sql-2003-2.bnf

BNF Grammar for ISO/IEC 9075-2:2003 - Database Language SQL (SQL-2003) SQL/Foundation
=====================================================================================

@(#)$Id: sql-2003-2.bnf,v 1.23 2017/11/14 06:53:22 jleffler Exp $

--p
Information taken from the Final Committee Draft (FCD) of ISO/IEC 9075-2:2003.
However, the page numbers and some section titles (9.14 through 9.23,
for example) are from the final standard.
This means there could be other as yet undiagnosed differences between
the final standard and the notation in this document; you were warned!
--/p

--p
The plain text version of this grammar is
--## <a href='sql-2003-2.bnf'> sql-2003-2.bnf </a>.
--/p

--hr
--h2 Key SQL Statements and Fragments
--/h2
--bl
--li ALTER DOMAIN <alter domain statement>
--li ALTER TABLE <alter table statement>
--li CLOSE cursor <close statement>
--li Column definition <column definition>
--li COMMIT WORK <commit statement>
--li CONNECT <connect statement>
--li CREATE ASSERTION <assertion definition>
--li CREATE CHARACTER SET <character set definition>
--li CREATE COLLATION <collation definition>
--li CREATE DOMAIN <domain definition>
--li CREATE FUNCTION <schema function>
--li CREATE PROCEDURE <schema procedure>
--li CREATE SCHEMA <schema definition>
--li CREATE TABLE <table definition>
--li CREATE TRANSLATION <translation definition>
--li CREATE TRIGGER <trigger definition>
--li CREATE VIEW <view definition>
--li Data type <data type>
--li DEALLOCATE PREPARE <deallocate prepared statement>
--li DECLARE cursor <declare cursor> <dynamic declare cursor>
--li DECLARE LOCAL TEMPORARY TABLE <temporary table declaration>
--li DELETE <delete statement: positioned> <delete statement: searched> <dynamic delete statement: positioned>
--li DESCRIBE <describe statement>
--li DESCRIPTOR statements <system descriptor statement>
--li DISCONNECT <disconnect statement>
--li EXECUTE <execute statement>
--li EXECUTE IMMEDIATE <execute immediate statement>
--li FETCH cursor <fetch statement>
--li FROM clause <from clause>
--li GET DIAGNOSTICS <get diagnostics statement>
--li GRANT <grant statement>
--li GROUP BY clause <group by clause>
--li HAVING clause <having clause>
--li INSERT <insert statement>
--li Literals <literal>
--li Keywords <key word>
--li MERGE <merge statement>
--li OPEN cursor <open statement>
--li ORDER BY clause <order by clause>
--li PREPARE <prepare statement>
--li REVOKE <revoke statement>
--li ROLLBACK WORK <rollback statement>
--li SAVEPOINT <savepoint statement>
--li Search condition <search condition> <regular expression>
--li SELECT <query specification>
--li SET CATALOG <set catalog statement>
--li SET CONNECTION <set connection statement>
--li SET CONSTRAINTS <set constraints mode statement>
--li SET NAMES <set names statement>
--li SET SCHEMA <set schema statement>
--li SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION <set session user identifier statement>
--li SET TIME ZONE <set local time zone statement>
--li SET TRANSACTION <set transaction statement>
--li SQL Client MODULE <SQL-client module definition>
--li UPDATE <update statement: positioned> <update statement: searched> <dynamic update statement: positioned>
--li Value expression <value expression>
--li WHERE clause <where clause>
--/bl

--hr
--h2 5 Lexical Elements
--/h2

--p
Basic definitions of characters used, tokens, symbols, etc.
Most of this section would normally be handled within the lexical
analyzer rather than in the grammar proper.
Further, the original document does not quote the various single
characters, which makes it hard to process automatically.
--/p

--h3 5.1 <SQL terminal character> (p151)
--/h3

<SQL terminal character> ::= <SQL language character>

<SQL language character> ::= <simple Latin letter> | <digit> | <SQL special character>

<simple Latin letter> ::= <simple Latin upper case letter> | <simple Latin lower case letter>

<simple Latin upper case letter> ::=
		A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

<simple Latin lower case letter> ::=
		a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z

<digit> ::= 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9

<SQL special character> ::=
		<space>
	|	<double quote>
	|	<percent>
	|	<ampersand>
	|	<quote>
	|	<left paren>
	|	<right paren>
	|	<asterisk>
	|	<plus sign>
	|	<comma>
	|	<minus sign>
	|	<period>
	|	<solidus>
	|	<colon>
	|	<semicolon>
	|	<less than operator>
	|	<equals operator>
	|	<greater than operator>
	|	<question mark>
	|	<left bracket>
	|	<right bracket>
	|	<circumflex>
	|	<underscore>
	|	<vertical bar>
	|	<left brace>
	|	<right brace>

<space> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

<double quote> ::= "

<percent> ::= %

<ampersand> ::= &

<quote> ::= '

<left paren> ::= (

<right paren> ::= )

<asterisk> ::= *

<plus sign> ::= +

<comma> ::= ,

<minus sign> ::= -

<period> ::= .

<solidus> ::= /

<colon> ::= :

<semicolon> ::= ;

<less than operator> ::= <

<equals operator> ::= =

<greater than operator> ::= >

<question mark> ::= ?

--p
--i
The trigraphs are new in SQL-2003.
--/i
--/p

<left bracket or trigraph> ::= <left bracket> | <left bracket trigraph>

<right bracket or trigraph> ::= <right bracket> | <right bracket trigraph>

<left bracket> ::= [

<left bracket trigraph> ::= ??(

<right bracket> ::= ]

<right bracket trigraph> ::= ??)

<circumflex> ::= ^

<underscore> ::= _

<vertical bar> ::= |

<left brace> ::= {

<right brace> ::= }

--hr
--h3 5.2 <token> and <separator> (p134)
--/h3

--p
Specifying lexical units (tokens and separators) that participate in SQL language.
--/p

<token> ::= <nondelimiter token> | <delimiter token>

<nondelimiter token> ::=
		<regular identifier>
	|	<key word>
	|	<unsigned numeric literal>
	|	<national character string literal>
	|	<bit string literal>
	|	<hex string literal>
	|	<large object length token>
	|	<multiplier>

<regular identifier> ::= <identifier body>

<identifier body> ::= <identifier start> [ <identifier part>... ]

<identifier part> ::= <identifier start> | <identifier extend>

--p
--i
--small
The previous version of the SQL standard defined an identifier start as
either an <initial alphabetic character> or an <ideographic character>.
Neither of the defining terms is defined in SQL 2003 (and the SQL 99
definitions of those defininng terms referred to the syntax rules), but
the result of the SQL 2003 syntax rules will be similar to SQL 99 ones
except with Unicode support added.
--/small
--/i
--/p
--@@     <identifier start> ::= <initial alphabetic character> | <ideographic character>

<identifier start> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

<identifier extend> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

<large object length token> ::= <digit>... <multiplier>

<multiplier> ::= K | M | G

<delimited identifier> ::= <double quote> <delimited identifier body> <double quote>

<delimited identifier body> ::= <delimited identifier part>...

<delimited identifier part> ::= <nondoublequote character> | <doublequote symbol>

--p
--i
--small
The productions for <Unicode delimited identifier> and so on are new in SQL-2003.
--/small
--/i
--/p

<Unicode delimited identifier> ::=
		U<ampersand><double quote> <Unicode delimiter body> <double quote>
		<Unicode escape specifier>

<Unicode escape specifier> ::= [ UESCAPE <quote> <Unicode escape character> <quote> ]

<Unicode delimiter body> ::= <Unicode identifier part>...

<Unicode identifier part> ::= <delimited identifier part> | <Unicode escape value>

<Unicode escape value> ::=
		<Unicode 4 digit escape value>
	|	<Unicode 6 digit escape value>
	|	<Unicode character escape value>

--p
--i
--small
Syntax rule 20: <Unicode 4 digit escape value>'<Unicode escape
character>+xyzw' is equivalent to the Unicode code point specified by
U+xyzw.
--/small
--/i
--/p

<Unicode 4 digit escape value> ::= <Unicode escape character><hexit><hexit><hexit><hexit>

--p
--i
--small
Syntax rule 21: <Unicode 6 digit escape value>'<Unicode escape
character>+xyzwrs' is equivalent to the Unicode code point specified by
U+xyzwrs.
--/small
--/i
--/p

--p
--i
--small
NOTE 64: The 6-hexit notation is derived by taking the UCS-4 notation
defined by ISO/IEC 10646-1 and removing the leading two hexits, whose
values are always 0 (zero).
--/small
--/i
--/p

<Unicode 6 digit escape value> ::=
		<Unicode escape character><plus sign><hexit><hexit><hexit><hexit><hexit><hexit>

--p
--i
--small
Syntax rule 22: <Unicode character escape value> is equivalent to a
single instance of <Unicode escape character>.
--/small
--/i
--/p

<Unicode character escape value> ::= <Unicode escape character><Unicode escape character>

--p
--i
--small
Syntax rule 15: <Unicode escape character> shall be a single character
from the source language character set other than a <hexit>, <plus
sign>, or <white space>.
--/small
--/i
--/p

--p
--i
--small
Syntax rule 16: If the source language character set contains <reverse
solidus>, then let DEC be <reverse solidus>; otherwise, let DEC be an
implementation-defined character from the source language character set
that is not a <hexit>, <plus sign>, <double quote>, or <white space>.
--/small
--/i
--/p

--p
--i
--small
Syntax rule 17: If a <Unicode escape specifier> does not contain
<Unicode escape character>, then "UESCAPE <quote>DEC<quote>" is
implicit.
--/small
--/i
--/p

--p
--i
--small
Syntax rule 18: In a <Unicode escape value> there shall be no
<separator> between the <Unicode escape character> and the first
<hexit>, nor between any of the <hexit>s.
--/small
--/i
--/p

<Unicode escape character> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules (15-18 above).

--p
--i
--small
Syntax rule 6: A <nondoublequote character> is any character of
the source language character set other than a <double quote>.
--/small
--/i
--/p

<nondoublequote character> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

--p
--i
--small
The rule for <doublequote symbol> in the standard uses two adjacent
literal double quotes rather than referencing <double quote>; the
reasons are not clear.
It is annotated '!! two consecutive double quote characters'.
--/small
--/i
--/p

<doublequote symbol> ::= <double quote> <double quote>

<delimiter token> ::=
		<character string literal>
	|	<date string>
	|	<time string>
	|	<timestamp string>
	|	<interval string>
	|	<delimited identifier>
	|	<Unicode delimited identifier>
	|	<SQL special character>
	|	<not equals operator>
	|	<greater than or equals operator>
	|	<less than or equals operator>
	|	<concatenation operator>
	|	<right arrow>
	|	<left bracket trigraph>
	|	<right bracket trigraph>
	|	<double colon>
	|	<double period>

--p
--i
--small
The rules for <not equals operator> etc in the standard uses
two adjacent literal characters rather than referencing
<less than> and <greater than>; the reasons are not clear.
Note that two characters must be adjacent with no
intervening space, not a pair of characters separated by
arbitrary white space.
--/small
--/i
--/p

<not equals operator> ::= <less than operator> <greater than operator>

<greater than or equals operator> ::= <greater than operator> <equals operator>

<less than or equals operator> ::= <less than operator> <equals operator>

<concatenation operator> ::= <vertical bar> <vertical bar>

<right arrow> ::= <minus sign> <greater than operator>

<double colon> ::= <colon> <colon>

<double period> ::= <period> <period>

<separator> ::= { <comment> | <white space> }...

<comment> ::= <simple comment> | <bracketed comment>

<simple comment> ::= <simple comment introducer> [ <comment character>... ] <newline>

<simple comment introducer> ::= <minus sign><minus sign> [ <minus sign>... ]

--p
--small
--i
The <bracketed comment> rule included '!! See the Syntax Rules'.
This probably says something about the <slash> <asterisk> and <asterisk>
<slash> needing to be adjacent characters rather than adjacent tokens.
--/i
--/small
--/p

<bracketed comment> ::=
		<bracketed comment introducer> <bracketed comment contents> <bracketed comment terminator>

<bracketed comment introducer> ::= <slash> <asterisk>

<bracketed comment terminator> ::= <asterisk> <slash>

<bracketed comment contents> ::= [ { <comment character> | <separator> }... ]

<comment character> ::= <nonquote character> | <quote>

<newline> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

--p
--small
--i
There was a surprising amount of movement of keywords between the
reserved and non-reserved word classes between SQL-99 and SQL-2003-2 FCD
and again between SQL 2003-2 FCD and SQL 2003-2 IS.
There is also room to think that much of the host language
support moved out of Part 2 (SQL/Foundation).
--/i
--/small
--/p

<key word> ::= <reserved word> | <non-reserved word>

<non-reserved word> ::=
		A
	|	ABS
	|	ABSOLUTE
	|	ACTION
	|	ADA
	|	ADMIN
	|	AFTER
	|	ALWAYS
	|	ASC
	|	ASSERTION
	|	ASSIGNMENT
	|	ATTRIBUTE
	|	ATTRIBUTES
	|	AVG
	|	BEFORE
	|	BERNOULLI
	|	BREADTH
	|	C
	|	CARDINALITY
	|	CASCADE
	|	CATALOG
	|	CATALOG_NAME
	|	CEIL
	|	CEILING
	|	CHAIN
	|	CHARACTERISTICS
	|	CHARACTERS
	|	CHARACTER_LENGTH
	|	CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG
	|	CHARACTER_SET_NAME
	|	CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA
	|	CHAR_LENGTH
	|	CHECKED
	|	CLASS_ORIGIN
	|	COALESCE
	|	COBOL
	|	CODE_UNITS
	|	COLLATION
	|	COLLATION_CATALOG
	|	COLLATION_NAME
	|	COLLATION_SCHEMA
	|	COLLECT
	|	COLUMN_NAME
	|	COMMAND_FUNCTION
	|	COMMAND_FUNCTION_CODE
	|	COMMITTED
	|	CONDITION
	|	CONDITION_NUMBER
	|	CONNECTION_NAME
	|	CONSTRAINTS
	|	CONSTRAINT_CATALOG
	|	CONSTRAINT_NAME
	|	CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA
	|	CONSTRUCTORS
	|	CONTAINS
	|	CONVERT
	|	CORR
	|	COUNT
	|	COVAR_POP
	|	COVAR_SAMP
	|	CUME_DIST
	|	CURRENT_COLLATION
	|	CURSOR_NAME
	|	DATA
	|	DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE
	|	DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION
	|	DEFAULTS
	|	DEFERRABLE
	|	DEFERRED
	|	DEFINED
	|	DEFINER
	|	DEGREE
	|	DENSE_RANK
	|	DEPTH
	|	DERIVED
	|	DESC
	|	DESCRIPTOR
	|	DIAGNOSTICS
	|	DISPATCH
	|	DOMAIN
	|	DYNAMIC_FUNCTION
	|	DYNAMIC_FUNCTION_CODE
	|	EQUALS
	|	EVERY
	|	EXCEPTION
	|	EXCLUDE
	|	EXCLUDING
	|	EXP
	|	EXTRACT
	|	FINAL
	|	FIRST
	|	FLOOR
	|	FOLLOWING
	|	FORTRAN
	|	FOUND
	|	FUSION
	|	G
	|	GENERAL
	|	GO
	|	GOTO
	|	GRANTED
	|	HIERARCHY
	|	IMPLEMENTATION
	|	INCLUDING
	|	INCREMENT
	|	INITIALLY
	|	INSTANCE
	|	INSTANTIABLE
	|	INTERSECTION
	|	INVOKER
	|	ISOLATION
	|	K
	|	KEY
	|	KEY_MEMBER
	|	KEY_TYPE
	|	LAST
	|	LENGTH
	|	LEVEL
	|	LN
	|	LOCATOR
	|	LOWER
	|	M
	|	MAP
	|	MATCHED
	|	MAX
	|	MAXVALUE
	|	MESSAGE_LENGTH
	|	MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH
	|	MESSAGE_TEXT
	|	MIN
	|	MINVALUE
	|	MOD
	|	MORE
	|	MUMPS
	|	NAME
	|	NAMES
	|	NESTING
	|	NEXT
	|	NORMALIZE
	|	NORMALIZED
	|	NULLABLE
	|	NULLIF
	|	NULLS
	|	NUMBER
	|	OBJECT
	|	OCTETS
	|	OCTET_LENGTH
	|	OPTION
	|	OPTIONS
	|	ORDERING
	|	ORDINALITY
	|	OTHERS
	|	OVERLAY
	|	OVERRIDING
	|	PAD
	|	PARAMETER_MODE
	|	PARAMETER_NAME
	|	PARAMETER_ORDINAL_POSITION
	|	PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_CATALOG
	|	PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_NAME
	|	PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_SCHEMA
	|	PARTIAL
	|	PASCAL
	|	PATH
	|	PERCENTILE_CONT
	|	PERCENTILE_DISC
	|	PERCENT_RANK
	|	PLACING
	|	PLI
	|	POSITION
	|	POWER
	|	PRECEDING
	|	PRESERVE
	|	PRIOR
	|	PRIVILEGES
	|	PUBLIC
	|	RANK
	|	READ
	|	RELATIVE
	|	REPEATABLE
	|	RESTART
	|	RETURNED_CARDINALITY
	|	RETURNED_LENGTH
	|	RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH
	|	RETURNED_SQLSTATE
	|	ROLE
	|	ROUTINE
	|	ROUTINE_CATALOG
	|	ROUTINE_NAME
	|	ROUTINE_SCHEMA
	|	ROW_COUNT
	|	ROW_NUMBER
	|	SCALE
	|	SCHEMA
	|	SCHEMA_NAME
	|	SCOPE_CATALOG
	|	SCOPE_NAME
	|	SCOPE_SCHEMA
	|	SECTION
	|	SECURITY
	|	SELF
	|	SEQUENCE
	|	SERIALIZABLE
	|	SERVER_NAME
	|	SESSION
	|	SETS
	|	SIMPLE
	|	SIZE
	|	SOURCE
	|	SPACE
	|	SPECIFIC_NAME
	|	SQRT
	|	STATE
	|	STATEMENT
	|	STDDEV_POP
	|	STDDEV_SAMP
	|	STRUCTURE
	|	STYLE
	|	SUBCLASS_ORIGIN
	|	SUBSTRING
	|	SUM
	|	TABLESAMPLE
	|	TABLE_NAME
	|	TEMPORARY
	|	TIES
	|	TOP_LEVEL_COUNT
	|	TRANSACTION
	|	TRANSACTIONS_COMMITTED
	|	TRANSACTIONS_ROLLED_BACK
	|	TRANSACTION_ACTIVE
	|	TRANSFORM
	|	TRANSFORMS
	|	TRANSLATE
	|	TRIGGER_CATALOG
	|	TRIGGER_NAME
	|	TRIGGER_SCHEMA
	|	TRIM
	|	TYPE
	|	UNBOUNDED
	|	UNCOMMITTED
	|	UNDER
	|	UNNAMED
	|	USAGE
	|	USER_DEFINED_TYPE_CATALOG
	|	USER_DEFINED_TYPE_CODE
	|	USER_DEFINED_TYPE_NAME
	|	USER_DEFINED_TYPE_SCHEMA
	|	VIEW
	|	WORK
	|	WRITE
	|	ZONE

