- a/env.vs2022.bat
+++ b/env.vs2022.bat
@@ -6,10 +6,18 @@ rem REQUIRED: path to Boost source directory
 if not defined BOOST_ROOT set BOOST_ROOT=%RIME_ROOT%\deps\boost_1_78_0
 
 rem architecture, Visual Studio version and platform toolset
-set ARCH=Win32
-set BJAM_TOOLSET=msvc-14.3
-set CMAKE_GENERATOR="Visual Studio 17 2022"
-set PLATFORM_TOOLSET=v143
+if not defined CMAKE_GENERATOR (
+    set ARCH=Win32
+    set BJAM_TOOLSET=msvc-14.3
+    set CMAKE_GENERATOR="Visual Studio 17 2022"
+    set PLATFORM_TOOLSET=v143
+) else (
+    set "VSVEROPT=-version [17.0^,18.0^)"
+    call ./env.vswhere.bat x86
+    set VSVEROPT=
+    set CXX=cl
+    set CC=cl
+)
 
 rem OPTIONAL: path to additional build tools
 rem set DEVTOOLS_PATH=%ProgramFiles%\Git\cmd;%ProgramFiles%\CMake\bin;C:\Python27;
diff --git a/env.vswhere.bat b/env.vswhere.bat
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6cb4c667a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/env.vswhere.bat
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+@echo off
+rem This file is taken from vim project.
+rem To be used on MS-Windows for Visual C++ 2017 or later.
+rem See INSTALLpc.txt for information.
+rem
+rem Usage:
+rem   For x86 builds run this with "x86" option:
+rem     msvc-latest x86
+rem   For x64 builds run this with "x86_amd64" option or "x64" option:
+rem     msvc-latest x86_amd64
+rem     msvc-latest x64
+rem
+rem Optional environment variables:
+rem   VSWHERE:
+rem     Full path to vswhere.exe.
+rem   VSVEROPT:
+rem     Option to search specific version of Visual Studio.
+rem     Default: -latest
+rem     To search VS2017:
+rem       set "VSVEROPT=-version [15.0^,16.0^)"
+rem     To search VS2019:
+rem       set "VSVEROPT=-version [16.0^,17.0^)"
+rem     To search VS2022:
+rem       set "VSVEROPT=-version [17.0^,18.0^)"
+
+if "%VSWHERE%"=="" (
+	set "VSWHERE=%ProgramFiles(x86)%\Microsoft Visual Studio\Installer\vswhere.exe"
+	set VSWHERE_SET=yes
+)
+if not exist "%VSWHERE%" (
+	echo Error: vswhere not found.
+	set VSWHERE=
+	set VSWHERE_SET=
+	exit /b 1
+)
+
+if "%VSVEROPT%"=="" (
+	set VSVEROPT=-latest
+	set VSVEROPT_SET=yes
+)
+
+rem Search Visual Studio Community, Professional or above.
+for /f "usebackq tokens=*" %%i in (`"%VSWHERE%" %VSVEROPT% -products * -requires Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.VC.Tools.x86.x64 -property installationPath`) do (
+	set InstallDir=%%i
+)
+if exist "%InstallDir%\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvarsall.bat" (
+	call "%InstallDir%\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvarsall.bat" %*
+	goto done
+)
+
+rem Search Visual Studio 2017 Express.
+rem (Visual Studio 2017 Express uses different component IDs.)
+for /f "usebackq tokens=*" %%i in (`"%VSWHERE%" %VSVEROPT% -products Microsoft.VisualStudio.Product.WDExpress -property installationPath`) do (
+	set InstallDir=%%i
+)
+if exist "%InstallDir%\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvarsall.bat" (
+	call "%InstallDir%\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvarsall.bat" %*
+) else (
+	echo Error: vcvarsall.bat not found.
+	rem Set ERRORLEVEL to 1.
+	call
+)
+
+:done
+if "%VSWHERE_SET%"=="yes" (
+	set VSWHERE=
+	set VSWHERE_SET=
+)
+if "%VSVEROPT_SET%"=="yes" (
+	set VSVEROPT=
+	set VSVEROPT_SET=
+)
+set InstallDir=