<reserved word> ::=
		ADD
	|	ALL
	|	ALLOCATE
	|	ALTER
	|	AND
	|	ANY
	|	ARE
	|	ARRAY
	|	AS
	|	ASENSITIVE
	|	ASYMMETRIC
	|	AT
	|	ATOMIC
	|	AUTHORIZATION
	|	BEGIN
	|	BETWEEN
	|	BIGINT
	|	BINARY
	|	BLOB
	|	BOOLEAN
	|	BOTH
	|	BY
	|	CALL
	|	CALLED
	|	CASCADED
	|	CASE
	|	CAST
	|	CHAR
	|	CHARACTER
	|	CHECK
	|	CLOB
	|	CLOSE
	|	COLLATE
	|	COLUMN
	|	COMMIT
	|	CONNECT
	|	CONSTRAINT
	|	CONTINUE
	|	CORRESPONDING
	|	CREATE
	|	CROSS
	|	CUBE
	|	CURRENT
	|	CURRENT_DATE
	|	CURRENT_DEFAULT_TRANSFORM_GROUP
	|	CURRENT_PATH
	|	CURRENT_ROLE
	|	CURRENT_TIME
	|	CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
	|	CURRENT_TRANSFORM_GROUP_FOR_TYPE
	|	CURRENT_USER
	|	CURSOR
	|	CYCLE
	|	DATE
	|	DAY
	|	DEALLOCATE
	|	DEC
	|	DECIMAL
	|	DECLARE
	|	DEFAULT
	|	DELETE
	|	DEREF
	|	DESCRIBE
	|	DETERMINISTIC
	|	DISCONNECT
	|	DISTINCT
	|	DOUBLE
	|	DROP
	|	DYNAMIC
	|	EACH
	|	ELEMENT
	|	ELSE
	|	END
	|	END-EXEC
	|	ESCAPE
	|	EXCEPT
	|	EXEC
	|	EXECUTE
	|	EXISTS
	|	EXTERNAL
	|	FALSE
	|	FETCH
	|	FILTER
	|	FLOAT
	|	FOR
	|	FOREIGN
	|	FREE
	|	FROM
	|	FULL
	|	FUNCTION
	|	GET
	|	GLOBAL
	|	GRANT
	|	GROUP
	|	GROUPING
	|	HAVING
	|	HOLD
	|	HOUR
	|	IDENTITY
	|	IMMEDIATE
	|	IN
	|	INDICATOR
	|	INNER
	|	INOUT
	|	INPUT
	|	INSENSITIVE
	|	INSERT
	|	INT
	|	INTEGER
	|	INTERSECT
	|	INTERVAL
	|	INTO
	|	IS
	|	ISOLATION
	|	JOIN
	|	LANGUAGE
	|	LARGE
	|	LATERAL
	|	LEADING
	|	LEFT
	|	LIKE
	|	LOCAL
	|	LOCALTIME
	|	LOCALTIMESTAMP
	|	MATCH
	|	MEMBER
	|	MERGE
	|	METHOD
	|	MINUTE
	|	MODIFIES
	|	MODULE
	|	MONTH
	|	MULTISET
	|	NATIONAL
	|	NATURAL
	|	NCHAR
	|	NCLOB
	|	NEW
	|	NO
	|	NONE
	|	NOT
	|	NULL
	|	NUMERIC
	|	OF
	|	OLD
	|	ON
	|	ONLY
	|	OPEN
	|	OR
	|	ORDER
	|	OUT
	|	OUTER
	|	OUTPUT
	|	OVER
	|	OVERLAPS
	|	PARAMETER
	|	PARTITION
	|	PRECISION
	|	PREPARE
	|	PRIMARY
	|	PROCEDURE
	|	RANGE
	|	READS
	|	REAL
	|	RECURSIVE
	|	REF
	|	REFERENCES
	|	REFERENCING
	|	REGR_AVGX
	|	REGR_AVGY
	|	REGR_COUNT
	|	REGR_INTERCEPT
	|	REGR_R2
	|	REGR_SLOPE
	|	REGR_SXX
	|	REGR_SXY
	|	REGR_SYY
	|	RELEASE
	|	RESULT
	|	RETURN
	|	RETURNS
	|	REVOKE
	|	RIGHT
	|	ROLLBACK
	|	ROLLUP
	|	ROW
	|	ROWS
	|	SAVEPOINT
	|	SCROLL
	|	SEARCH
	|	SECOND
	|	SELECT
	|	SENSITIVE
	|	SESSION_USER
	|	SET
	|	SIMILAR
	|	SMALLINT
	|	SOME
	|	SPECIFIC
	|	SPECIFICTYPE
	|	SQL
	|	SQLEXCEPTION
	|	SQLSTATE
	|	SQLWARNING
	|	START
	|	STATIC
	|	SUBMULTISET
	|	SYMMETRIC
	|	SYSTEM
	|	SYSTEM_USER
	|	TABLE
	|	THEN
	|	TIME
	|	TIMESTAMP
	|	TIMEZONE_HOUR
	|	TIMEZONE_MINUTE
	|	TO
	|	TRAILING
	|	TRANSLATION
	|	TREAT
	|	TRIGGER
	|	TRUE
	|	UESCAPE
	|	UNION
	|	UNIQUE
	|	UNKNOWN
	|	UNNEST
	|	UPDATE
	|	UPPER
	|	USER
	|	USING
	|	VALUE
	|	VALUES
	|	VAR_POP
	|	VAR_SAMP
	|	VARCHAR
	|	VARYING
	|	WHEN
	|	WHENEVER
	|	WHERE
	|	WIDTH_BUCKET
	|	WINDOW
	|	WITH
	|	WITHIN
	|	WITHOUT
	|	YEAR

--hr
--h3 5.3 <literal> (p143)
--/h3

<literal> ::= <signed numeric literal> | <general literal>

<unsigned literal> ::= <unsigned numeric literal> | <general literal>

<general literal> ::=
		<character string literal>
	|	<national character string literal>
	|	<Unicode character string literal>
	|	<binary string literal>
	|	<datetime literal>
	|	<interval literal>
	|	<boolean literal>

<character string literal> ::=
		[ <introducer><character set specification> ]
		<quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote>
		[ { <separator> <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote> }... ]

<introducer> ::= <underscore>

<character representation> ::= <nonquote character> | <quote symbol>

<nonquote character> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

--p
--small
--i
The <quote symbol> rule consists of two immediately adjacent <quote>
marks with no spaces.
As usual, this would be best handled in the lexical analyzer, not in the
grammar.
--/i
--/small
--/p

<quote symbol> ::= <quote><quote>

<national character string literal> ::=
		N <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote>
		[ { <separator> <quote> [ <character representation>... ] <quote> }... ]

<Unicode character string literal> ::=
		[ <introducer><character set specification> ]
		U<ampersand><quote> [ <Unicode representation>... ] <quote>
		[ { <separator> <quote> [ <Unicode representation>... ] <quote> }... ]
		[ ESCAPE <escape character> ]

<Unicode representation> ::= <character representation> | <Unicode escape value>

<binary string literal> ::=
		X <quote> [ { <hexit><hexit> }... ] <quote>
		[ { <separator> <quote> [ { <hexit><hexit> }... ] <quote> }... ]
		[ ESCAPE <escape character> ]

<hexit> ::= <digit> | A | B | C | D | E | F | a | b | c | d | e | f

<signed numeric literal> ::= [ <sign> ] <unsigned numeric literal>

<unsigned numeric literal> ::= <exact numeric literal> | <approximate numeric literal>

<exact numeric literal> ::=
		<unsigned integer> [ <period> [ <unsigned integer> ] ]
	|	<period> <unsigned integer>

<sign> ::= <plus sign> | <minus sign>

<approximate numeric literal> ::= <mantissa> E <exponent>

<mantissa> ::= <exact numeric literal>

<exponent> ::= <signed integer>

<signed integer> ::= [ <sign> ] <unsigned integer>

<unsigned integer> ::= <digit>...

<datetime literal> ::= <date literal> | <time literal> | <timestamp literal>

<date literal> ::= DATE <date string>

<time literal> ::= TIME <time string>

<timestamp literal> ::= TIMESTAMP <timestamp string>

<date string> ::= <quote> <unquoted date string> <quote>

<time string> ::= <quote> <unquoted time string> <quote>

<timestamp string> ::= <quote> <unquoted timestamp string> <quote>

<time zone interval> ::= <sign> <hours value> <colon> <minutes value>

<date value> ::= <years value> <minus sign> <months value> <minus sign> <days value>

<time value> ::= <hours value> <colon> <minutes value> <colon> <seconds value>

<interval literal> ::= INTERVAL [ <sign> ] <interval string> <interval qualifier>

<interval string> ::= <quote> <unquoted interval string> <quote>

<unquoted date string> ::= <date value>

<unquoted time string> ::= <time value> [ <time zone interval> ]

<unquoted timestamp string> ::= <unquoted date string> <space> <unquoted time string>

<unquoted interval string> ::= [ <sign> ] { <year-month literal> | <day-time literal> }

<year-month literal> ::= <years value> | [ <years value> <minus sign> ] <months value>

<day-time literal> ::= <day-time interval> | <time interval>

<day-time interval> ::=
		<days value> [ <space> <hours value> [ <colon> <minutes value> [ <colon> <seconds value> ] ] ]

<time interval> ::=
		<hours value> [ <colon> <minutes value> [ <colon> <seconds value> ] ]
	|	<minutes value> [ <colon> <seconds value> ]
	|	<seconds value>

<years value> ::= <datetime value>

<months value> ::= <datetime value>

<days value> ::= <datetime value>

<hours value> ::= <datetime value>

<minutes value> ::= <datetime value>

<seconds value> ::= <seconds integer value> [ <period> [ <seconds fraction> ] ]

<seconds integer value> ::= <unsigned integer>

<seconds fraction> ::= <unsigned integer>

<datetime value> ::= <unsigned integer>

<boolean literal> ::= TRUE | FALSE | UNKNOWN

--hr
--h3 5.4 Names and identifiers (p151)
--/h3

<identifier> ::= <actual identifier>

<actual identifier> ::= <regular identifier> | <delimited identifier>

<SQL language identifier> ::=
		<SQL language identifier start> [ { <underscore> | <SQL language identifier part> }... ]

<SQL language identifier start> ::= <simple Latin letter>

<SQL language identifier part> ::= <simple Latin letter> | <digit>

<authorization identifier> ::= <role name> | <user identifier>

<table name> ::= <local or schema qualified name>

<domain name> ::= <schema qualified name>

<schema name> ::= [ <catalog name> <period> ] <unqualified schema name>

<catalog name> ::= <identifier>

<schema qualified name> ::= [ <schema name> <period> ] <qualified identifier>

<local or schema qualified name> ::= [ <local or schema qualifier> <period> ] <qualified identifier>

<local or schema qualifier> ::= <schema name> | MODULE

<qualified identifier> ::= <identifier>

<column name> ::= <identifier>

<correlation name> ::= <identifier>

<query name> ::= <identifier>

<SQL-client module name> ::= <identifier>

<procedure name> ::= <identifier>

<schema qualified routine name> ::= <schema qualified name>

<method name> ::= <identifier>

<specific name> ::= <schema qualified name>

<cursor name> ::= <local qualified name>

<local qualified name> ::= [ <local qualifier> <period> ] <qualified identifier>

<local qualifier> ::= MODULE

<host parameter name> ::= <colon> <identifier>

<SQL parameter name> ::= <identifier>

<constraint name> ::= <schema qualified name>

<external routine name> ::= <identifier> | <character string literal>

<trigger name> ::= <schema qualified name>

<collation name> ::= <schema qualified name>

<character set name> ::= [ <schema name> <period> ] <SQL language identifier>

<transliteration name> ::= <schema qualified name>

<transcoding name> ::= <schema qualified name>

<user-defined type name> ::= <schema qualified type name>

<schema-resolved user-defined type name> ::= <user-defined type name>

<schema qualified type name> ::= [ <schema name> <period> ] <qualified identifier>

<attribute name> ::= <identifier>

<field name> ::= <identifier>

<savepoint name> ::= <identifier>

<sequence generator name> ::= <schema qualified name>

<role name> ::= <identifier>

<user identifier> ::= <identifier>

<connection name> ::= <simple value specification>

<SQL-server name> ::= <simple value specification>

<connection user name> ::= <simple value specification>

<SQL statement name> ::= <statement name> | <extended statement name>

<statement name> ::= <identifier>

<extended statement name> ::= [ <scope option> ] <simple value specification>

<dynamic cursor name> ::= <cursor name> | <extended cursor name>

<extended cursor name> ::= [ <scope option> ] <simple value specification>

<descriptor name> ::= [ <scope option> ] <simple value specification>

<scope option> ::= GLOBAL | LOCAL

<window name> ::= <identifier>

--hr
--h2 6 Scalar expressions
--/h2

--h3 6.1 <data type> (p161)
--/h3

<data type> ::=
		<predefined type>
	|	<row type>
	|	<path-resolved user-defined type name>
	|	<reference type>
	|	<collection type>

<predefined type> ::=
		<character string type> [ CHARACTER SET <character set specification> ] [ <collate clause> ]
	|	<national character string type> [ <collate clause> ]
	|	<binary large object string type>
	|	<numeric type>
	|	<boolean type>
	|	<datetime type>
	|	<interval type>

<character string type> ::=
		CHARACTER [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
	|	CHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
	|	CHARACTER VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>
	|	CHAR VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>
	|	VARCHAR <left paren> <length> <right paren>
	|	CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT [ <left paren> <large object length> <right paren> ]
	|	CHAR LARGE OBJECT [ <left paren> <large object length> <right paren> ]
	|	CLOB [ <left paren> <large object length> <right paren> ]

<national character string type> ::=
		NATIONAL CHARACTER [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
	|	NATIONAL CHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
	|	NCHAR [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ]
	|	NATIONAL CHARACTER VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>
	|	NATIONAL CHAR VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>
	|	NCHAR VARYING <left paren> <length> <right paren>
	|	NATIONAL CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT [ <left paren> <large object length> <right paren> ]
	|	NCHAR LARGE OBJECT [ <left paren> <large object length> <right paren> ]
	|	NCLOB [ <left paren> <large object length> <right paren> ]

<binary large object string type> ::=
		BINARY LARGE OBJECT [ <left paren> <large object length> <right paren> ]
	|	BLOB [ <left paren> <large object length> <right paren> ]

<numeric type> ::= <exact numeric type> | <approximate numeric type>

<exact numeric type> ::=
		NUMERIC [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]
	|	DECIMAL [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]
	|	DEC [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]
	|	SMALLINT
	|	INTEGER
	|	INT
	|	BIGINT

<approximate numeric type> ::=
		FLOAT [ <left paren> <precision> <right paren> ]
	|	REAL
	|	DOUBLE PRECISION

<length> ::= <unsigned integer>

<large object length> ::=
		<unsigned integer> [ <multiplier> ] [ <char length units> ]
	|	<large object length token> [ <char length units> ]

<char length units> ::= CHARACTERS | CODE_UNITS | OCTETS

<precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

<scale> ::= <unsigned integer>

<boolean type> ::= BOOLEAN

<datetime type> ::=
		DATE
	|	TIME [ <left paren> <time precision> <right paren> ] [ <with or without time zone> ]
	|	TIMESTAMP [ <left paren> <timestamp precision> <right paren> ] [ <with or without time zone> ]

<with or without time zone> ::= WITH TIME ZONE | WITHOUT TIME ZONE

<time precision> ::= <time fractional seconds precision>

<timestamp precision> ::= <time fractional seconds precision>

<time fractional seconds precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

<interval type> ::= INTERVAL <interval qualifier>

<row type> ::= ROW <row type body>

<row type body> ::= <left paren> <field definition> [ { <comma> <field definition> }... ] <right paren>

<reference type> ::= REF <left paren> <referenced type> <right paren> [ <scope clause> ]

<scope clause> ::= SCOPE <table name>

<referenced type> ::= <path-resolved user-defined type name>

<path-resolved user-defined type name> ::= <user-defined type name>

<collection type> ::= <array type> | <multiset type>

<array type> ::= <data type> ARRAY [ <left bracket or trigraph> <unsigned integer> <right bracket or trigraph> ]

<multiset type> ::= <data type> MULTISET

--hr
--h3 6.2 <field definition> (p173)
--/h3

<field definition> ::= <field name> <data type> [ <reference scope check> ]

--hr
--h3 6.3 <value expression primary> (p174)
--/h3

<value expression primary> ::=
		<parenthesized value expression>
	|	<nonparenthesized value expression primary>

<parenthesized value expression> ::= <left paren> <value expression> <right paren>

<nonparenthesized value expression primary> ::=
		<unsigned value specification>
	|	<column reference>
	|	<set function specification>
	|	<window function>
	|	<scalar subquery>
	|	<case expression>
	|	<cast specification>
	|	<field reference>
	|	<subtype treatment>
	|	<method invocation>
	|	<static method invocation>
	|	<new specification>
	|	<attribute or method reference>
	|	<reference resolution>
	|	<collection value constructor>
	|	<array element reference>
	|	<multiset element reference>
	|	<routine invocation>
	|	<next value expression>

--hr
--h3 6.4 <value specification> and <target specification> (p176)
--/h3

<value specification> ::= <literal> | <general value specification>

<unsigned value specification> ::= <unsigned literal> | <general value specification>

<general value specification> ::=
		<host parameter specification>
	|	<SQL parameter reference>
	|	<dynamic parameter specification>
	|	<embedded variable specification>
	|	<current collation specification>
	|	CURRENT_DEFAULT_TRANSFORM_GROUP
	|	CURRENT_PATH
	|	CURRENT_ROLE
	|	CURRENT_TRANSFORM_GROUP_FOR_TYPE <path-resolved user-defined type name>
	|	CURRENT_USER
	|	SESSION_USER
	|	SYSTEM_USER
	|	USER
	|	VALUE

<simple value specification> ::=
		<literal>
	|	<host parameter name>
	|	<SQL parameter reference>
	|	<embedded variable name>

<target specification> ::=
		<host parameter specification>
	|	<SQL parameter reference>
	|	<column reference>
	|	<target array element specification>
	|	<dynamic parameter specification>
	|	<embedded variable specification>

<simple target specification> ::=
		<host parameter specification>
	|	<SQL parameter reference>
	|	<column reference>
	|	<embedded variable name>

<host parameter specification> ::= <host parameter name> [ <indicator parameter> ]

<dynamic parameter specification> ::= <question mark>

<embedded variable specification> ::= <embedded variable name> [ <indicator variable> ]

<indicator variable> ::= [ INDICATOR ] <embedded variable name>

<indicator parameter> ::= [ INDICATOR ] <host parameter name>

<target array element specification> ::=
		<target array reference> <left bracket or trigraph> <simple value specification> <right bracket or trigraph>

<target array reference> ::= <SQL parameter reference> | <column reference>

<current collation specification> ::= CURRENT_COLLATION <left paren> <string value expression> <right paren>

--hr
--h3 6.5 <contextually typed value specification> (p181)
--/h3

<contextually typed value specification> ::=
		<implicitly typed value specification> | <default specification>

<implicitly typed value specification> ::= <null specification> | <empty specification>

<null specification> ::= NULL

<empty specification> ::=
		ARRAY <left bracket or trigraph> <right bracket or trigraph>
	|	MULTISET <left bracket or trigraph> <right bracket or trigraph>

<default specification> ::= DEFAULT

--hr
--h3 6.6 <identifier chain> (p183)
--/h3

<identifier chain> ::= <identifier> [ { <period> <identifier> }... ]

<basic identifier chain> ::= <identifier chain>

--hr
--h3 6.7 <column reference> (p187)
--/h3

<column reference> ::=
		<basic identifier chain>
	|	MODULE <period> <qualified identifier> <period> <column name>

--hr
--h3 6.8 <SQL parameter reference> (p190)
--/h3

<SQL parameter reference> ::= <basic identifier chain>

--hr
--h3 6.9 <set function specification> (p191)
--/h3

<set function specification> ::= <aggregate function> | <grouping operation>

<grouping operation> ::= GROUPING <left paren> <column reference> [ { <comma> <column reference> }... ] <right paren>

--hr
--h3 6.10 <window function> (p193)
--/h3

<window function> ::= <window function type> OVER <window name or specification>

<window function type> ::=
		<rank function type> <left paren> <right paren>
	|	ROW_NUMBER <left paren> <right paren>
	|	<aggregate function>

<rank function type> ::= RANK | DENSE_RANK | PERCENT_RANK | CUME_DIST

<window name or specification> ::= <window name> | <in-line window specification>

<in-line window specification> ::= <window specification>

--hr
--h3 6.11 <case expression> (p197)
--/h3

<case expression> ::= <case abbreviation> | <case specification>

<case abbreviation> ::=
		NULLIF <left paren> <value expression> <comma> <value expression> <right paren>
	|	COALESCE <left paren> <value expression> { <comma> <value expression> }... <right paren>

<case specification> ::= <simple case> | <searched case>

<simple case> ::= CASE <case operand> <simple when clause>... [ <else clause> ] END

<searched case> ::= CASE <searched when clause>... [ <else clause> ] END

<simple when clause> ::= WHEN <when operand> THEN <result>

<searched when clause> ::= WHEN <search condition> THEN <result>

<else clause> ::= ELSE <result>

<case operand> ::= <row value predicand> | <overlaps predicate part>

<when operand> ::=
		<row value predicand>
	|	<comparison predicate part 2>
	|	<between predicate part 2>
	|	<in predicate part 2>
	|	<character like predicate part 2>
	|	<octet like predicate part 2>
	|	<similar predicate part 2>
	|	<null predicate part 2>
	|	<quantified comparison predicate part 2>
	|	<match predicate part 2>
	|	<overlaps predicate part 2>
	|	<distinct predicate part 2>
	|	<member predicate part 2>
	|	<submultiset predicate part 2>
	|	<set predicate part 2>
	|	<type predicate part 2>

<result> ::= <result expression> | NULL

<result expression> ::= <value expression>

--hr
--h3 6.12 <cast specification> (p200)
--/h3

<cast specification> ::= CAST <left paren> <cast operand> AS <cast target> <right paren>

<cast operand> ::= <value expression> | <implicitly typed value specification>

<cast target> ::= <domain name> | <data type>

--hr
--h3 6.13 <next value expression> (p216)
--/h3

<next value expression> ::= NEXT VALUE FOR <sequence generator name>

--hr
--h3 6.14 <field reference> (p218)
--/h3

<field reference> ::= <value expression primary> <period> <field name>

--hr
--h3 6.15 <subtype treatment> (p219)
--/h3

<subtype treatment> ::=
		TREAT <left paren> <subtype operand> AS <target subtype> <right paren>

<subtype operand> ::= <value expression>

<target subtype> ::=
		<path-resolved user-defined type name>
	|	<reference type>

--hr
--h3 6.16 <method invocation> (p221)
--/h3

<method invocation> ::= <direct invocation> | <generalized invocation>

<direct invocation> ::=
		<value expression primary> <period> <method name> [ <SQL argument list> ]

<generalized invocation> ::=
		<left paren> <value expression primary> AS <data type> <right paren> <period> <method name>
		[ <SQL argument list> ]

<method selection> ::= <routine invocation>

<constructor method selection> ::= <routine invocation>

--hr
--h3 6.17 <static method invocation> (p223)
--/h3

<static method invocation> ::=
		<path-resolved user-defined type name> <double colon> <method name> [ <SQL argument list> ]

<static method selection> ::= <routine invocation>

--hr
--h3 6.18 <new specification> (p225)
--/h3

<new specification> ::= NEW <routine invocation>

<new invocation> ::= <method invocation> | <routine invocation>

--hr
--h3 6.19 <attribute or method reference> (p227)
--/h3

<attribute or method reference> ::=
		<value expression primary> <dereference operator> <qualified identifier>
		[ <SQL argument list> ]

<dereference operator> ::= <right arrow>

--hr
--h3 6.20 <dereference operation> (p229)
--/h3

<dereference operation> ::= <reference value expression> <dereference operator> <attribute name>

--hr
--h3 6.21 <method reference> (p230)
--/h3

<method reference> ::=
		<value expression primary> <dereference operator> <method name> <SQL argument list>

--hr
--h3 6.22 <reference resolution> (p232)
--/h3

<reference resolution> ::= DEREF <left paren> <reference value expression> <right paren>

--hr
--h3 6.23 <array element reference> (p234)
--/h3

<array element reference> ::=
		<array value expression> <left bracket or trigraph> <numeric value expression> <right bracket or trigraph>

--hr
--h3 6.24 <multiset element reference> (p235)
--/h3

<multiset element reference> ::=
		ELEMENT <left paren> <multset value expression> <right paren>

--h3 6.25 <value expression> (p236)
--/h3

--p
Specify a value.
--/p

<value expression> ::=
		<common value expression>
	|	<boolean value expression>
	|	<row value expression>

<common value expression> ::=
		<numeric value expression>
	|	<string value expression>
	|	<datetime value expression>
	|	<interval value expression>
	|	<user-defined type value expression>
	|	<reference value expression>
	|	<collection value expression>

<user-defined type value expression> ::= <value expression primary>

<reference value expression> ::= <value expression primary>

<collection value expression> ::= <array value expression> | <multiset value expression>

<collection value constructor> ::= <array value constructor> | <multiset value constructor>

--h3 6.26 <numeric value expression> (p240)
--/h3

--p
Specify a numeric value.
--/p

<numeric value expression> ::=
		<term>
	|	<numeric value expression> <plus sign> <term>
	|	<numeric value expression> <minus sign> <term>

<term> ::=
		<factor>
	|	<term> <asterisk> <factor>
	|	<term> <solidus> <factor>

<factor> ::= [ <sign> ] <numeric primary>

<numeric primary> ::=
		<value expression primary>
	|	<numeric value function>

--h3 6.27 <numeric value function> (p242)
--/h3

--p
Specify a function yielding a value of type numeric.
--/p

<numeric value function> ::=
		<position expression>
	|	<extract expression>
	|	<length expression>
	|	<cardinality expression>
	|	<absolute value expression>
	|	<modulus expression>
	|	<natural logarithm>
	|	<exponential function>
	|	<power function>
	|	<square root>
	|	<floor function>
	|	<ceiling function>
	|	<width bucket function>

<position expression> ::=
		<string position expression>
	|	<blob position expression>

<string position expression> ::=
		POSITION <left paren> <string value expression> IN <string value expression> [ USING <char length units> ] <right paren>

<blob position expression> ::=
		POSITION <left paren> <blob value expression> IN <blob value expression> <right paren>

<length expression> ::=
		<char length expression>
	|	<octet length expression>

<char length expression> ::=
		{ CHAR_LENGTH | CHARACTER_LENGTH } <left paren> <string value expression> [ USING <char length units> ] <right paren>

<octet length expression> ::= OCTET_LENGTH <left paren> <string value expression> <right paren>

<extract expression> ::= EXTRACT <left paren> <extract field> FROM <extract source> <right paren>

<extract field> ::= <primary datetime field> | <time zone field>

<time zone field> ::= TIMEZONE_HOUR | TIMEZONE_MINUTE

<extract source> ::= <datetime value expression> | <interval value expression>

<cardinality expression> ::= CARDINALITY <left paren> <collection value expression> <right paren>

<absolute value expression> ::= ABS <left paren> <numeric value expression> <right paren>

<modulus expression> ::= MOD <left paren> <numeric value expression dividend> <comma> <numeric value expression divisor><right paren>

<natural logarithm> ::= LN <left paren> <numeric value expression> <right paren>

<exponential function> ::= EXP <left paren> <numeric value expression> <right paren>

<power function> ::= POWER <left paren> <numeric value expression base> <comma> <numeric value expression exponent> <right paren>

<numeric value expression base> ::= <numeric value expression>

<numeric value expression exponent> ::= <numeric value expression>

<square root> ::= SQRT <left paren> <numeric value expression> <right paren>

<floor function> ::= FLOOR <left paren> <numeric value expression> <right paren>

<ceiling function> ::= { CEIL | CEILING } <left paren> <numeric value expression> <right paren>

<width bucket function> ::= WIDTH_BUCKET <left paren> <width bucket operand> <comma> <width bucket bound 1> <comma> <width bucket bound 2> <comma> <width bucket count> <right paren>

<width bucket operand> ::= <numeric value expression>

<width bucket bound 1> ::= <numeric value expression>

<width bucket bound 2> ::= <numeric value expression>

<width bucket count> ::= <numeric value expression>

--h3 6.28 <string value expression> (p251)
--/h3

--p
Specify a character string value or a binary string value.
--/p

<string value expression> ::= <character value expression> | <blob value expression>

<character value expression> ::= <concatenation> | <character factor>

<concatenation> ::= <character value expression> <concatenation operator> <character factor>

<character factor> ::= <character primary> [ <collate clause> ]

<character primary> ::= <value expression primary> | <string value function>

<blob value expression> ::= <blob concatenation> | <blob factor>

<blob factor> ::= <blob primary>

<blob primary> ::= <value expression primary> | <string value function>

<blob concatenation> ::= <blob value expression> <concatenation operator> <blob factor>

--h3 6.29 <string value function> (p255)
--/h3

--p
Specify a function yielding a value of type character string or binary string.
--/p

<string value function> ::= <character value function> | <blob value function>

<character value function> ::=
		<character substring function>
	|	<regular expression substring function>
	|	<fold>
	|	<transcoding>
	|	<character transliteration>
	|	<trim function>
	|	<character overlay function>
	|	<normalize function>
	|	<specific type method>

<character substring function> ::=
		SUBSTRING <left paren> <character value expression> FROM <start position>
		[ FOR <string length> ] [ USING <char length units> ] <right paren>

<regular expression substring function> ::=
		SUBSTRING <left paren> <character value expression>
		SIMILAR <character value expression> ESCAPE <escape character> <right paren>

<fold> ::= { UPPER | LOWER } <left paren> <character value expression> <right paren>

<transcoding> ::= CONVERT <left paren> <character value expression> USING <transcoding name> <right paren>

<character transliteration> ::= TRANSLATE <left paren> <character value expression> USING <transliteration name> <right paren>

<trim function> ::= TRIM <left paren> <trim operands> <right paren>

<trim operands> ::= [ [ <trim specification> ] [ <trim character> ] FROM ] <trim source>

<trim source> ::= <character value expression>

<trim specification> ::= LEADING | TRAILING | BOTH

<trim character> ::= <character value expression>

<character overlay function> ::=
		OVERLAY <left paren> <character value expression> PLACING <character value expression>
		FROM <start position> [ FOR <string length> ] [ USING <char length units> ] <right paren>

<normalize function> ::= NORMALIZE <left paren> <character value expression> <right paren>

<specific type method> ::= <user-defined type value expression> <period> SPECIFICTYPE

<blob value function> ::=
		<blob substring function>
	|	<blob trim function>
	|	<blob overlay function>

<blob substring function> ::=
		SUBSTRING <left paren> <blob value expression> FROM <start position> [ FOR <string length> ] <right paren>

<blob trim function> ::= TRIM <left paren> <blob trim operands> <right paren>

<blob trim operands> ::= [ [ <trim specification> ] [ <trim octet> ] FROM ] <blob trim source>

<blob trim source> ::= <blob value expression>

<trim octet> ::= <blob value expression>

<blob overlay function> ::=
		OVERLAY <left paren> <blob value expression> PLACING <blob value expression>
		FROM <start position> [ FOR <string length> ] <right paren>

<start position> ::= <numeric value expression>

<string length> ::= <numeric value expression>

--h3 6.30 <datetime value expression> (p266)
--/h3

--p
Specify a datetime value.
--/p

<datetime value expression> ::=
		<datetime term>
	|	<interval value expression> <plus sign> <datetime term>
	|	<datetime value expression> <plus sign> <interval term>
	|	<datetime value expression> <minus sign> <interval term>

<datetime term> ::= <datetime factor>

<datetime factor> ::= <datetime primary> [ <time zone> ]

<datetime primary> ::= <value expression primary> | <datetime value function>

<time zone> ::= AT <time zone specifier>

<time zone specifier> ::= LOCAL | TIME ZONE <interval primary>

--h3 6.31 <datetime value function> (p269)
--/h3

--p
Specify a function yielding a value of type datetime.
--/p

<datetime value function> ::=
		<current date value function>
	|	<current time value function>
	|	<current timestamp value function>
	|	<current local time value function>
	|	<current local timestamp value function>

<current date value function> ::= CURRENT_DATE

<current time value function> ::= CURRENT_TIME [ <left paren> <time precision> <right paren> ]

<current local time value function> ::= LOCALTIME [ <left paren> <time precision> <right paren> ]

<current timestamp value function> ::= CURRENT_TIMESTAMP [ <left paren> <timestamp precision> <right paren> ]

<current local timestamp value function> ::= LOCALTIMESTAMP [ <left paren> <timestamp precision> <right paren> ]

--h3 6.32 <interval value expression> (p271)
--/h3

--p
Specify an interval value.
--/p

<interval value expression> ::=
		<interval term>
	|	<interval value expression 1> <plus sign> <interval term 1>
	|	<interval value expression 1> <minus sign> <interval term 1>
	|	<left paren> <datetime value expression> <minus sign> <datetime term> <right paren> <interval qualifier>

<interval term> ::=
		<interval factor>
	|	<interval term 2> <asterisk> <factor>
	|	<interval term 2> <solidus> <factor>
	|	<term> <asterisk> <interval factor>

<interval factor> ::= [ <sign> ] <interval primary>

<interval primary> ::=
		<value expression primary> [ <interval qualifier> ]
	|	<interval value function>

<interval value expression 1> ::= <interval value expression>

<interval term 1> ::= <interval term>

<interval term 2> ::= <interval term>

--h3 6.33 <interval value function> (p276)
--/h3

<interval value function> ::= <interval absolute value function>

<interval absolute value function> ::= ABS <left paren> <interval value expression> <right paren>

--h3 6.34 <boolean value expression> (p277)
--/h3

<boolean value expression> ::=
		<boolean term>
	|	<boolean value expression> OR <boolean term>

<boolean term> ::=
		<boolean factor>
	|	<boolean term> AND <boolean factor>

<boolean factor> ::= [ NOT ] <boolean test>

<boolean test> ::= <boolean primary> [ IS [ NOT ] <truth value> ]

<truth value> ::= TRUE | FALSE | UNKNOWN

<boolean primary> ::= <predicate> | <boolean predicand>

<boolean predicand> ::=
		<parenthesized boolean value expression>
	|	<nonparenthesized value expression primary>

<parenthesized boolean value expression> ::= <left paren> <boolean value expression> <right paren>

--h3 6.35 <array value expression> (p284)
--/h3

<array value expression> ::= <array concatenation> | <array factor>

<array concatenation> ::= <array value expression 1> <concatenation operator> <array factor>

<array value expression 1> ::= <array value expression>

<array factor> ::= <value expression primary>

--h3 6.36 <array value constructor> (p284)
--/h3

<array value constructor> ::=
		<array value constructor by enumeration>
	|	<array value constructor by query>

<array value constructor by enumeration> ::=
		ARRAY <left bracket or trigraph> <array element list> <right bracket or trigraph>

<array element list> ::= <array element> [ { <comma> <array element> }... ]

<array element> ::= <value expression>

<array value constructor by query> ::=
		ARRAY <left paren> <query expression> [ <order by clause> ] <right paren>

--h3 6.37 <multiset value expression> (p286)
--/h3

<multiset value expression> ::=
		<multiset term>
	|	<multiset value expression> MULTISET UNION [ ALL | DISTINCT ] <multiset term>
	|	<multiset value expression> MULTISET EXCEPT [ ALL | DISTINCT ] <multiset term>

<multiset term> ::=
		<multiset primary>
	|	<multiset term> MULTISET INTERSECT [ ALL | DISTINCT ] <multiset primary>

<multiset primary> ::= <multiset value function> | <value expression primary>

--h3 6.38 <multiset value function> (p289)
--/h3

<multiset value function> ::= <multiset set function>

<multiset set function> ::= SET <left paren> <multiset value expression> <right paren>

--h3 6.39 <multiset value constructor> (p290)
--/h3

<multiset value constructor> ::=
		<multiset value constructor by enumeration>
	|	<multiset value constructor by query>
	|	<table value constructor by query>

<multiset value constructor by enumeration> ::= MULTISET <left bracket or trigraph> <multiset element list> <right bracket or trigraph>

<multiset element list> ::= <multiset element> [ { <comma> <multiset element> } ]

<multiset element> ::= <value expression>

<multiset value constructor by query> ::= MULTISET <left paren> <query expression> <right paren>

<table value constructor by query> ::= TABLE <left paren> <query expression> <right paren>

--hr
--h2 7 Query expressions
--/h2

--h3 7.1 <row value constructor> (p293)
--/h3

--p
Specify a value or list of values to be constructed into a row or partial row.
--/p

<row value constructor> ::=
		<common value expression>
	|	<boolean value expression>
	|	<explicit row value constructor>

<explicit row value constructor> ::=
		<left paren> <row value constructor element> <comma> <row value constructor element list> <right paren>
	|	ROW <left paren> <row value constructor element list> <right paren>
	|	<row subquery>

<row value constructor element list> ::=
		<row value constructor element> [ { <comma> <row value constructor element> }... ]

<row value constructor element> ::= <value expression>

<contextually typed row value constructor> ::=
		<common value expression>
	|	<boolean value expression>
	|	<contextually typed value specification>
	|	<left paren> <contextually typed row value constructor element> <comma> <contextually typed row value constructor element list> <right paren>
	|	ROW <left paren> <contextually typed row value constructor element list> <right paren>

<contextually typed row value constructor element list> ::=
		<contextually typed row value constructor element>
		[ { <comma> <contextually typed row value constructor element> }... ]

<contextually typed row value constructor element> ::=
		<value expression>
	|	<contextually typed value specification>

<row value constructor predicand> ::=
		<common value expression>
	|	<boolean predicand>
	|	<explicit row value constructor>

--h3 7.2 <row value expression> (p296)
--/h3

--p
Specify a row value.
--/p

<row value expression> ::=
		<row value special case>
	|	<explicit row value constructor>

<table row value expression> ::=
		<row value special case>
	|	<row value constructor>

<contextually typed row value expression> ::=
		<row value special case>
	|	<contextually typed row value constructor>

<row value predicand> ::=
		<row value special case>
	|	<row value constructor predicand>

<row value special case> ::= <nonparenthesized value expression primary>

--h3 7.3 <table value constructor> (p298)
--/h3

--p
Specify a set of <row value expression>s to be constructed into a table.
--/p

<table value constructor> ::= VALUES <row value expression list>

<row value expression list> ::= <table row value expression> [ { <comma> <table row value expression> }... ]

<contextually typed table value constructor> ::= VALUES <contextually typed row value expression list>

<contextually typed row value expression list> ::= <contextually typed row value expression> [ { <comma> <contextually typed row value expression> }... ]

--h3 7.4 <table expression> (p300)
--/h3

--p
Specify a table or a grouped table.
--/p

<table expression> ::=
		<from clause>
		[ <where clause> ]
		[ <group by clause> ]
		[ <having clause> ]
		[ <window clause> ]

--h3 7.5 <from clause> (p301)
--/h3

--p
Specify a table derived from one or more tables.
--/p

<from clause> ::= FROM <table reference list>

<table reference list> ::= <table reference> [ { <comma> <table reference> }... ]

--h3 7.6 <table reference> (p303)
--/h3

--p
Reference a table.
--/p

<table reference> ::= <table primary or joined table> [ <sample clause> ]

<table primary or joined table> ::= <table primary> | <joined table>

<sample clause> ::=
		TABLESAMPLE <sample method> <left paren> <sample percentage> <right paren> [ <repeatable clause> ]

<sample method> ::= BERNOULLI | SYSTEM

<repeatable clause> ::= REPEATABLE <left paren> <repeat argument> <right paren>

<sample percentage> ::= <numeric value expression>

<repeat argument> ::= <numeric value expression>

<table primary> ::=
		<table or query name> [ [ AS ] <correlation name> [ <left paren> <derived column list> <right paren> ] ]
	|	<derived table> [ AS ] <correlation name> [ <left paren> <derived column list> <right paren> ]
	|	<lateral derived table> [ AS ] <correlation name> [ <left paren> <derived column list> <right paren> ]
	|	<collection derived table> [ AS ] <correlation name> [ <left paren> <derived column list> <right paren> ]
	|	<table function derived table> [ AS ] <correlation name> [ <left paren> <derived column list> <right paren> ]
	|	<only spec> [ [ AS ] <correlation name> [ <left paren> <derived column list> <right paren> ] ]
	|	<left paren> <joined table> <right paren>

<only spec> ::= ONLY <left paren> <table or query name> <right paren>

<lateral derived table> ::= LATERAL <table subquery>

<collection derived table> ::= UNNEST <left paren> <collection value expression> <right paren> [ WITH ORDINALITY ]

<table function derived table> ::= TABLE <left paren> <collection value expression> <right paren>

<derived table> ::= <table subquery>

<table or query name> ::= <table name> | <query name>

<derived column list> ::= <column name list>

<column name list> ::= <column name> [ { <comma> <column name> }... ]

--h3 7.7 <joined table> (p312)
--/h3

--p
Specify a table derived from a Cartesian product, inner or outer join, or union join.
--/p

<joined table> ::=
		<cross join>
	|	<qualified join>
	|	<natural join>
	|	<union join>

<cross join> ::= <table reference> CROSS JOIN <table primary>

<qualified join> ::= <table reference> [ <join type> ] JOIN <table reference> <join specification>

<natural join> ::= <table reference> NATURAL [ <join type> ] JOIN <table primary>

<union join> ::= <table reference> UNION JOIN <table primary>

<join specification> ::= <join condition> | <named columns join>

<join condition> ::= ON <search condition>

<named columns join> ::= USING <left paren> <join column list> <right paren>

<join type> ::= INNER | <outer join type> [ OUTER ]

<outer join type> ::= LEFT | RIGHT | FULL

<join column list> ::= <column name list>

--h3 7.8 <where clause> (p319)
--/h3

--p
Specify a table derived by the application of a <search condition> to the result of the preceding
<from clause>.
--/p

<where clause> ::= WHERE <search condition>

--h3 7.9 <group by clause> (p320)
--/h3

--p
Specify a grouped table derived by the application of the <group by clause> to the result of the
previously specified clause.
--/p

<group by clause> ::= GROUP BY [ <set quantifier> ] <grouping element list>

<grouping element list> ::= <grouping element> [ { <comma> <grouping element> }... ]

<grouping element> ::=
		<ordinary grouping set>
	|	<rollup list>
	|	<cube list>
	|	<grouping sets specification>
	|	<empty grouping set>

<ordinary grouping set> ::=
		<grouping column reference>
	|	<left paren> <grouping column reference list> <right paren>

<grouping column reference> ::= <column reference> [ <collate clause> ]

<grouping column reference list> ::= <grouping column reference> [ { <comma> <grouping column reference> }... ]

<rollup list> ::= ROLLUP <left paren> <ordinary grouping set list> <right paren>

<ordinary grouping set list> ::= <ordinary grouping set> [ { <comma> <ordinary grouping set> }... ]

<cube list> ::= CUBE <left paren> <ordinary grouping set list> <right paren>

<grouping sets specification> ::= GROUPING SETS <left paren> <grouping set list> <right paren>

<grouping set list> ::= <grouping set> [ { <comma> <grouping set> }... ]

<grouping set> ::=
		<ordinary grouping set>
	|	<rollup list>
	|	<cube list>
	|	<grouping sets specification>
	|	<empty grouping set>

<empty grouping set> ::= <left paren> <right paren>

--h3 7.10 <having clause> (p329)
--/h3

--p
Specify a grouped table derived by the elimination of groups that do not satisfy a <search condition>.
--/p

<having clause> ::= HAVING <search condition>

--h3 7.11 <window clause> (p331)
--/h3

--p
Specify one or more window definitions.
--/p

<window clause> ::= WINDOW <window definition list>

<window definition list> ::= <window definition> [ { <comma> <window definition> }... ]

<window definition> ::= <new window name> AS <window specification>

<new window name> ::= <window name>

<window specification> ::= <left paren> <window specification details> <right paren>

<window specification details> ::=
		[ <existing window name> ] [ <window partition clause> ] [ <window order clause> ] [ <window frame clause> ]

<existing window name> ::= <window name>

<window partition clause> ::= PARTITION BY <window partition column reference list>

<window partition column reference list> ::= <window partition column reference> [ { <comma> <window partition column reference> }... ]

<window partition column reference> ::= <column reference> [ <collate clause> ]

<window order clause> ::= ORDER BY <sort specification list>

<window frame clause> ::= <window frame units> <window frame extent> [ <window frame exclusion> ]

<window frame units> ::= ROWS | RANGE

<window frame extent> ::= <window frame start> | <window frame between>

<window frame start> ::= UNBOUNDED PRECEDING | <window frame preceding> | CURRENT ROW

<window frame preceding> ::= <unsigned value specification> PRECEDING

<window frame between> ::= BETWEEN <window frame bound 1> AND <window frame bound 2>

<window frame bound 1> ::= <window frame bound>

<window frame bound 2> ::= <window frame bound>

<window frame bound> ::=
		<window frame start>
	|	UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING
	|	<window frame following>

<window frame following> ::= <unsigned value specification> FOLLOWING

<window frame exclusion> ::=
		EXCLUDE CURRENT ROW
	|	EXCLUDE GROUP
	|	EXCLUDE TIES
	|	EXCLUDE NO OTHERS

--h3 7.12 <query specification> (p341)
--/h3

--p
Specify a table derived from the result of a <table expression>.
--/p

<query specification> ::= SELECT [ <set quantifier> ] <select list> <table expression>

<select list> ::= <asterisk> | <select sublist> [ { <comma> <select sublist> }... ]

<select sublist> ::= <derived column> | <qualified asterisk>

<qualified asterisk> ::=
		<asterisked identifier chain> <period> <asterisk>
	|	<all fields reference>

<asterisked identifier chain> ::= <asterisked identifier> [ { <period> <asterisked identifier> }... ]

<asterisked identifier> ::= <identifier>

<derived column> ::= <value expression> [ <as clause> ]

<as clause> ::= [ AS ] <column name>

<all fields reference> ::= <value expression primary> <period> <asterisk> [ AS <left paren> <all fields column name list> <right paren> ]

<all fields column name list> ::= <column name list>

--h3 7.13 <query expression> (p350)
--/h3

--p
Specify a table.
--/p

<query expression> ::= [ <with clause> ] <query expression body>

<with clause> ::= WITH [ RECURSIVE ] <with list>

<with list> ::= <with list element> [ { <comma> <with list element> }... ]

<with list element> ::=
		<query name> [ <left paren> <with column list> <right paren> ]
		AS <left paren> <query expression> <right paren> [ <search or cycle clause> ]

<with column list> ::= <column name list>

<query expression body> ::= <non-join query expression> | <joined table>

<non-join query expression> ::=
		<non-join query term>
	|	<query expression body> UNION [ ALL | DISTINCT ] [ <corresponding spec> ] <query term>
	|	<query expression body> EXCEPT [ ALL | DISTINCT ] [ <corresponding spec> ] <query term>

<query term> ::= <non-join query term> | <joined table>

<non-join query term> ::=
		<non-join query primary>
	|	<query term> INTERSECT [ ALL | DISTINCT ] [ <corresponding spec> ] <query primary>

<query primary> ::= <non-join query primary> | <joined table>

<non-join query primary> ::= <simple table> | <left paren> <non-join query expression> <right paren>

<simple table> ::=
		<query specification>
	|	<table value constructor>
	|	<explicit table>

<explicit table> ::= TABLE <table or query name>

<corresponding spec> ::= CORRESPONDING [ BY <left paren> <corresponding column list> <right paren> ]

<corresponding column list> ::= <column name list>

--h3 7.14 <search or cycle clause> (p363)
--/h3

--p
Specify the generation of ordering and cycle detection information in the result of recursive query
expressions.
--/p

<search or cycle clause> ::=
		<search clause>
	|	<cycle clause>
	|	<search clause> <cycle clause>

<search clause> ::= SEARCH <recursive search order> SET <sequence column>

<recursive search order> ::=
		DEPTH FIRST BY <sort specification list>
	|	BREADTH FIRST BY <sort specification list>

<sequence column> ::= <column name>

<cycle clause> ::=
		CYCLE <cycle column list>
		SET <cycle mark column> TO <cycle mark value>
		DEFAULT <non-cycle mark value>
		USING <path column>

<cycle column list> ::= <cycle column> [ { <comma> <cycle column> }... ]

<cycle column> ::= <column name>

<cycle mark column> ::= <column name>

<path column> ::= <column name>

<cycle mark value> ::= <value expression>

<non-cycle mark value> ::= <value expression>

--h3 7.15 <subquery> (p368)
--/h3

--p
Specify a scalar value, a row, or a table derived from a <query expression>.
--/p

<scalar subquery> ::= <subquery>

<row subquery> ::= <subquery>

<table subquery> ::= <subquery>

<subquery> ::= <left paren> <query expression> <right paren>

--hr
--h2 8 Predicates
--/h2

--h3 8.1 <predicate> (p371)
--/h3

--p
Specify a condition that can be evaluated to give a boolean value.
--/p

<predicate> ::=
		<comparison predicate>
	|	<between predicate>
	|	<in predicate>
	|	<like predicate>
	|	<similar predicate>
	|	<null predicate>
	|	<quantified comparison predicate>
	|	<exists predicate>
	|	<unique predicate>
	|	<normalized predicate>
	|	<match predicate>
	|	<overlaps predicate>
	|	<distinct predicate>
	|	<member predicate>
	|	<submultiset predicate>
	|	<set predicate>
	|	<type predicate>

--h3 8.2 <comparison predicate> (p373)
--/h3

--p
Specify a comparison of two row values.
--/p

<comparison predicate> ::= <row value predicand> <comparison predicate part 2>

<comparison predicate part 2> ::= <comp op> <row value predicand>

<comp op> ::=
		<equals operator>
	|	<not equals operator>
	|	<less than operator>
	|	<greater than operator>
	|	<less than or equals operator>
	|	<greater than or equals operator>

--h3 8.3 <between predicate> (p380)
--/h3

--p
Specify a range comparison.
--/p

<between predicate> ::= <row value predicand> <between predicate part 2>

<between predicate part 2> ::= [ NOT ] BETWEEN [ ASYMMETRIC | SYMMETRIC ] <row value predicand> AND <row value predicand>

--h3 8.4 <in predicate> (p381)
--/h3

--p
Specify a quantified comparison.
--/p

<in predicate> ::= <row value predicand> <in predicate part 2>

<in predicate part 2> ::= [ NOT ] IN <in predicate value>

<in predicate value> ::=
		<table subquery>
	|	<left paren> <in value list> <right paren>

<in value list> ::= <row value expression> [ { <comma> <row value expression> }... ]

--h3 8.5 <like predicate> (p383)
--/h3

--p
Specify a pattern-match comparison.
--/p

<like predicate> ::= <character like predicate> | <octet like predicate>

<character like predicate> ::= <row value predicand> <character like predicate part 2>

<character like predicate part 2> ::= [ NOT ] LIKE <character pattern> [ ESCAPE <escape character> ]

<character pattern> ::= <character value expression>

<escape character> ::= <character value expression>

<octet like predicate> ::= <row value predicand> <octet like predicate part 2>

<octet like predicate part 2> ::= [ NOT ] LIKE <octet pattern> [ ESCAPE <escape octet> ]

<octet pattern> ::= <blob value expression>

<escape octet> ::= <blob value expression>

--h3 8.6 <similar predicate> (p389)
--/h3

--p
Specify a character string similarity by means of a regular expression.
--/p

<similar predicate> ::= <row value predicand> <similar predicate part 2>

<similar predicate part 2> ::= [ NOT ] SIMILAR TO <similar pattern> [ ESCAPE <escape character> ]

<similar pattern> ::= <character value expression>

<regular expression> ::=
		<regular term>
	|	<regular expression> <vertical bar> <regular term>

<regular term> ::=
		<regular factor>
	|	<regular term> <regular factor>

<regular factor> ::=
		<regular primary>
	|	<regular primary> <asterisk>
	|	<regular primary> <plus sign>
	|	<regular primary> <question mark>
	|	<regular primary> <repeat factor>

<repeat factor> ::= <left brace> <low value> [ <upper limit> ] <right brace>

<upper limit> ::= <comma> [ <high value> ]

<low value> ::= <unsigned integer>

<high value> ::= <unsigned integer>

<regular primary> ::=
		<character specifier>
	|	<percent>
	|	<regular character set>
	|	<left paren> <regular expression> <right paren>

<character specifier> ::= <non-escaped character> | <escaped character>

<non-escaped character> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

<escaped character> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

<regular character set> ::=
		<underscore>
	|	<left bracket> <character enumeration>... <right bracket>
	|	<left bracket> <circumflex> <character enumeration>... <right bracket>
	|	<left bracket> <character enumeration include>...  <circumflex> <character enumeration exclude>... <right bracket>

<character enumeration include> ::= <character enumeration>

<character enumeration exclude> ::= <character enumeration>

<character enumeration> ::=
		<character specifier>
	|	<character specifier> <minus sign> <character specifier>
	|	<left bracket> <colon> <regular character set identifier> <colon> <right bracket>

<regular character set identifier> ::= <identifier>

--h3 8.7 <null predicate> (p395)
--/h3

--p
Specify a test for a null value.
--/p

<null predicate> ::= <row value predicand> <null predicate part 2>

<null predicate part 2> ::= IS [ NOT ] NULL

--h3 8.8 <quantified comparison predicate> (p397)
--/h3

--p
Specify a quantified comparison.
--/p

<quantified comparison predicate> ::= <row value predicand> <quantified comparison predicate part 2>

<quantified comparison predicate part 2> ::= <comp op> <quantifier> <table subquery>

<quantifier> ::= <all> | <some>

<all> ::= ALL

<some> ::= SOME | ANY

--h3 8.9 <exists predicate> (p399)
--/h3

--p
Specify a test for a non-empty set.
--/p

<exists predicate> ::= EXISTS <table subquery>

--h3 8.10 <unique predicate> (p400)
--/h3

--p
Specify a test for the absence of duplicate rows
--/p

<unique predicate> ::= UNIQUE <table subquery>

--h3 8.11 <normalized predicate> (p401)
--/h3

--p
Determine whether a character string value is normalized.
--/p

<normalized predicate> ::= <string value expression> IS [ NOT ] NORMALIZED

--h3 8.12 <match predicate> (p402)
--/h3

--p
Specify a test for matching rows.
--/p

<match predicate> ::= <row value predicand> <match predicate part 2>

<match predicate part 2> ::= MATCH [ UNIQUE ] [ SIMPLE | PARTIAL | FULL ] <table subquery>

--h3 8.13 <overlaps predicate> (p405)
--/h3

--p
Specify a test for an overlap between two datetime periods.
--/p

<overlaps predicate> ::= <overlaps predicate part 1> <overlaps predicate part 2>

<overlaps predicate part 1> ::= <row value predicand 1>

<overlaps predicate part 2> ::= OVERLAPS <row value predicand 2>

<row value predicand 1> ::= <row value predicand>

<row value predicand 2> ::= <row value predicand>

--h3 8.14 <distinct predicate> (p407)
--/h3

--p
Specify a test of whether two row values are distinct
--/p

<distinct predicate> ::= <row value predicand 3> <distinct predicate part 2>

<distinct predicate part 2> ::= IS DISTINCT FROM <row value predicand 4>

<row value predicand 3> ::= <row value predicand>

<row value predicand 4> ::= <row value predicand>

--h3 8.15 <member predicate> (p409)
--/h3

--p
Specify a test of whether a value is a member of a multiset.
--/p

<member predicate> ::= <row value predicand> <member predicate part 2>

<member predicate part 2> ::= [ NOT ] MEMBER [ OF ] <multiset value expression>

--h3 8.16 <submultiset predicate> (p411)
--/h3

--p
Specify a test of whether a multiset is a submultiset of another multiset.
--/p

<submultiset predicate> ::= <row value predicand> <submultiset predicate part 2>

<submultiset predicate part 2> ::= [ NOT ] SUBMULTISET [ OF ] <multiset value expression>

--h3 8.17 <set predicate> (p413)
--/h3

--p
Specify a test of whether a multiset is a set (that is, does not contain any duplicates).
--/p

<set predicate> ::= <row value predicand> <set predicate part 2>

<set predicate part 2> ::= IS [ NOT ] A SET

--h3 8.18 <type predicate> (p414)
--/h3

--p
Specify a type test.
--/p

<type predicate> ::= <row value predicand> <type predicate part 2>

<type predicate part 2> ::= IS [ NOT ] OF <left paren> <type list> <right paren>

<type list> ::= <user-defined type specification> [ { <comma> <user-defined type specification> }... ]

<user-defined type specification> ::=
		<inclusive user-defined type specification>
	|	<exclusive user-defined type specification>

<inclusive user-defined type specification> ::= <path-resolved user-defined type name>

<exclusive user-defined type specification> ::= ONLY <path-resolved user-defined type name>

--h3 8.19 <search condition> (p416)
--/h3

--p
Specify a condition that is True , False , or Unknown , depending on the value of a <boolean value
expression>.
--/p

<search condition> ::= <boolean value expression>

--hr
--h2 9 Additional common rules
--/h2

--h3 9.1 Retrieval assignment (p417)
--/h3

--h3 9.2 Store assignment (p422)
--/h3

--h3 9.3 Data types of results of aggregations (p427)
--/h3

--h3 9.4 Subject routine determination (p430)
--/h3

--h3 9.5 Type precedence list determination (p431)
--/h3

--h3 9.6 Host parameter mode determination (p434)
--/h3

--h3 9.7 Type name determination (p436)
--/h3

--h3 9.8 Determination of identical values (p438)
--/h3

--h3 9.9 Equality operations (p440)
--/h3

--h3 9.10 Grouping operations (p443)
--/h3

--h3 9.11 Multiset element grouping operations (p445)
--/h3

--h3 9.12 Ordering operations (p447)
--/h3

--h3 9.13 Collation determination (p449)
--/h3

--h3 9.14 Execution of array-returning functions (p450)
--/h3

--h3 9.15 Execution of multiset-returning functions (p453)
--/h3

--h3 9.16 Data type identity (p454)
--/h3

--h3 9.17 Determination of a from-sql function (p456)
--/h3

--h3 9.18 Determination of a from-sql function for an overriding method (p457)
--/h3

--h3 9.19 Determination of a to-sql function (p458)
--/h3

--h3 9.20 Determination of a to-sql function for an overriding method (p459)
--/h3

--h3 9.21 Generation of the next value of a sequence generator (p460)
--/h3

--h3 9.22 Creation of a sequence generator (p461)
--/h3

--h3 9.23 Altering a sequence generator (p463)
--/h3

--hr
--h2 10 Additional common elements
--/h2

--h3 10.1 <interval qualifier> (p465)
--/h3

--p
Specify the precision of an interval data type.
--/p

<interval qualifier> ::=
		<start field> TO <end field>
	|	<single datetime field>

<start field> ::= <non-second primary datetime field> [ <left paren> <interval leading field precision> <right paren> ]

<end field> ::=
		<non-second primary datetime field>
	|	SECOND [ <left paren> <interval fractional seconds precision> <right paren> ]

<single datetime field> ::=
		<non-second primary datetime field> [ <left paren> <interval leading field precision> <right paren> ]
	|	SECOND [ <left paren> <interval leading field precision> [ <comma> <interval fractional seconds precision> ] <right paren> ]

<primary datetime field> ::=
		<non-second primary datetime field>
	|	SECOND

<non-second primary datetime field> ::= YEAR | MONTH | DAY | HOUR | MINUTE

<interval fractional seconds precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

<interval leading field precision> ::= <unsigned integer>

--h3 10.2 <language clause> (p469)
--/h3

--p
Specify a standard programming language.
--/p

<language clause> ::= LANGUAGE <language name>

<language name> ::= ADA | C | COBOL | FORTRAN | MUMPS | PASCAL | PLI | SQL

--p
Table 14 -- Standard programming languages
--/p

--## <table border=1>
--## <tr> <th> Language keyword </th> <th> Relevant standard </th> </tr>
--## <tr><td>ADA</td><td>ISO/IEC 8652</td></tr>
--## <tr><td>C</td><td>ISO/IEC 9899</td></tr>
--## <tr><td>COBOL</td><td>ISO 1989</td></tr>
--## <tr><td>FORTRAN</td><td>ISO 1539</td></tr>
--## <tr><td>MUMPS</td><td>ISO/IEC 11756</td></tr>
--## <tr><td>PASCAL</td><td>ISO/IEC 7185 and ISO/IEC 10206</td></tr>
--## <tr><td>PLI</td><td>ISO 6160</td></tr>
--## <tr><td>SQL</td><td>ISO/IEC 9075</td></tr>
--## </table>

--h3 10.3 <path specification> (p471)
--/h3

--p
Specify an order for searching for an SQL-invoked routine.
--/p

<path specification> ::= PATH <schema name list>

<schema name list> ::= <schema name> [ { <comma> <schema name> }... ]

--h3 10.4 <routine invocation> (p472)
--/h3

--p
Invoke an SQL-invoked routine.
--/p

<routine invocation> ::= <routine name> <SQL argument list>

<routine name> ::= [ <schema name> <period> ] <qualified identifier>

<SQL argument list> ::= <left paren> [ <SQL argument> [ { <comma> <SQL argument> }... ] ] <right paren>

<SQL argument> ::=
		<value expression>
	|	<generalized expression>
	|	<target specification>

<generalized expression> ::= <value expression> AS <path-resolved user-defined type name>

--h3 10.5 <character set specification> (p495)
--/h3

--p
Identify a character set.
--/p

<character set specification> ::=
		<standard character set name>
	|	<implementation-defined character set name>
	|	<user-defined character set name>

<standard character set name> ::= <character set name>

<implementation-defined character set name> ::= <character set name>

<user-defined character set name> ::= <character set name>

--h3 10.6 <specific routine designator> (p497)
--/h3

--p
Specify an SQL-invoked routine.
--/p

<specific routine designator> ::=
		SPECIFIC <routine type> <specific name>
			|	<routine type> <member name>
		[ FOR <schema-resolved user-defined type name> ]

<routine type> ::=
		ROUTINE
	|	FUNCTION
	|	PROCEDURE
	|	[ INSTANCE | STATIC | CONSTRUCTOR ] METHOD

<member name> ::= <member name alternatives> [ <data type list> ]

<member name alternatives> ::= <schema qualified routine name> | <method name>

<data type list> ::= <left paren> [ <data type> [ { <comma> <data type> }... ] ] <right paren>

--h3 10.7 <collate clause> (p500)
--/h3

--p
Specify a default collating sequence.
--/p

<collate clause> ::= COLLATE <collation name>

--h3 10.8 <constraint name definition> and <constraint characteristics> (p501)
--/h3

--p
Specify the name of a constraint and its characteristics.
--/p

<constraint name definition> ::= CONSTRAINT <constraint name>

<constraint characteristics> ::=
		<constraint check time> [ [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE ]
	|	[ NOT ] DEFERRABLE [ <constraint check time> ]

<constraint check time> ::= INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE

--h3 10.9 <aggregate function> (p503)
--/h3

--p
Specify a value computed from a collection of rows.
--/p

<aggregate function> ::=
		COUNT <left paren> <asterisk> <right paren> [ <filter clause> ]
	|	<general set function> [ <filter clause> ]
	|	<binary set function> [ <filter clause> ]
	|	<ordered set function> [ <filter clause> ]

<general set function> ::= <set function type> <left paren> [ <set quantifier> ] <value expression> <right paren>

<set function type> ::= <computational operation>

<computational operation> ::=
		AVG | MAX | MIN | SUM
	|	EVERY | ANY | SOME
	|	COUNT
	|	STDDEV_POP | STDDEV_SAMP | VAR_SAMP | VAR_POP
	|	COLLECT | FUSION | INTERSECTION

<set quantifier> ::= DISTINCT | ALL

<filter clause> ::= FILTER <left paren> WHERE <search condition> <right paren>

<binary set function> ::= <binary set function type> <left paren> <dependent variable expression> <comma> <independent variable expression> <right paren>

<binary set function type> ::=
		COVAR_POP | COVAR_SAMP | CORR | REGR_SLOPE
	|	REGR_INTERCEPT | REGR_COUNT | REGR_R2 | REGR_AVGX | REGR_AVGY
	|	REGR_SXX | REGR_SYY | REGR_SXY

<dependent variable expression> ::= <numeric value expression>

<independent variable expression> ::= <numeric value expression>

<ordered set function> ::= <hypothetical set function> | <inverse distribution function>

<hypothetical set function> ::= <rank function type> <left paren> <hypothetical set function value expression list> <right paren> <within group specification>

<within group specification> ::= WITHIN GROUP <left paren> ORDER BY <sort specification list> <right paren>

<hypothetical set function value expression list> ::= <value expression> [ { <comma> <value expression> }... ]

<inverse distribution function> ::= <inverse distribution function type> <left paren> <inverse distribution function argument> <right paren> <within group specification>

<inverse distribution function argument> ::= <numeric value expression>

<inverse distribution function type> ::= PERCENTILE_CONT | PERCENTILE_DISC

--h3 10.10 <sort specification list> (p515)
--/h3

--p
Specify a sort order.
--/p

<sort specification list> ::= <sort specification> [ { <comma> <sort specification> }... ]

<sort specification> ::= <sort key> [ <ordering specification> ] [ <null ordering> ]

<sort key> ::= <value expression>

<ordering specification> ::= ASC | DESC

<null ordering> ::= NULLS FIRST | NULLS LAST

--hr
--h2 11 Schema definition and manipulation
--/h2

--h3 11.1 <schema definition> (p517)
--/h3

--p
Define a schema.
--/p

<schema definition> ::= CREATE SCHEMA <schema name clause> [ <schema character set or path> ] [ <schema element>... ]

<schema character set or path> ::=
		<schema character set specification>
	|	<schema path specification>
	|	<schema character set specification> <schema path specification>
	|	<schema path specification> <schema character set specification>

<schema name clause> ::=
		<schema name>
	|	AUTHORIZATION <schema authorization identifier>
	|	<schema name> AUTHORIZATION <schema authorization identifier>

<schema authorization identifier> ::= <authorization identifier>

<schema character set specification> ::= DEFAULT CHARACTER SET <character set specification>

<schema path specification> ::= <path specification>

<schema element> ::=
		<table definition>
	|	<view definition>
	|	<domain definition>
	|	<character set definition>
	|	<collation definition>
	|	<transliteration definition>
	|	<assertion definition>
	|	<trigger definition>
	|	<user-defined type definition>
	|	<user-defined cast definition>
	|	<user-defined ordering definition>
	|	<transform definition>
	|	<schema routine>
	|	<sequence generator definition>
	|	<grant statement>
	|	<role definition>

--h3 11.2 <drop schema statement> (p520)
--/h3

--p
Destroy a schema.
--/p

<drop schema statement> ::= DROP SCHEMA <schema name> <drop behavior>

<drop behavior> ::= CASCADE | RESTRICT

--h3 11.3 <table definition> (p523)
--/h3

--p
Define a persistent base table, a created local temporary table, or a global temporary table.
--/p

<table definition> ::=
		CREATE [ <table scope> ] TABLE <table name> <table contents source>
		[ ON COMMIT <table commit action> ROWS ]

<table contents source> ::=
		<table element list>
	|	OF <path-resolved user-defined type name> [ <subtable clause> ] [ <table element list> ]
	|	<as subquery clause>

<table scope> ::= <global or local> TEMPORARY

<global or local> ::= GLOBAL | LOCAL

<table commit action> ::= PRESERVE | DELETE

<table element list> ::= <left paren> <table element> [ { <comma> <table element> }... ] <right paren>

<table element> ::=
		<column definition>
	|	<table constraint definition>
	|	<like clause>
	|	<self-referencing column specification>
	|	<column options>

<self-referencing column specification> ::= REF IS <self-referencing column name> <reference generation>

<reference generation> ::= SYSTEM GENERATED | USER GENERATED | DERIVED

<self-referencing column name> ::= <column name>

<column options> ::= <column name> WITH OPTIONS <column option list>

<column option list> ::= [ <scope clause> ] [ <default clause> ] [ <column constraint definition>... ]

<subtable clause> ::= UNDER <supertable clause>

<supertable clause> ::= <supertable name>

<supertable name> ::= <table name>

<like clause> ::= LIKE <table name> [ <like options> ]

<like options> ::= <identity option> | <column default option>

<identity option> ::= INCLUDING IDENTITY | EXCLUDING IDENTITY

<column default option> ::= INCLUDING DEFAULTS | EXCLUDING DEFAULTS

<as subquery clause> ::= [ <left paren> <column name list> <right paren> ] AS <subquery> <with or without data>

<with or without data> ::= WITH NO DATA | WITH DATA

--h3 11.4 <column definition> (p534)
--/h3

--p
Define a column of a base table.
--/p

<column definition> ::=
		<column name> [ <data type> | <domain name> ] [ <reference scope check> ]
		[ <default clause> | <identity column specification> | <generation clause> ]
		[ <column constraint definition>... ] [ <collate clause> ]

<column constraint definition> ::= [ <constraint name definition> ] <column constraint> [ <constraint characteristics> ]

<column constraint> ::=
		NOT NULL
	|	<unique specification>
	|	<references specification>
	|	<check constraint definition>

<reference scope check> ::= REFERENCES ARE [ NOT ] CHECKED [ ON DELETE <reference scope check action> ]

<reference scope check action> ::= <referential action>

<identity column specification> ::=
		GENERATED { ALWAYS | BY DEFAULT } AS IDENTITY
		[ <left paren> <common sequence generator options> <right paren> ]

<generation clause> ::= <generation rule> AS <generation expression>

<generation rule> ::= GENERATED ALWAYS

<generation expression> ::= <left paren> <value expression> <right paren>

--h3 11.5 <default clause> (p539)
--/h3

--p
Specify the default for a column, domain, or attribute.
--/p

<default clause> ::= DEFAULT <default option>

<default option> ::=
		<literal>
	|	<datetime value function>
	|	USER
	|	CURRENT_USER
	|	CURRENT_ROLE
	|	SESSION_USER
	|	SYSTEM_USER
	|	CURRENT_PATH
	|	<implicitly typed value specification>

--h3 11.6 <table constraint definition> (p543)
--/h3

--p
Specify an integrity constraint.
--/p

<table constraint definition> ::= [ <constraint name definition> ] <table constraint> [ <constraint characteristics> ]

<table constraint> ::=
		<unique constraint definition>
	|	<referential constraint definition>
	|	<check constraint definition>

--h3 11.7 <unique constraint definition> (p545)
--/h3

--p
Specify a uniqueness constraint for a table.
--/p

<unique constraint definition> ::=
		<unique specification> <left paren> <unique column list> <right paren>
	|	UNIQUE ( VALUE )

<unique specification> ::= UNIQUE | PRIMARY KEY

<unique column list> ::= <column name list>

--h3 11.8 <referential constraint definition> (p547)
--/h3

--p
Specify a referential constraint.
--/p

<referential constraint definition> ::= FOREIGN KEY <left paren> <referencing columns> <right paren> <references specification>

<references specification> ::= REFERENCES <referenced table and columns> [ MATCH <match type> ] [ <referential triggered action> ]

<match type> ::= FULL | PARTIAL | SIMPLE

<referencing columns> ::= <reference column list>

<referenced table and columns> ::= <table name> [ <left paren> <reference column list> <right paren> ]

<reference column list> ::= <column name list>

<referential triggered action> ::= <update rule> [ <delete rule> ] | <delete rule> [ <update rule> ]

<update rule> ::= ON UPDATE <referential action>

<delete rule> ::= ON DELETE <referential action>

<referential action> ::= CASCADE | SET NULL | SET DEFAULT | RESTRICT | NO ACTION

--h3 11.9 <check constraint definition> (p567)
--/h3

--p
Specify a condition for the SQL-data.
--/p

<check constraint definition> ::= CHECK <left paren> <search condition> <right paren>

--h3 11.10 <alter table statement> (p569)
--/h3

--p
Change the definition of a table.
--/p

<alter table statement> ::= ALTER TABLE <table name> <alter table action>

<alter table action> ::=
		<add column definition>
	|	<alter column definition>
	|	<drop column definition>
	|	<add table constraint definition>
	|	<drop table constraint definition>

--h3 11.11 <add column definition> (p570)
--/h3

--p
Add a column to a table.
--/p

<add column definition> ::= ADD [ COLUMN ] <column definition>

--h3 11.12 <alter column definition> (p572)
--/h3

--p
Change a column and its definition.
--/p

<alter column definition> ::= ALTER [ COLUMN ] <column name> <alter column action>

<alter column action> ::=
		<set column default clause>
	|	<drop column default clause>
	|	<add column scope clause>
	|	<drop column scope clause>
	|	<alter identity column specification>

--h3 11.13 <set column default clause> (p573)
--/h3

--p
Set the default clause for a column.
--/p

<set column default clause> ::= SET <default clause>

--h3 11.14 <drop column default clause> (p574)
--/h3

--p
Drop the default clause from a column.
--/p

<drop column default clause> ::= DROP DEFAULT

--h3 11.15 <add column scope clause> (p575)
--/h3

--p
Add a non-empty scope for an existing column of data type REF in a base table.
--/p

<add column scope clause> ::= ADD <scope clause>

--h3 11.16 <drop column scope clause> (p576)
--/h3

--p
Drop the scope from an existing column of data type REF in a base table.
--/p

<drop column scope clause> ::= DROP SCOPE <drop behavior>

--h3 11.17 <alter identity column specification> (p578)
--/h3

--p
Change the options specified for an identity column.
--/p

<alter identity column specification> ::= <alter identity column option>...

<alter identity column option> ::=
		<alter sequence generator restart option>
	|	SET <basic sequence generator option>

--h3 11.18 <drop column definition> (p579)
--/h3

--p
Destroy a column of a base table.
--/p

<drop column definition> ::= DROP [ COLUMN ] <column name> <drop behavior>

--h3 11.19 <add table constraint definition> (p581)
--/h3

--p
Add a constraint to a table.
--/p

<add table constraint definition> ::= ADD <table constraint definition>

--h3 11.20 <drop table constraint definition> (p582)
--/h3

--p
Destroy a constraint on a table.
--/p

<drop table constraint definition> ::= DROP CONSTRAINT <constraint name> <drop behavior>

--h3 11.21 <drop table statement> (p585)
--/h3

--p
Destroy a table.
--/p

<drop table statement> ::= DROP TABLE <table name> <drop behavior>

--h3 11.22 <view definition> (p588)
--/h3

--p
Define a viewed table.
--/p

<view definition> ::=
		CREATE [ RECURSIVE ] VIEW <table name> <view specification> AS <query expression>
		[ WITH [ <levels clause> ] CHECK OPTION ]

<view specification> ::= <regular view specification> | <referenceable view specification>

<regular view specification> ::= [ <left paren> <view column list> <right paren> ]

<referenceable view specification> ::= OF <path-resolved user-defined type name> [ <subview clause> ] [ <view element list> ]

<subview clause> ::= UNDER <table name>

<view element list> ::= <left paren> <view element> [ { <comma> <view element> }... ] <right paren>

<view element> ::= <self-referencing column specification> | <view column option>

<view column option> ::= <column name> WITH OPTIONS <scope clause>

<levels clause> ::= CASCADED | LOCAL

<view column list> ::= <column name list>

--h3 11.23 <drop view statement> (p598)
--/h3

--p
Destroy a view.
--/p

<drop view statement> ::= DROP VIEW <table name> <drop behavior>

--h3 11.24 <domain definition> (p601)
--/h3

--p
Define a domain.
--/p

<domain definition> ::=
		CREATE DOMAIN <domain name> [ AS ] <data type>
		[ <default clause> ] [ <domain constraint>... ] [ <collate clause> ]

<domain constraint> ::= [ <constraint name definition> ] <check constraint definition> [ <constraint characteristics> ]

--h3 11.25 <alter domain statement> (p603)
--/h3

--p
Change a domain and its definition.
--/p

<alter domain statement> ::= ALTER DOMAIN <domain name> <alter domain action>

<alter domain action> ::=
		<set domain default clause>
	|	<drop domain default clause>
	|	<add domain constraint definition>
	|	<drop domain constraint definition>

--h3 11.26 <set domain default clause> (p604)
--/h3

--p
Set the default value in a domain.
--/p

<set domain default clause> ::= SET <default clause>

--h3 11.27 <drop domain default clause> (p605)
--/h3

--p
Remove the default clause of a domain.
--/p

<drop domain default clause> ::= DROP DEFAULT

--h3 11.28 <add domain constraint definition> (p606)
--/h3

--p
Add a constraint to a domain.
--/p

<add domain constraint definition> ::= ADD <domain constraint>

--h3 11.29 <drop domain constraint definition> (p607)
--/h3

--p
Destroy a constraint on a domain.
--/p

<drop domain constraint definition> ::= DROP CONSTRAINT <constraint name>

--h3 11.30 <drop domain statement> (p608)
--/h3

--p
Destroy a domain.
--/p

<drop domain statement> ::= DROP DOMAIN <domain name> <drop behavior>

--h3 11.31 <character set definition> (p610)
--/h3

--p
Define a character set.
--/p

<character set definition> ::=
		CREATE CHARACTER SET <character set name> [ AS ] <character set source> [ <collate clause> ]

<character set source> ::= GET <character set specification>

--h3 11.32 <drop character set statement> (p612)
--/h3

--p
Destroy a character set.
--/p

<drop character set statement> ::= DROP CHARACTER SET <character set name>

--h3 11.33 <collation definition> (p614)
--/h3

--p
Define a collating sequence.
--/p

<collation definition> ::=
		CREATE COLLATION <collation name> FOR <character set specification>
		FROM <existing collation name> [ <pad characteristic> ]

<existing collation name> ::= <collation name>

<pad characteristic> ::= NO PAD | PAD SPACE

--h3 11.34 <drop collation statement> (p616)
--/h3

--p
Destroy a collating sequence.
--/p

<drop collation statement> ::= DROP COLLATION <collation name> <drop behavior>

--h3 11.35 <transliteration definition> (p618)
--/h3

--p
Define a character transliteration.
--/p

<transliteration definition> ::=
		CREATE TRANSLATION <transliteration name> FOR <source character set specification>
		TO <target character set specification> FROM <transliteration source>

<source character set specification> ::= <character set specification>

<target character set specification> ::= <character set specification>

<transliteration source> ::= <existing transliteration name> | <transliteration routine>

<existing transliteration name> ::= <transliteration name>

<transliteration routine> ::= <specific routine designator>

--h3 11.36 <drop transliteration statement> (p621)
--/h3

--p
Destroy a character transliteration.
--/p

<drop transliteration statement> ::= DROP TRANSLATION <transliteration name>

--h3 11.37 <assertion definition> (p623)
--/h3

--p
Specify an integrity constraint.
--/p

<assertion definition> ::=
		CREATE ASSERTION <constraint name> CHECK <left paren> <search condition> <right paren> [ <constraint characteristics> ]

--h3 11.38 <drop assertion statement> (p625)
--/h3

--p
Destroy an assertion.
--/p

<drop assertion statement> ::= DROP ASSERTION <constraint name>

--h3 11.39 <trigger definition> (p627)
--/h3

--p
Define triggered SQL-statements.
--/p

<trigger definition> ::=
		CREATE TRIGGER <trigger name> <trigger action time> <trigger event>
		ON <table name> [ REFERENCING <old or new values alias list> ]
		<triggered action>

<trigger action time> ::= BEFORE | AFTER

<trigger event> ::= INSERT | DELETE | UPDATE [ OF <trigger column list> ]

<trigger column list> ::= <column name list>

<triggered action> ::=
		[ FOR EACH { ROW | STATEMENT } ]
		[ WHEN <left paren> <search condition> <right paren> ]
		<triggered SQL statement>

<triggered SQL statement> ::=
		<SQL procedure statement>
	|	BEGIN ATOMIC { <SQL procedure statement> <semicolon> }...  END

<old or new values alias list> ::= <old or new values alias>...

<old or new values alias> ::=
		OLD [ ROW ] [ AS ] <old values correlation name>
	|	NEW [ ROW ] [ AS ] <new values correlation name>
	|	OLD TABLE [ AS ] <old values table alias>
	|	NEW TABLE [ AS ] <new values table alias>

<old values table alias> ::= <identifier>

<new values table alias> ::= <identifier>

<old values correlation name> ::= <correlation name>

<new values correlation name> ::= <correlation name>

--h3 11.40 <drop trigger statement> (p631)
--/h3

--p
Destroy a trigger.
--/p

<drop trigger statement> ::= DROP TRIGGER <trigger name>

--h3 11.41 <user-defined type definition> (p632)
--/h3

--p
Define a user-defined type.
--/p

<user-defined type definition> ::= CREATE TYPE <user-defined type body>

<user-defined type body> ::=
		<schema-resolved user-defined type name> [ <subtype clause> ]
		[ AS <representation> ] [ <user-defined type option list> ] [ <method specification list> ]

<user-defined type option list> ::= <user-defined type option> [ <user-defined type option>... ]

<user-defined type option> ::=
		<instantiable clause>
	|	<finality>
	|	<reference type specification>
	|	<ref cast option>
	|	<cast option>

<subtype clause> ::=
		UNDER <supertype name>

<supertype name> ::=
		<path-resolved user-defined type name>

<representation> ::= <predefined type> | <member list>

<member list> ::= <left paren> <member> [ { <comma> <member> }... ] <right paren>

<member> ::= <attribute definition>

<instantiable clause> ::= INSTANTIABLE | NOT INSTANTIABLE

<finality> ::= FINAL | NOT FINAL

<reference type specification> ::=
		<user-defined representation>
	|	<derived representation>
	|	<system-generated representation>

<user-defined representation> ::= REF USING <predefined type>

<derived representation> ::= REF FROM <list of attributes>

<system-generated representation> ::= REF IS SYSTEM GENERATED

<ref cast option> ::= [ <cast to ref> ] [ <cast to type> ]

<cast to ref> ::= CAST <left paren> SOURCE AS REF <right paren> WITH <cast to ref identifier>

<cast to ref identifier> ::= <identifier>

<cast to type> ::= CAST <left paren> REF AS SOURCE <right paren> WITH <cast to type identifier>

<cast to type identifier> ::= <identifier>

<list of attributes> ::= <left paren> <attribute name> [ { <comma> <attribute name> }...] <right paren>

<cast option> ::= [ <cast to distinct> ] [ <cast to source> ]

<cast to distinct> ::=
		CAST <left paren> SOURCE AS DISTINCT <right paren>
		WITH <cast to distinct identifier>

<cast to distinct identifier> ::= <identifier>

<cast to source> ::=
		CAST <left paren> DISTINCT AS SOURCE <right paren>
		WITH <cast to source identifier>

<cast to source identifier> ::= <identifier>

<method specification list> ::= <method specification> [ { <comma> <method specification> }... ]

<method specification> ::= <original method specification> | <overriding method specification>

<original method specification> ::=
		<partial method specification> [ SELF AS RESULT ] [ SELF AS LOCATOR ] [ <method characteristics> ]

<overriding method specification> ::= OVERRIDING <partial method specification>

<partial method specification> ::=
		[ INSTANCE | STATIC | CONSTRUCTOR ] METHOD <method name> <SQL parameter declaration list>
		<returns clause> [ SPECIFIC <specific method name> ]

<specific method name> ::= [ <schema name> <period> ]<qualified identifier>

<method characteristics> ::= <method characteristic>...

<method characteristic> ::=
		<language clause>
	|	<parameter style clause>
	|	<deterministic characteristic>
	|	<SQL-data access indication>
	|	<null-call clause>

--h3 11.42 <attribute definition> (p648)
--/h3

--p
Define an attribute of a structured type.
--/p

<attribute definition> ::=
		<attribute name> <data type> [ <reference scope check> ] [ <attribute default> ] [ <collate clause> ]

<attribute default> ::= <default clause>

--h3 11.43 <alter type statement> (p650)
--/h3

--p
Change the definition of a user-defined type.
--/p

<alter type statement> ::=
ALTER TYPE <schema-resolved user-defined type name> <alter type action>

<alter type action> ::=
		<add attribute definition>
	|	<drop attribute definition>
	|	<add original method specification>
	|	<add overriding method specification>
	|	<drop method specification>

--h3 11.44 <add attribute definition> (p651)
--/h3

--p
Add an attribute to a user-defined type.
--/p

<add attribute definition> ::= ADD ATTRIBUTE <attribute definition>

--h3 11.45 <drop attribute definition> (p653)
--/h3

--p
Destroy an attribute of a user-defined type.
--/p

<drop attribute definition> ::= DROP ATTRIBUTE <attribute name> RESTRICT

--h3 11.46 <add original method specification> (p655)
--/h3

--p
Add an original method specification to a user-defined type.
--/p

<add original method specification> ::= ADD <original method specification>

--h3 11.47 <add overriding method specification> (p661)
--/h3

--p
Add an overriding method specification to a user-defined type.
--/p

<add overriding method specification> ::= ADD <overriding method specification>

--h3 11.48 <drop method specification> (p666)
--/h3

--p
Remove a method specification from a user-defined type.
--/p

<drop method specification> ::= DROP <specific method specification designator> RESTRICT

<specific method specification designator> ::= [ INSTANCE | STATIC | CONSTRUCTOR ] METHOD <method name> <data type list>

--h3 11.49 <drop data type statement> (p670)
--/h3

--p
Destroy a user-defined type.
--/p

<drop data type statement> ::= DROP TYPE <schema-resolved user-defined type name> <drop behavior>

--h3 11.50 <SQL-invoked routine> (p673)
--/h3

--p
Define an SQL-invoked routine.
--/p

<SQL-invoked routine> ::= <schema routine>

<schema routine> ::= <schema procedure> | <schema function>

<schema procedure> ::= CREATE <SQL-invoked procedure>

<schema function> ::= CREATE <SQL-invoked function>

<SQL-invoked procedure> ::=
		PROCEDURE <schema qualified routine name> <SQL parameter declaration list> <routine characteristics> <routine body>

<SQL-invoked function> ::=
		{ <function specification> | <method specification designator> } <routine body>

<SQL parameter declaration list> ::=
		<left paren> [ <SQL parameter declaration> [ { <comma> <SQL parameter declaration> }... ] ] <right paren>

<SQL parameter declaration> ::= [ <parameter mode> ] [ <SQL parameter name> ] <parameter type> [ RESULT ]

<parameter mode> ::= IN | OUT | INOUT

<parameter type> ::= <data type> [ <locator indication> ]

<locator indication> ::= AS LOCATOR

<function specification> ::=
		FUNCTION <schema qualified routine name>
		<SQL parameter declaration list> <returns clause> <routine characteristics> [ <dispatch clause> ]

<method specification designator> ::=
		SPECIFIC METHOD <specific method name>
	|	[ INSTANCE | STATIC | CONSTRUCTOR ] METHOD <method name> <SQL parameter declaration list>
		[ <returns clause> ] FOR <schema-resolved user-defined type name>

<routine characteristics> ::= [ <routine characteristic>... ]

<routine characteristic> ::=
		<language clause>
	|	<parameter style clause>
	|	SPECIFIC <specific name>
	|	<deterministic characteristic>
	|	<SQL-data access indication>
	|	<null-call clause>
	|	<dynamic result sets characteristic>
	|	<savepoint level indication>

<savepoint level indication> ::= NEW SAVEPOINT LEVEL | OLD SAVEPOINT LEVEL

<dynamic result sets characteristic> ::= DYNAMIC RESULT SETS <maximum dynamic result sets>

<parameter style clause> ::= PARAMETER STYLE <parameter style>

<dispatch clause> ::= STATIC DISPATCH

<returns clause> ::= RETURNS <returns type>

<returns type> ::=
		<returns data type> [ <result cast> ]
	|	<returns table type>

<returns table type> ::= TABLE <table function column list>

<table function column list> ::=
		<left paren>
		<table function column list element> [ { <comma> <table function column list element> }... ]
		<right paren>

<table function column list element> ::= <column name> <data type>

<result cast> ::= CAST FROM <result cast from type>

<result cast from type> ::= <data type> [ <locator indication> ]

<returns data type> ::= <data type> [ <locator indication> ]

<routine body> ::=
		<SQL routine spec>
	|	<external body reference>

<SQL routine spec> ::= [ <rights clause> ] <SQL routine body>

<rights clause> ::= SQL SECURITY INVOKER | SQL SECURITY DEFINER

<SQL routine body> ::= <SQL procedure statement>

<external body reference> ::=
		EXTERNAL [ NAME <external routine name> ] [ <parameter style clause> ]
		[ <transform group specification> ] [ <external security clause> ]

<external security clause> ::=
		EXTERNAL SECURITY DEFINER
	|	EXTERNAL SECURITY INVOKER
	|	EXTERNAL SECURITY IMPLEMENTATION DEFINED

<parameter style> ::= SQL | GENERAL

<deterministic characteristic> ::= DETERMINISTIC | NOT DETERMINISTIC

<SQL-data access indication> ::=
		NO SQL
	|	CONTAINS SQL
	|	READS SQL DATA
	|	MODIFIES SQL DATA

<null-call clause> ::=
		RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT
	|	CALLED ON NULL INPUT

<maximum dynamic result sets> ::= <unsigned integer>

<transform group specification> ::= TRANSFORM GROUP { <single group specification> | <multiple group specification> }

<single group specification> ::= <group name>

<multiple group specification> ::= <group specification> [ { <comma> <group specification> }... ]

<group specification> ::= <group name> FOR TYPE <path-resolved user-defined type name>

--h3 11.51 <alter routine statement> (p698)
--/h3

--p
Alter a characteristic of an SQL-invoked routine.
--/p

<alter routine statement> ::= ALTER <specific routine designator> <alter routine characteristics> <alter routine behavior>

<alter routine characteristics> ::= <alter routine characteristic>...

<alter routine characteristic> ::=
		<language clause>
	|	<parameter style clause>
	|	<SQL-data access indication>
	|	<null-call clause>
	|	<dynamic result sets characteristic>
	|	NAME <external routine name>

<alter routine behavior> ::= RESTRICT

--h3 11.52 <drop routine statement> (p701)
--/h3

--p
Destroy an SQL-invoked routine.
--/p

<drop routine statement> ::= DROP <specific routine designator> <drop behavior>

--h3 11.53 <user-defined cast definition> (p703)
--/h3

--p
Define a user-defined cast.
--/p

<user-defined cast definition> ::=
		CREATE CAST <left paren> <source data type> AS <target data type> <right paren>
		WITH <cast function> [ AS ASSIGNMENT ]

<cast function> ::= <specific routine designator>

<source data type> ::= <data type>

<target data type> ::= <data type>

--h3 11.54 <drop user-defined cast statement> (p705)
--/h3

--p
Destroy a user-defined cast.
--/p

<drop user-defined cast statement> ::=
		DROP CAST <left paren> <source data type> AS <target data type> <right paren> <drop behavior>

--h3 11.55 <user-defined ordering definition> (p707)
--/h3

--p
Define a user-defined ordering for a user-defined type.
--/p

<user-defined ordering definition> ::=
		CREATE ORDERING FOR <schema-resolved user-defined type name> <ordering form>

<ordering form> ::= <equals ordering form> | <full ordering form>

<equals ordering form> ::= EQUALS ONLY BY <ordering category>

<full ordering form> ::= ORDER FULL BY <ordering category>

<ordering category> ::= <relative category> | <map category> | <state category>

<relative category> ::= RELATIVE WITH <relative function specification>

<map category> ::= MAP WITH <map function specification>

<state category> ::= STATE [ <specific name> ]

<relative function specification> ::= <specific routine designator>

<map function specification> ::= <specific routine designator>

--h3 11.56 <drop user-defined ordering statement> (p710)
--/h3

--p
Destroy a user-defined ordering method.
--/p

<drop user-defined ordering statement> ::=
		DROP ORDERING FOR <schema-resolved user-defined type name> <drop behavior>

--h3 11.57 <transform definition> (p712)
--/h3

--p
Define one or more transform functions for a user-defined type.
--/p

<transform definition> ::= CREATE { TRANSFORM | TRANSFORMS } FOR <schema-resolved user-defined type name> <transform group>...

<transform group> ::= <group name> <left paren> <transform element list> <right paren>

<group name> ::= <identifier>

<transform element list> ::= <transform element> [ <comma> <transform element> ]

<transform element> ::= <to sql> | <from sql>

<to sql> ::= TO SQL WITH <to sql function>

<from sql> ::= FROM SQL WITH <from sql function>

<to sql function> ::= <specific routine designator>

<from sql function> ::= <specific routine designator>

--h3 11.58 <alter transform statement> (p715)
--/h3

--p
Change the definition of one or more transform groups.
--/p

<alter transform statement> ::=
		ALTER { TRANSFORM | TRANSFORMS } FOR <schema-resolved user-defined type name> <alter group>...

<alter group> ::= <group name> <left paren> <alter transform action list> <right paren>

<alter transform action list> ::= <alter transform action> [ { <comma> <alter transform action> }... ]

<alter transform action> ::= <add transform element list> | <drop transform element list>

--h3 11.59 <add transform element list> (p717)
--/h3

--p
Add a transform element (<to sql> and/or <from sql>) to an existing transform group.
--/p

<add transform element list> ::= ADD <left paren> <transform element list> <right paren>

--h3 11.60 <drop transform element list> (p719)
--/h3

--p
Remove a transform element (<to sql> and/or <from sql>) from a transform group.
--/p

<drop transform element list> ::= DROP <left paren> <transform kind> [ <comma> <transform kind> ] <drop behavior> <right paren>

<transform kind> ::= TO SQL | FROM SQL

--h3 11.61 <drop transform statement> (p721)
--/h3

--p
Remove one or more transform functions associated with a transform.
--/p

<drop transform statement> ::=
		DROP { TRANSFORM | TRANSFORMS } <transforms to be dropped> FOR <schema-resolved user-defined type name> <drop behavior>

<transforms to be dropped> ::= ALL | <transform group element>

<transform group element> ::= <group name>

--h3 11.62 <sequence generator definition> (p724)
--/h3

--p
Define an external sequence generator.
--/p

<sequence generator definition> ::= CREATE SEQUENCE <sequence generator name> [ <sequence generator options> ]

<sequence generator options> ::= <sequence generator option> ...

<sequence generator option> ::= <sequence generator data type option> | <common sequence generator options>

<common sequence generator options> ::= <common sequence generator option> ...

<common sequence generator option> ::= <sequence generator start with option> | <basic sequence generator option>

<basic sequence generator option> ::=
		<sequence generator increment by option>
	|	<sequence generator maxvalue option>
	|	<sequence generator minvalue option>
	|	<sequence generator cycle option>

<sequence generator data type option> ::= AS <data type>

<sequence generator start with option> ::= START WITH <sequence generator start value>

<sequence generator start value> ::= <signed numeric literal>

<sequence generator increment by option> ::= INCREMENT BY <sequence generator increment>

<sequence generator increment> ::= <signed numeric literal>

<sequence generator maxvalue option> ::=
		MAXVALUE <sequence generator max value>
	|	NO MAXVALUE

<sequence generator max value> ::= <signed numeric literal>

<sequence generator minvalue option> ::= MINVALUE <sequence generator min value> | NO MINVALUE

<sequence generator min value> ::= <signed numeric literal>

<sequence generator cycle option> ::= CYCLE | NO CYCLE

--h3 11.63 <alter sequence generator statement> (p726)
--/h3

--p
Change the definition of an external sequence generator.
--/p

<alter sequence generator statement> ::=
		ALTER SEQUENCE <sequence generator name> <alter sequence generator options>

<alter sequence generator options> ::= <alter sequence generator option>...

<alter sequence generator option> ::=
		<alter sequence generator restart option>
	|	<basic sequence generator option>

<alter sequence generator restart option> ::= RESTART WITH <sequence generator restart value>

<sequence generator restart value> ::= <signed numeric literal>

--h3 11.64 <drop sequence generator statement> (p727)
--/h3

--p
Destroy an external sequence generator.
--/p

<drop sequence generator statement> ::= DROP SEQUENCE <sequence generator name> <drop behavior>

--hr
--h2 12 Access control
--/h2

--h3 12.1 <grant statement> (p729)
--/h3

--p
Define privileges and role authorizations.
--/p

<grant statement> ::= <grant privilege statement> | <grant role statement>

--h3 12.2 <grant privilege statement> (p734)
--/h3

--p
Define privileges.
--/p

<grant privilege statement> ::=
		GRANT <privileges> TO <grantee> [ { <comma> <grantee> }... ]
		[ WITH HIERARCHY OPTION ] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ] [ GRANTED BY <grantor> ]

--h3 12.3 <privileges> (p737)
--/h3

--p
Specify privileges.
--/p

<privileges> ::= <object privileges> ON <object name>

<object name> ::=
		[ TABLE ] <table name>
	|	DOMAIN <domain name>
	|	COLLATION <collation name>
	|	CHARACTER SET <character set name>
	|	TRANSLATION <transliteration name>
	|	TYPE <schema-resolved user-defined type name>
	|	SEQUENCE <sequence generator name>
	|	<specific routine designator>

<object privileges> ::=
		ALL PRIVILEGES
	|	<action> [ { <comma> <action> }... ]

<action> ::=
		SELECT
	|	SELECT <left paren> <privilege column list> <right paren>
	|	SELECT <left paren> <privilege method list> <right paren>
	|	DELETE
	|	INSERT [ <left paren> <privilege column list> <right paren> ]
	|	UPDATE [ <left paren> <privilege column list> <right paren> ]
	|	REFERENCES [ <left paren> <privilege column list> <right paren> ]
	|	USAGE
	|	TRIGGER
	|	UNDER
	|	EXECUTE

<privilege method list> ::= <specific routine designator> [ { <comma> <specific routine designator> }... ]

<privilege column list> ::= <column name list>

<grantee> ::= PUBLIC | <authorization identifier>

<grantor> ::= CURRENT_USER | CURRENT_ROLE

--h3 12.4 <role definition> (p741)
--/h3

--p
Define a role.
--/p

<role definition> ::= CREATE ROLE <role name> [ WITH ADMIN <grantor> ]

--h3 12.5 <grant role statement> (p742)
--/h3

--p
Define role authorizations.
--/p

<grant role statement> ::=
		GRANT <role granted> [ { <comma> <role granted> }... ]
		TO <grantee> [ { <comma> <grantee> }... ] [ WITH ADMIN OPTION ] [ GRANTED BY <grantor> ]

<role granted> ::= <role name>

--h3 12.6 <drop role statement> (p744)
--/h3

--p
Destroy a role.
--/p

<drop role statement> ::= DROP ROLE <role name>

--h3 12.7 <revoke statement> (p745)
--/h3

--p
Destroy privileges and role authorizations.
--/p

<revoke statement> ::=
		<revoke privilege statement>
	|	<revoke role statement>

<revoke privilege statement> ::=
		REVOKE [ <revoke option extension> ] <privileges> FROM <grantee> [ { <comma> <grantee> }... ]
		[ GRANTED BY <grantor> ] <drop behavior>

<revoke option extension> ::= GRANT OPTION FOR | HIERARCHY OPTION FOR

<revoke role statement> ::=
		REVOKE [ ADMIN OPTION FOR ] <role revoked> [ { <comma> <role revoked> }... ]
		FROM <grantee> [ { <comma> <grantee> }... ] [ GRANTED BY <grantor> ] <drop behavior>

<role revoked> ::= <role name>

--hr
--h2 13 SQL-client modules
--/h2

--h3 13.1 <SQL-client module definition> (p763)
--/h3

--p
Define an SQL-client module.
--/p

<SQL-client module definition> ::=
		<module name clause> <language clause> <module authorization clause>
		[ <module path specification> ]
		[ <module transform group specification> ]
		[ <module collation> ]
		[ <temporary table declaration>... ]
		<module contents>...

<module authorization clause> ::=
		SCHEMA <schema name>
	|	AUTHORIZATION <module authorization identifier> [ FOR STATIC { ONLY | AND DYNAMIC } ]
	|	SCHEMA <schema name> AUTHORIZATION <module authorization identifier> [ FOR STATIC { ONLY | AND DYNAMIC } ]

<module authorization identifier> ::= <authorization identifier>

<module path specification> ::= <path specification>

<module transform group specification> ::= <transform group specification>

<module collations> ::= <module collation specification>...

<module collation specification> ::= COLLATION <collation name> [ FOR <character set specification list> ]

--p
--i
--small
There was another definition <character set specification list> in section 18.3.
That was slightly different in format (simpler) but functionally equivalent.
It is not clear why it was repeated.
The alternative definition is now commented out.
--/small
--/i
--/p

<character set specification list> ::= <character set specification> [ { <comma> <character set specification> }... ]

<module contents> ::=
		<declare cursor>
	|	<dynamic declare cursor>
	|	<externally-invoked procedure>

--h3 13.2 <module name clause> (p768)
--/h3

--p
Name an SQL-client module.
--/p

<module name clause> ::=
		MODULE [ <SQL-client module name> ] [ <module character set specification> ]

<module character set specification> ::= NAMES ARE <character set specification>

--h3 13.3 <externally-invoked procedure> (p769)
--/h3

--p
Define an externally-invoked procedure.
--/p

<externally-invoked procedure> ::=
		PROCEDURE <procedure name> <host parameter declaration list> <semicolon>
		<SQL procedure statement> <semicolon>

<host parameter declaration list> ::=
		<left paren> <host parameter declaration> [ { <comma> <host parameter declaration> }... ] <right paren>

<host parameter declaration> ::=
		<host parameter name> <host parameter data type>
	|	<status parameter>

<host parameter data type> ::= <data type> [ <locator indication> ]

<status parameter> ::= SQLSTATE

--h3 13.4 Calls to an <externally-invoked procedure> (p772)
--/h3

--h3 13.5 <SQL procedure statement> (p788)
--/h3

--p
Define all of the SQL-statements that are <SQL procedure statement>s.
--/p

<SQL procedure statement> ::= <SQL executable statement>

<SQL executable statement> ::=
		<SQL schema statement>
	|	<SQL data statement>
	|	<SQL control statement>
	|	<SQL transaction statement>
	|	<SQL connection statement>
	|	<SQL session statement>
	|	<SQL diagnostics statement>
	|	<SQL dynamic statement>

<SQL schema statement> ::=
		<SQL schema definition statement>
	|	<SQL schema manipulation statement>

<SQL schema definition statement> ::=
		<schema definition>
	|	<table definition>
	|	<view definition>
	|	<SQL-invoked routine>
	|	<grant statement>
	|	<role definition>
	|	<domain definition>
	|	<character set definition>
	|	<collation definition>
	|	<transliteration definition>
	|	<assertion definition>
	|	<trigger definition>
	|	<user-defined type definition>
	|	<user-defined cast definition>
	|	<user-defined ordering definition>
	|	<transform definition>
	|	<sequence generator definition>

<SQL schema manipulation statement> ::=
		<drop schema statement>
	|	<alter table statement>
	|	<drop table statement>
	|	<drop view statement>
	|	<alter routine statement>
	|	<drop routine statement>
	|	<drop user-defined cast statement>
	|	<revoke statement>
	|	<drop role statement>
	|	<alter domain statement>
	|	<drop domain statement>
	|	<drop character set statement>
	|	<drop collation statement>
	|	<drop transliteration statement>
	|	<drop assertion statement>
	|	<drop trigger statement>
	|	<alter type statement>
	|	<drop data type statement>
	|	<drop user-defined ordering statement>
	|	<alter transform statement>
	|	<drop transform statement> | <alter sequence generator statement>
	|	<drop sequence generator statement>

<SQL data statement> ::=
		<open statement>
	|	<fetch statement>
	|	<close statement>
	|	<select statement: single row>
	|	<free locator statement>
	|	<hold locator statement>
	|	<SQL data change statement>

<SQL data change statement> ::=
		<delete statement: positioned>
	|	<delete statement: searched>
	|	<insert statement>
	|	<update statement: positioned>
	|	<update statement: searched>
	|	<merge statement>

<SQL control statement> ::=
		<call statement>
	|	<return statement>

<SQL transaction statement> ::=
		<start transaction statement>
	|	<set transaction statement>
	|	<set constraints mode statement>
	|	<savepoint statement>
	|	<release savepoint statement>
	|	<commit statement>
	|	<rollback statement>

<SQL connection statement> ::=
		<connect statement>
	|	<set connection statement>
	|	<disconnect statement>

<SQL session statement> ::=
		<set session user identifier statement>
	|	<set role statement>
	|	<set local time zone statement>
	|	<set session characteristics statement>
	|	<set catalog statement>
	|	<set schema statement>
	|	<set names statement>
	|	<set path statement>
	|	<set transform group statement>
	|	<set session collation statement>

<SQL diagnostics statement> ::= <get diagnostics statement>

<SQL dynamic statement> ::=
		<system descriptor statement>
	|	<prepare statement>
	|	<deallocate prepared statement>
	|	<describe statement>
	|	<execute statement>
	|	<execute immediate statement>
	|	<SQL dynamic data statement>

<SQL dynamic data statement> ::=
		<allocate cursor statement>
	|	<dynamic open statement>
	|	<dynamic fetch statement>
	|	<dynamic close statement>
	|	<dynamic delete statement: positioned>
	|	<dynamic update statement: positioned>

<system descriptor statement> ::=
		<allocate descriptor statement>
	|	<deallocate descriptor statement>
	|	<set descriptor statement>
	|	<get descriptor statement>

--h3 13.6 Data type correspondences (p796)
--/h3

--p
Table 16 -- Data type correspondences for C
--/p

--## <table border=1>
--## <tr><th> SQL Data Type </th><th> C Data Type </th></tr>

--## <tr><td> SQLSTATE </td><td> char, with length 6 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> CHARACTER (L)<sup>3</sup> </td><td> char, with length (L+1)*k<sup>1</sup> </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> CHARACTER VARYING (L)<sup>3</sup> </td><td> char, with length (L+1)*k<sup>1</sup> </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT(L) </td><td>
--## <pre>
--## struct {
--## long hvn<sup>3</sup>_reserved
--## unsigned long hvn<sup>2</sup>_length
--## char<sup>3</sup> hvn<sup>2</sup>_data[L];
--## } hvn<sup>2</sup>
--## </pre> </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> BINARY LARGE OBJECT(L) </td><td>
--## <pre> struct {
--## long hvn<sup>2</sup>_reserved
--## unsigned long hvn<sup>2</sup>_length
--## char hvn<sup>2</sup>_data[L];
--## } hvn<sup>2</sup>
--## </pre> </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> NUMERIC(P,S) </td><td> None </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> DECIMAL(P,S) </td><td> None </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> SMALLINT </td><td> pointer to short </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> INTEGER </td><td> pointer to long </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> BIGINT </td><td> pointer to long long </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> FLOAT(P) </td><td> None </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> REAL </td><td> pointer to float </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> DOUBLE PRECISION </td><td> pointer to double </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> BOOLEAN </td><td> pointer to long </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> DATE </td><td> None </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> TIME(T) </td><td> None </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> TIMESTAMP(T) </td><td> None </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> INTERVAL(Q) </td><td> None </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> user-defined type </td><td> None </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> REF </td><td> char, with length N </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> ROW </td><td> None </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> ARRAY </td><td> None </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> MULTISET </td><td> None </td></tr>
--## </table>

--p
--## <sup>1</sup> For character set UTF16, as well as other
implementation-defined character sets in which a code unit occupies two
octets, k is the length in units of C unsigned short of the character
encoded using the greatest number of such units in the character set;
for character set UTF32, as well as other implementation-defined
character sets in which a code unit occupies four octets, k is four; for
other character sets, k is the length in units of C char of the
character encoded using the greatest number of such units in the
character set.
--br
--## <sup>2</sup> hvn is the name of the host variable defined to correspond
to the SQL data type
--br
--## <sup>3</sup> For character set UTF16, as well as other
implementation-defined character sets in which a code unit occupies two
octets, char or unsigned char should be replaced with unsigned short;
for character set UTF32, as well as other implementation-defined
character sets in which a code unit occupies four octets, char or
unsigned char should be replaced with unsigned int.  Otherwise, char or
unsigned char should be used.
--/p

--hr
--h2 14 Data manipulation
--/h2

--h3 14.1 <declare cursor> (p807)
--/h3

--p
Define a cursor.
--/p

<declare cursor> ::=
		DECLARE <cursor name> [ <cursor sensitivity> ] [ <cursor scrollability> ] CURSOR
		[ <cursor holdability> ] [ <cursor returnability> ] FOR <cursor specification>

<cursor sensitivity> ::= SENSITIVE | INSENSITIVE | ASENSITIVE

<cursor scrollability> ::= SCROLL | NO SCROLL

<cursor holdability> ::= WITH HOLD | WITHOUT HOLD

<cursor returnability> ::= WITH RETURN | WITHOUT RETURN

<cursor specification> ::= <query expression> [ <order by clause> ] [ <updatability clause> ]

<updatability clause> ::= FOR { READ ONLY | UPDATE [ OF <column name list> ] }

<order by clause> ::= ORDER BY <sort specification list>

--h3 14.2 <open statement> (p813)
--/h3

--p
Open a cursor.
--/p

<open statement> ::= OPEN <cursor name>

--h3 14.3 <fetch statement> (p815)
--/h3

--p
Position a cursor on a specified row of a table and retrieve values from that row.
--/p

<fetch statement> ::=
		FETCH [ [ <fetch orientation> ] FROM ] <cursor name> INTO <fetch target list>

<fetch orientation> ::=
		NEXT
	|	PRIOR
	|	FIRST
	|	LAST
	|	{ ABSOLUTE | RELATIVE } <simple value specification>

<fetch target list> ::= <target specification> [ { <comma> <target specification> }... ]

--h3 14.4 <close statement> (p820)
--/h3

--p
Close a cursor.
--/p

<close statement> ::= CLOSE <cursor name>

--h3 14.5 <select statement: single row> (p822)
--/h3

--p
Retrieve values from a specified row of a table.
--/p

<select statement: single row> ::=
		SELECT [ <set quantifier> ] <select list> INTO <select target list> <table expression>

<select target list> ::= <target specification> [ { <comma> <target specification> }... ]

--h3 14.6 <delete statement: positioned> (p826)
--/h3

--p
Delete a row of a table.
--/p

<delete statement: positioned> ::= DELETE FROM <target table> WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor name>

<target table> ::=
		<table name>
	|	ONLY <left paren> <table name> <right paren>

--h3 14.7 <delete statement: searched> (p829)
--/h3

--p
Delete rows of a table.
--/p

<delete statement: searched> ::= DELETE FROM <target table> [ WHERE <search condition> ]

--h3 14.8 <insert statement> (p832)
--/h3

--p
Create new rows in a table.
--/p

<insert statement> ::= INSERT INTO <insertion target> <insert columns and source>

<insertion target> ::= <table name>

<insert columns and source> ::=
		<from subquery>
	|	<from constructor>
	|	<from default>

<from subquery> ::= [ <left paren> <insert column list> <right paren> ] [ <override clause> ] <query expression>

<from constructor> ::=
		[ <left paren> <insert column list> <right paren> ] [ <override clause> ] <contextually typed table value constructor>

<override clause> ::= OVERRIDING USER VALUE | OVERRIDING SYSTEM VALUE

<from default> ::= DEFAULT VALUES

<insert column list> ::= <column name list>

--h3 14.9 <merge statement> (p837)
--/h3

--p
Conditionally update rows of a table, or insert new rows into a table, or both.
--/p

<merge statement> ::=
		MERGE INTO <target table> [ [ AS ] <merge correlation name> ]
		USING <table reference> ON <search condition> <merge operation specification>

<merge correlation name> ::= <correlation name>

<merge operation specification> ::= <merge when clause>...

<merge when clause> ::= <merge when matched clause> | <merge when not matched clause>

<merge when matched clause> ::= WHEN MATCHED THEN <merge update specification>

<merge when not matched clause> ::= WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN <merge insert specification>

<merge update specification> ::= UPDATE SET <set clause list>

<merge insert specification> ::=
		INSERT [ <left paren> <insert column list> <right paren> ]
		[ <override clause> ] VALUES <merge insert value list>

<merge insert value list> ::=
		<left paren> <merge insert value element> [ { <comma> <merge insert value element> }... ] <right paren>

<merge insert value element> ::= <value expression> | <contextually typed value specification>

--h3 14.10 <update statement: positioned> (p844)
--/h3

--p
Update a row of a table.
--/p

<update statement: positioned> ::= UPDATE <target table> SET <set clause list> WHERE CURRENT OF <cursor name>

--h3 14.11 <update statement: searched> (p847)
--/h3

--p
Update rows of a table.
--/p

<update statement: searched> ::= UPDATE <target table> SET <set clause list> [ WHERE <search condition> ]

--h3 14.12 <set clause list> (p851)
--/h3

--p
Specify a list of updates.
--/p

<set clause list> ::= <set clause> [ { <comma> <set clause> }... ]

<set clause> ::=
		<multiple column assignment>
	|	<set target> <equals operator> <update source>

<set target> ::= <update target> | <mutated set clause>

<multiple column assignment> ::= <set target list> <equals operator> <assigned row>

<set target list> ::= <left paren> <set target> [ { <comma> <set target> }... ] <right paren>

<assigned row> ::= <contextually typed row value expression>

<update target> ::=
		<object column>
	|	<object column> <left bracket or trigraph> <simple value specification> <right bracket or trigraph>

<object column> ::= <column name>

<mutated set clause> ::= <mutated target> <period> <method name>

<mutated target> ::= <object column> | <mutated set clause>

<update source> ::= <value expression> | <contextually typed value specification>

--h3 14.13 <temporary table declaration> (p856)
--/h3

--p
Declare a declared local temporary table.
--/p

<temporary table declaration> ::=
		DECLARE LOCAL TEMPORARY TABLE <table name> <table element list>
		[ ON COMMIT <table commit action> ROWS ]

--h3 14.14 <free locator statement> (p858)
--/h3

--p
Remove the association between a locator variable and the value that is represented by that locator.
--/p

<free locator statement> ::= FREE LOCATOR <locator reference> [ { <comma> <locator reference> }... ]

<locator reference> ::= <host parameter name> | <embedded variable name>

--h3 14.15 <hold locator statement> (p859)
--/h3

--p
Mark a locator variable as being holdable.
--/p

<hold locator statement> ::= HOLD LOCATOR <locator reference> [ { <comma> <locator reference> }... ]

--h3 14.16 Effect of deleting rows from base tables (p860)
--/h3

--h3 14.17 Effect of deleting some rows from a derived table (p862)
--/h3

--h3 14.18 Effect of deleting some rows from a viewed table (p864)
--/h3

--h3 14.19 Effect of inserting tables into base tables (p865)
--/h3

--h3 14.20 Effect of inserting a table into a derived table (p867)
--/h3

--h3 14.21 Effect of inserting a table into a viewed table (p869)
--/h3

--h3 14.22 Effect of replacing rows in base tables (p871)
--/h3

--h3 14.23 Effect of replacing some rows in a derived table (p874)
--/h3

--h3 14.24 Effect of replacing some rows in a viewed table (p877)
--/h3

--h3 14.25 Execution of BEFORE triggers (p879)
--/h3

--h3 14.26 Execution of AFTER triggers (p880)
--/h3

--h3 14.27 Execution of triggers (p881)
--/h3

--hr
--h2 15 Control statements
--/h2

--h3 15.1 <call statement> (p883)
--/h3

--p
Invoke an SQL-invoked routine.
--/p

<call statement> ::= CALL <routine invocation>

--h3 15.2 <return statement> (p884)
--/h3

--p
Return a value from an SQL function.
--/p

<return statement> ::= RETURN <return value>

<return value> ::= <value expression> | NULL

--hr
--h2 16 Transaction management
--/h2

--h3 16.1 <start transaction statement> (p885)
--/h3

--p
Start an SQL-transaction and set its characteristics.
--/p

<start transaction statement> ::= START TRANSACTION [ <transaction mode> [ { <comma> <transaction mode> }...] ]

<transaction mode> ::= <isolation level> | <transaction access mode> | <diagnostics size>

<transaction access mode> ::= READ ONLY | READ WRITE

<isolation level> ::= ISOLATION LEVEL <level of isolation>

<level of isolation> ::= READ UNCOMMITTED | READ COMMITTED | REPEATABLE READ | SERIALIZABLE

<diagnostics size> ::= DIAGNOSTICS SIZE <number of conditions>

<number of conditions> ::= <simple value specification>

--h3 16.2 <set transaction statement> (p888)
--/h3

--p
Set the characteristics of the next SQL-transaction for the SQL-agent.
NOTE 402 - This statement has no effect on any SQL-transactions subsequent to the next SQL-transaction.
--/p

<set transaction statement> ::= SET [ LOCAL ] <transaction characteristics>

<transaction characteristics> ::= TRANSACTION <transaction mode> [ { <comma> <transaction mode> }... ]

--h3 16.3 <set constraints mode statement> (p890)
--/h3

--p
If an SQL-transaction is currently active, then set the constraint mode for that SQL-transaction in
the current SQL-session. If no SQL-transaction is currently active, then set the constraint mode for
the next SQL-transaction in the current SQL-session for the SQL-agent.
NOTE 404: This statement has no effect on any SQL-transactions subsequent to this SQL-transaction.
--/p

<set constraints mode statement> ::= SET CONSTRAINTS <constraint name list> { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE }

<constraint name list> ::= ALL | <constraint name> [ { <comma> <constraint name> }... ]

--h3 16.4 <savepoint statement> (p892)
--/h3

--p
Establish a savepoint.
--/p

<savepoint statement> ::= SAVEPOINT <savepoint specifier>

<savepoint specifier> ::= <savepoint name>

--h3 16.5 <release savepoint statement> (p893)
--/h3

--p
Destroy a savepoint.
--/p

<release savepoint statement> ::= RELEASE SAVEPOINT <savepoint specifier>

--h3 16.6 <commit statement> (p894)
--/h3

--p
Terminate the current SQL-transaction with commit.
--/p

<commit statement> ::= COMMIT [ WORK ] [ AND [ NO ] CHAIN ]

--h3 16.7 <rollback statement> (p896)
--/h3

--p
Terminate the current SQL-transaction with rollback, or rollback all actions affecting SQL-data
and/or schemas since the establishment of a savepoint.
--/p

<rollback statement> ::= ROLLBACK [ WORK ] [ AND [ NO ] CHAIN ] [ <savepoint clause> ]

<savepoint clause> ::= TO SAVEPOINT <savepoint specifier>

--hr
--h2 17 Connection management
--/h2

--h3 17.1 <connect statement> (p899)
--/h3

--p
Establish an SQL-session.
--/p

<connect statement> ::= CONNECT TO <connection target>

<connection target> ::=
		<SQL-server name> [ AS <connection name> ] [ USER <connection user name> ]
	|	DEFAULT

--h3 17.2 <set connection statement> (p902)
--/h3

--p
Select an SQL-connection from the available SQL-connections.
--/p

<set connection statement> ::= SET CONNECTION <connection object>

<connection object> ::= DEFAULT | <connection name>

--h3 17.3 <disconnect statement> (p904)
--/h3

--p
Terminate an SQL-connection.
--/p

<disconnect statement> ::= DISCONNECT <disconnect object>

<disconnect object> ::= <connection object> | ALL |	CURRENT

--hr
--h2 18 Session management
--/h2

--h3 18.1 <set session characteristics statement> (p907)
--/h3

--p
Set one or more characteristics for the current SQL-session.
--/p

<set session characteristics statement> ::= SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS <session characteristic list>

<session characteristic list> ::= <session characteristic> [ { <comma> <session characteristic> }... ]

<session characteristic> ::= <transaction characteristics>

--h3 18.2 <set session user identifier statement> (p908)
--/h3

--p
Set the SQL-session user identifier and the current user identifier of the current SQL-session
context.
--/p

<set session user identifier statement> ::= SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION <value specification>

--h3 18.3 <set role statement> (p909)
--/h3

--p
Set the current role name for the current SQL-session context.
--/p

<set role statement> ::= SET ROLE <role specification>

<role specification> ::= <value specification> | NONE

--h3 18.4 <set local time zone statement> (p911)
--/h3

--p
Set the default local time zone displacement for the current SQL-session.
--/p

<set local time zone statement> ::= SET TIME ZONE <set time zone value>

<set time zone value> ::= <interval value expression> | LOCAL

--h3 18.5 <set catalog statement> (p912)
--/h3

--p
Set the default catalog name for unqualified <schema name>s in <preparable statement>s that
are prepared in the current SQL-session by an <execute immediate statement> or a <prepare
statement> and in <direct SQL statement>s that are invoked directly.
--/p

<set catalog statement> ::= SET <catalog name characteristic>

<catalog name characteristic> ::= CATALOG <value specification>

--h3 18.6 <set schema statement> (p913)
--/h3

--p
Set the default schema name for unqualified <schema qualified name>s in <preparable statement>s
that are prepared in the current SQL-session by an <execute immediate statement> or a <prepare
statement> and in <direct SQL statement>s that are invoked directly.
--/p

<set schema statement> ::= SET <schema name characteristic>

<schema name characteristic> ::= SCHEMA <value specification>

--h3 18.7 <set names statement> (p915)
--/h3

--p
Set the default character set name for <character string literal>s in <preparable statement>s that
are prepared in the current SQL-session by an <execute immediate statement> or a <prepare
statement> and in <direct SQL statement>s that are invoked directly.
--/p

<set names statement> ::= SET <character set name characteristic>

<character set name characteristic> ::= NAMES <value specification>

--h3 18.8 <set path statement> (p916)
--/h3

--p
Set the SQL-path used to determine the subject routine of <routine invocation>s with unqualified
<routine name>s in <preparable statement>s that are prepared in the current SQL-session by
an <execute immediate statement> or a <prepare statement> and in <direct SQL statement>s,
respectively, that are invoked directly. The SQL-path remains the current SQL-path of the SQLsession
until another SQL-path is successfully set.
--/p

<set path statement> ::= SET <SQL-path characteristic>

<SQL-path characteristic> ::= PATH <value specification>

--h3 18.9 <set transform group statement> (p917)
--/h3

--p
Set the group name that identifies the group of transform functions for
mapping values of userdefined types to predefined data types.
--/p

<set transform group statement> ::= SET <transform group characteristic>

<transform group characteristic> ::=
		DEFAULT TRANSFORM GROUP <value specification>
	|	TRANSFORM GROUP FOR TYPE <path-resolved user-defined type name> <value specification>

--h3 18.10 <set session collation statement> (p918)
--/h3

--p
Set the SQL-session collation of the SQL-session for one or more
character sets.  An SQL-session collation remains effective until
another SQL-session collation for the same character set is successfully
set.
--/p

<set session collation statement> ::=
		SET COLLATION <collation specification> [ FOR <character set specification list> ]
	|	SET NO COLLATION [ FOR <character set specification list> ]

--@@ This is a second <character set specification list> definition; the first
--@@ is in section 13.1.
--@@ It is marginally different in detail from the previous version, but the
--@@ overall effect is the same &mdash; a comma-separated list of <character
--@@ set specification> items.
--@@ It isn't clear why there's a repeat of the rule or the difference in the expansion.
--@@
--@@ <character set specification list> ::= <character set specification> [ , <character set specification>... ]

<collation specification> ::= <value specification>

--hr
--h2 19 Dynamic SQL

--h3 19.1 Description of SQL descriptor areas (p921)
--/h3

--h3 19.2 <allocate descriptor statement> (p931)
--/h3

--p
Allocate an SQL descriptor area.
--/p

<allocate descriptor statement> ::= ALLOCATE [ SQL ] DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name> [ WITH MAX <occurrences> ]

<occurrences> ::= <simple value specification>

--h3 19.3 <deallocate descriptor statement> (p933)
--/h3

--p
Deallocate an SQL descriptor area.
--/p

<deallocate descriptor statement> ::= DEALLOCATE [ SQL ] DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name>

--h3 19.4 <get descriptor statement> (p934)
--/h3

--p
Get information from an SQL descriptor area.
--/p

<get descriptor statement> ::= GET [ SQL ] DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name> <get descriptor information>

<get descriptor information> ::=
		<get header information> [ { <comma> <get header information> }... ]
	|	VALUE <item number> <get item information> [ { <comma> <get item information> }... ]

<get header information> ::= <simple target specification 1> <equals operator> <header item name>

<header item name> ::= COUNT | KEY_TYPE | DYNAMIC_FUNCTION | DYNAMIC_FUNCTION_CODE | TOP_LEVEL_COUNT

<get item information> ::= <simple target specification 2> <equals operator> <descriptor item name>

--p
--i
--small
The rule for <item number> was repeated verbatim in section 19.5.
That rule is now omitted.
--/small
--/i
--/p

<item number> ::= <simple value specification>

<simple target specification 1> ::= <simple target specification>

<simple target specification 2> ::= <simple target specification>

<descriptor item name> ::=
		CARDINALITY
	|	CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG
	|	CHARACTER_SET_NAME
	|	CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA
	|	COLLATION_CATALOG
	|	COLLATION_NAME
	|	COLLATION_SCHEMA
	|	DATA
	|	DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE
	|	DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION
	|	DEGREE
	|	INDICATOR
	|	KEY_MEMBER
	|	LENGTH
	|	LEVEL
	|	NAME
	|	NULLABLE
	|	OCTET_LENGTH
	|	PARAMETER_MODE
	|	PARAMETER_ORDINAL_POSITION
	|	PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_CATALOG
	|	PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_NAME
	|	PARAMETER_SPECIFIC_SCHEMA
	|	PRECISION
	|	RETURNED_CARDINALITY
	|	RETURNED_LENGTH
	|	RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH
	|	SCALE
	|	SCOPE_CATALOG
	|	SCOPE_NAME
	|	SCOPE_SCHEMA
	|	TYPE
	|	UNNAMED
	|	USER_DEFINED_TYPE_CATALOG
	|	USER_DEFINED_TYPE_NAME
	|	USER_DEFINED_TYPE_SCHEMA
	|	USER_DEFINED_TYPE_CODE

--h3 19.5 <set descriptor statement> (p937)
--/h3

--p
Set information in an SQL descriptor area.
--/p

<set descriptor statement> ::= SET [ SQL ] DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name> <set descriptor information>

<set descriptor information> ::=
		<set header information> [ { <comma> <set header information> }... ]
	|	VALUE <item number> <set item information> [ { <comma> <set item information> }... ]

<set header information> ::= <header item name> <equals operator> <simple value specification 1>

<set item information> ::= <descriptor item name> <equals operator> <simple value specification 2>

<simple value specification 1> ::= <simple value specification>

<simple value specification 2> ::= <simple value specification>

--@@ This <item number> is a repeat of the rule in section 19.4
--@@ <item number> ::= <simple value specification>

--h3 19.6 <prepare statement> (p941)
--/h3

--p
Prepare a statement for execution.
--/p

<prepare statement> ::=
		PREPARE <SQL statement name> [ <attributes specification> ] FROM <SQL statement variable>

<attributes specification> ::= ATTRIBUTES <attributes variable>

<attributes variable> ::= <simple value specification>

<SQL statement variable> ::= <simple value specification>

<preparable statement> ::=
		<preparable SQL data statement>
	|	<preparable SQL schema statement>
	|	<preparable SQL transaction statement>
	|	<preparable SQL control statement>
	|	<preparable SQL session statement>
	|	<preparable implementation-defined statement>

<preparable SQL data statement> ::=
		<delete statement: searched>
	|	<dynamic single row select statement>
	|	<insert statement>
	|	<dynamic select statement>
	|	<update statement: searched>
	|	<merge statement>
	|	<preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned>
	|	<preparable dynamic update statement: positioned>

<preparable SQL schema statement> ::= <SQL schema statement>

<preparable SQL transaction statement> ::= <SQL transaction statement>

<preparable SQL control statement> ::= <SQL control statement>

<preparable SQL session statement> ::= <SQL session statement>

<dynamic select statement> ::= <cursor specification>

<preparable implementation-defined statement> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

--h3 19.7 <cursor attributes> (p953)
--/h3

--p
Specify a list of cursor attributes.
--/p

<cursor attributes> ::= <cursor attribute>...

<cursor attribute> ::=
		<cursor sensitivity>
	|	<cursor scrollability>
	|	<cursor holdability>
	|	<cursor returnability>

--h3 19.8 <deallocate prepared statement> (p954)
--/h3

--p
Deallocate SQL-statements that have been prepared with a <prepare statement>.
--/p

<deallocate prepared statement> ::= DEALLOCATE PREPARE <SQL statement name>

--h3 19.9 <describe statement> (p955)
--/h3

--p
Obtain information about the <select list> columns or <dynamic parameter specification>s contained
in a prepared statement or about the columns of the result set associated with a cursor.
--/p

<describe statement> ::= <describe input statement> | <describe output statement>

<describe input statement> ::= DESCRIBE INPUT <SQL statement name> <using descriptor> [ <nesting option> ]

<describe output statement> ::= DESCRIBE [ OUTPUT ] <described object> <using descriptor> [ <nesting option> ]

<nesting option> ::= WITH NESTING | WITHOUT NESTING

<using descriptor> ::= USING [ SQL ] DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name>

<described object> ::=
		<SQL statement name>
	|	CURSOR <extended cursor name> STRUCTURE

--h3 19.10 <input using clause> (p961)
--/h3

--p
Supply input values for an <SQL dynamic statement>.
--/p

<input using clause> ::= <using arguments> | <using input descriptor>

<using arguments> ::= USING <using argument> [ { <comma> <using argument> }... ]

<using argument> ::= <general value specification>

<using input descriptor> ::= <using descriptor>

--h3 19.11 <output using clause> (p965)
--/h3

--p
Supply output variables for an <SQL dynamic statement>.
--/p

<output using clause> ::= <into arguments> | <into descriptor>

<into arguments> ::= INTO <into argument> [ { <comma> <into argument> }... ]

<into argument> ::= <target specification>

<into descriptor> ::= INTO [ SQL ] DESCRIPTOR <descriptor name>

--h3 19.12 <execute statement> (p970)
--/h3

--p
Associate input SQL parameters and output targets with a prepared statement and execute the
statement.
--/p

<execute statement> ::= EXECUTE <SQL statement name> [ <result using clause> ] [ <parameter using clause> ]

<result using clause> ::= <output using clause>

<parameter using clause> ::= <input using clause>

--h3 19.13 <execute immediate statement> (p972)
--/h3

--p
Dynamically prepare and execute a preparable statement.
--/p

<execute immediate statement> ::= EXECUTE IMMEDIATE <SQL statement variable>

--h3 19.14 <dynamic declare cursor> (p973)
--/h3

--p
Declare a cursor to be associated with a <statement name>, which may in turn be associated with a
<cursor specification>.
--/p

<dynamic declare cursor> ::=
		DECLARE <cursor name> [ <cursor sensitivity> ] [ <cursor scrollability> ] CURSOR
		[ <cursor holdability> ] [ <cursor returnability> ] FOR <statement name>

--h3 19.15 <allocate cursor statement> (p974)
--/h3

--p
Define a cursor based on a prepared statement for a <cursor specification> or assign a cursor to the
ordered set of result sets returned from an SQL-invoked procedure.
--/p

<allocate cursor statement> ::= ALLOCATE <extended cursor name> <cursor intent>

<cursor intent> ::= <statement cursor> | <result set cursor>

<statement cursor> ::=
		[ <cursor sensitivity> ] [ <cursor scrollability> ] CURSOR
		[ <cursor holdability> ] [ <cursor returnability> ] FOR <extended statement name>

<result set cursor> ::= FOR PROCEDURE <specific routine designator>

--h3 19.16 <dynamic open statement> (p976)
--/h3

--p
Associate input dynamic parameters with a <cursor specification> and open the cursor.
--/p

<dynamic open statement> ::= OPEN <dynamic cursor name> [ <input using clause> ]

--h3 19.17 <dynamic fetch statement> (p977)
--/h3

--p
Fetch a row for a cursor declared with a <dynamic declare cursor>.
--/p

<dynamic fetch statement> ::= FETCH [ [ <fetch orientation> ] FROM ] <dynamic cursor name> <output using clause>

--h3 19.18 <dynamic single row select statement> (p978)
--/h3

--p
Retrieve values from a dynamically-specified row of a table.
--/p

<dynamic single row select statement> ::= <query specification>

--h3 19.19 <dynamic close statement> (p979)
--/h3

--p
Close a cursor.
--/p

<dynamic close statement> ::= CLOSE <dynamic cursor name>

--h3 19.20 <dynamic delete statement: positioned> (p980)
--/h3

--p
Delete a row of a table.
--/p

<dynamic delete statement: positioned> ::= DELETE FROM <target table> WHERE CURRENT OF <dynamic cursor name>

--h3 19.21 <dynamic update statement: positioned> (p982)
--/h3

--p
Update a row of a table.
--/p

<dynamic update statement: positioned> ::=
		UPDATE <target table> SET <set clause list> WHERE CURRENT OF <dynamic cursor name>

--h3 19.22 <preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned> (p984)
--/h3

--p
Delete a row of a table through a dynamic cursor.
--/p

<preparable dynamic delete statement: positioned> ::=
		DELETE [ FROM <target table> ] WHERE CURRENT OF [ <scope option> ] <cursor name>

--h3 19.23 <preparable dynamic update statement: positioned> (p986)
--/h3

--p
Update a row of a table through a dynamic cursor.
--/p

<preparable dynamic update statement: positioned> ::=
		UPDATE [ <target table> ] SET <set clause list> WHERE CURRENT OF [ <scope option> ] <cursor name>

--hr
--h2 20 Embedded SQL
--/h2

--h3 20.1 <embedded SQL host program> (p989)
--/h3

--p
Specify an <embedded SQL host program>.
--/p

<embedded SQL host program> ::=
		<embedded SQL Ada program>
	|	<embedded SQL C program>
	|	<embedded SQL COBOL program>
	|	<embedded SQL Fortran program>
	|	<embedded SQL MUMPS program>
	|	<embedded SQL Pascal program>
	|	<embedded SQL PL/I program>

<embedded SQL statement> ::= <SQL prefix> <statement or declaration> [ <SQL terminator> ]

<statement or declaration> ::=
		<declare cursor>
	|	<dynamic declare cursor>
	|	<temporary table declaration>
	|	<embedded authorization declaration>
	|	<embedded path specification>
	|	<embedded transform group specification>
	|	<embedded collation specification>
	|	<embedded exception declaration>
	|	<handler declaration>
	|	<SQL procedure statement>

<SQL prefix> ::= EXEC SQL | <ampersand>SQL<left paren>

<SQL terminator> ::= END-EXEC | <semicolon> | <right paren>

<embedded authorization declaration> ::= DECLARE <embedded authorization clause>

<embedded authorization clause> ::=
		SCHEMA <schema name>
	|	AUTHORIZATION <embedded authorization identifier> [ FOR STATIC { ONLY | AND DYNAMIC } ]
	|	SCHEMA <schema name> AUTHORIZATION <embedded authorization identifier> [ FOR STATIC { ONLY | AND DYNAMIC } ]

<embedded authorization identifier> ::= <module authorization identifier>

<embedded path specification> ::= <path specification>

<embedded transform group specification> ::= <transform group specification>

<embedded collation specification> ::= <module collations>

<embedded SQL declare section> ::=
		<embedded SQL begin declare> [ <embedded character set declaration> ] [ <host variable definition>... ] <embedded SQL end declare>
	|	<embedded SQL MUMPS declare>

<embedded character set declaration> ::= SQL NAMES ARE <character set specification>

<embedded SQL begin declare> ::= <SQL prefix> BEGIN DECLARE SECTION [ <SQL terminator> ]

<embedded SQL end declare> ::= <SQL prefix> END DECLARE SECTION [ <SQL terminator> ]

<embedded SQL MUMPS declare> ::=
		<SQL prefix> BEGIN DECLARE SECTION [ <embedded character set declaration> ]
		[ <host variable definition>... ] END DECLARE SECTION <SQL terminator>

<host variable definition> ::=
		<Ada variable definition>
	|	<C variable definition>
	|	<COBOL variable definition>
	|	<Fortran variable definition>
	|	<MUMPS variable definition>
	|	<Pascal variable definition>
	|	<PL/I variable definition>

<embedded variable name> ::= <colon> <host identifier>

<host identifier> ::=
		<Ada host identifier>
	|	<C host identifier>
	|	<COBOL host identifier>
	|	<Fortran host identifier>
	|	<MUMPS host identifier>
	|	<Pascal host identifier>
	|	<PL/I host identifier>

--h3 20.2 <embedded exception declaration> (p1001)
--/h3

--p
Specify the action to be taken when an SQL-statement causes a specific class of condition to be
raised.
--/p

<embedded exception declaration> ::= WHENEVER <condition> <condition action>

<condition> ::= <SQL condition>

<SQL condition> ::=
		<major category>
	|	SQLSTATE ( <SQLSTATE class value> [ , <SQLSTATE subclass value> ] )
	|	CONSTRAINT <constraint name>

<major category> ::= SQLEXCEPTION | SQLWARNING | NOT FOUND

<SQLSTATE class value> ::= <SQLSTATE char><SQLSTATE char> !! See the Syntax Rules.

<SQLSTATE subclass value> ::= <SQLSTATE char><SQLSTATE char><SQLSTATE char> !! See the Syntax Rules.

<SQLSTATE char> ::= <simple Latin upper case letter> | <digit>

<condition action> ::= CONTINUE | <go to>

<go to> ::= { GOTO | GO TO } <goto target>

<goto target> ::=
		<host label identifier>
	|	<unsigned integer>
	|	<host PL/I label variable>

<host label identifier> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

<host PL/I label variable> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

--h3 20.3 <embedded SQL Ada program> (p1005)
--/h3

--p
Specify an <embedded SQL Ada program>.
--/p

<embedded SQL Ada program> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

<Ada variable definition> ::=
		<Ada host identifier> [ { <comma> <Ada host identifier> }... ] <colon> <Ada type specification> [ <Ada initial value> ]

<Ada initial value> ::= <Ada assignment operator> <character representation>...

<Ada assignment operator> ::= <colon><equals operator>

<Ada host identifier> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

<Ada type specification> ::=
		<Ada qualified type specification>
	|	<Ada unqualified type specification>
	|	<Ada derived type specification>

<Ada qualified type specification> ::=
		Interfaces.SQL <period> CHAR [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
		<left paren> 1 <double period> <length> <right paren>
	|	Interfaces.SQL <period> SMALLINT
	|	Interfaces.SQL <period> INT
	|	Interfaces.SQL <period> BIGINT
	|	Interfaces.SQL <period> REAL
	|	Interfaces.SQL <period> DOUBLE_PRECISION
	|	Interfaces.SQL <period> BOOLEAN
	|	Interfaces.SQL <period> SQLSTATE_TYPE
	|	Interfaces.SQL <period> INDICATOR_TYPE

<Ada unqualified type specification> ::=
		CHAR <left paren> 1 <double period> <length> <right paren>
	|	SMALLINT
	|	INT
	|	BIGINT
	|	REAL
	|	DOUBLE_PRECISION
	|	BOOLEAN
	|	SQLSTATE_TYPE
	|	INDICATOR_TYPE

<Ada derived type specification> ::=
		<Ada CLOB variable>
	|	<Ada CLOB locator variable>
	|	<Ada BLOB variable>
	|	<Ada BLOB locator variable>
	|	<Ada user-defined type variable>
	|	<Ada user-defined type locator variable>
	|	<Ada REF variable>
	|	<Ada array locator variable>
	|	<Ada multiset locator variable>

<Ada CLOB variable> ::=
		SQL TYPE IS CLOB <left paren> <large object length> <right paren> [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]

<Ada CLOB locator variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS CLOB AS LOCATOR

<Ada BLOB variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS BLOB <left paren> <large object length> <right paren>

<Ada BLOB locator variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS BLOB AS LOCATOR

<Ada user-defined type variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS <path-resolved user-defined type name> AS <predefined type>

<Ada user-defined type locator variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS <path-resolved user-defined type name> AS LOCATOR

<Ada REF variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS <reference type>

<Ada array locator variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS <array type> AS LOCATOR

<Ada multiset locator variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS <multiset type> AS LOCATOR

--h3 20.4 <embedded SQL C program> (p1011)
--/h3

--p
Specify an <embedded SQL C program>.
--/p

<embedded SQL C program> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

<C variable definition> ::= [ <C storage class> ] [ <C class modifier> ] <C variable specification> <semicolon>

<C variable specification> ::= <C numeric variable> | <C character variable> | <C derived variable>

<C storage class> ::= auto | extern | static

<C class modifier> ::= const | volatile

--p
--small
--i
It is curious that the C types in SQL 2003 don't include the C keywords int or signed.
It is slightly less surprising that the grammar doesn't include C99 keywords such as restrict.
--/i
--/small
--/p

<C numeric variable> ::=
		{ long long | long | short | float | double } <C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ]
		[ { <comma> <C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ] }... ]

<C character variable> ::=
		<C character type> [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
		<C host identifier> <C array specification> [ <C initial value> ]
		[ { <comma> <C host identifier> <C array specification> [ <C initial value> ] }... ]

<C character type> ::= char | unsigned char | unsigned short

<C array specification> ::= <left bracket> <length> <right bracket>

<C host identifier> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

<C derived variable> ::=
		<C VARCHAR variable>
	|	<C NCHAR variable>
	|	<C NCHAR VARYING variable>
	|	<C CLOB variable>
	|	<C NCLOB variable>
	|	<C BLOB variable>
	|	<C user-defined type variable>
	|	<C CLOB locator variable>
	|	<C BLOB locator variable>
	|	<C array locator variable>
	|	<C multiset locator variable>
	|	<C user-defined type locator variable>
	|	<C REF variable>

<C VARCHAR variable> ::=
		VARCHAR [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
		<C host identifier> <C array specification> [ <C initial value> ]
		[ { <comma> <C host identifier> <C array specification> [ <C initial value> ] }... ]

<C NCHAR variable> ::=
		NCHAR [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
		<C host identifier> <C array specification> [ <C initial value> ]
		[ { <comma> <C host identifier> <C array specification> [ <C initial value> ] } ... ]

<C NCHAR VARYING variable> ::=
		NCHAR VARYING [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
		<C host identifier> <C array specification> [ <C initial value> ]
		[ { <comma> <C host identifier> <C array specification> [ <C initial value> ] } ... ]

<C CLOB variable> ::=
		SQL TYPE IS CLOB <left paren> <large object length> <right paren>
		[ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
		<C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ]
		[ { <comma> <C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ] }... ]

<C NCLOB variable> ::=
		SQL TYPE IS NCLOB <left paren> <large object length> <right paren>
		[ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
		<C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ]
		[ { <comma> <C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ] }... ]

<C user-defined type variable> ::=
		SQL TYPE IS <path-resolved user-defined type name> AS <predefined type>
		<C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ]
		[ { <comma> <C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ] } ... ]

<C BLOB variable> ::=
		SQL TYPE IS BLOB <left paren> <large object length> <right paren>
		<C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ]
		[ { <comma> <C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ] } ... ]

<C CLOB locator variable> ::=
		SQL TYPE IS CLOB AS LOCATOR
		<C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ]
		[ { <comma> <C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ] } ... ]

<C BLOB locator variable> ::=
		SQL TYPE IS BLOB AS LOCATOR
		<C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ]
		[ { <comma> <C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ] } ... ]

<C array locator variable> ::=
		SQL TYPE IS <array type> AS LOCATOR
		<C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ]
		[ { <comma> <C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ] } ... ]

<C multiset locator variable> ::=
		SQL TYPE IS <multiset type> AS LOCATOR
		<C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ]
		[ { <comma> <C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ] } ... ]

<C user-defined type locator variable> ::=
		SQL TYPE IS
		<path-resolved user-defined type name> AS LOCATOR
		<C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ]
		[ { <comma> <C host identifier> [ <C initial value> ] }... ]

<C REF variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS <reference type>

<C initial value> ::= <equals operator> <character representation>...

--h3 20.5 <embedded SQL COBOL program> (p1019)
--/h3

--p
Specify an <embedded SQL COBOL program>.
--/p

<embedded SQL COBOL program> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

<COBOL variable definition> ::=
		{ 01 | 77 } <COBOL host identifier> <COBOL type specification>
		[ <character representation>... ] <period>

<COBOL host identifier> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

<COBOL type specification> ::=
		<COBOL character type>
	|	<COBOL national character type>
	|	<COBOL numeric type>
	|	<COBOL integer type>
	|	<COBOL derived type specification>

<COBOL derived type specification> ::=
		<COBOL CLOB variable>
	|	<COBOL NCLOB variable>
	|	<COBOL BLOB variable>
	|	<COBOL user-defined type variable>
	|	<COBOL CLOB locator variable>
	|	<COBOL BLOB locator variable>
	|	<COBOL array locator variable>
	|	<COBOL multiset locator variable>
	|	<COBOL user-defined type locator variable>
	|	<COBOL REF variable>

<COBOL character type> ::=
		[ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
		{ PIC | PICTURE } [ IS ] { X [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ] }...

<COBOL national character type> ::=
		[ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
		{ PIC | PICTURE } [ IS ] { N [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ] }...

<COBOL CLOB variable> ::=
		[ USAGE [ IS ] ]
		SQL TYPE IS CLOB <left paren> <large object length> <right paren>
		[ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]

<COBOL NCLOB variable> ::=
		[ USAGE [ IS ] ]
		SQL TYPE IS NCLOB <left paren> <large object length> <right paren>
		[ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]

<COBOL BLOB variable> ::=
		[ USAGE [ IS ] ]
		SQL TYPE IS BLOB <left paren> <large object length> <right paren>

<COBOL user-defined type variable> ::=
		[ USAGE [ IS ] ] SQL TYPE IS <path-resolved user-defined type name> AS <predefined type>

<COBOL CLOB locator variable> ::=
		[ USAGE [ IS ] ] SQL TYPE IS CLOB AS LOCATOR

<COBOL BLOB locator variable> ::=
		[ USAGE [ IS ] ] SQL TYPE IS BLOB AS LOCATOR

<COBOL array locator variable> ::=
	[ USAGE [ IS ] ] SQL TYPE IS <array type> AS LOCATOR

<COBOL multiset locator variable> ::=
	[ USAGE [ IS ] ] SQL TYPE IS <multiset type> AS LOCATOR

<COBOL user-defined type locator variable> ::=
	[ USAGE [ IS ] ] SQL TYPE IS <path-resolved user-defined type name> AS LOCATOR

<COBOL REF variable> ::= [ USAGE [ IS ] ] SQL TYPE IS <reference type>

<COBOL numeric type> ::=
		{ PIC | PICTURE } [ IS ] S <COBOL nines specification> [ USAGE [ IS ] ] DISPLAY SIGN LEADING SEPARATE

<COBOL nines specification> ::=
		<COBOL nines> [ V [ <COBOL nines> ] ]
	|	V <COBOL nines>

<COBOL integer type> ::= <COBOL binary integer>

<COBOL binary integer> ::= { PIC | PICTURE } [ IS ] S<COBOL nines> [ USAGE [ IS ] ] BINARY

<COBOL nines> ::= { 9 [ <left paren> <length> <right paren> ] }...

--h3 20.6 <embedded SQL Fortran program> (p1025)
--/h3

--p
Specify an <embedded SQL Fortran program>.
--/p

<embedded SQL Fortran program> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

<Fortran variable definition> ::=
		<Fortran type specification> <Fortran host identifier> [ { <comma> <Fortran host identifier> }... ]

<Fortran host identifier> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

<Fortran type specification> ::=
		CHARACTER [ <asterisk> <length> ] [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
	|	CHARACTER KIND = n [ <asterisk> <length> ] [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
	|	INTEGER
	|	REAL
	|	DOUBLE PRECISION
	|	LOGICAL
	|	<Fortran derived type specification>

<Fortran derived type specification> ::=
		<Fortran CLOB variable>
	|	<Fortran BLOB variable>
	|	<Fortran user-defined type variable>
	|	<Fortran CLOB locator variable>
	|	<Fortran BLOB locator variable>
	|	<Fortran user-defined type locator variable>
	|	<Fortran array locator variable>
	|	<Fortran multiset locator variable>
	|	<Fortran REF variable>

<Fortran CLOB variable> ::=
		SQL TYPE IS CLOB <left paren> <large object length> <right paren>
		[ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]

<Fortran BLOB variable> ::=
		SQL TYPE IS BLOB <left paren> <large object length> <right paren>

<Fortran user-defined type variable> ::=
		SQL TYPE IS <path-resolved user-defined type name> AS <predefined type>

<Fortran CLOB locator variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS CLOB AS LOCATOR

<Fortran BLOB locator variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS BLOB AS LOCATOR

<Fortran user-defined type locator variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS <path-resolved user-defined type name> AS LOCATOR

<Fortran array locator variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS <array type> AS LOCATOR

<Fortran multiset locator variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS <multiset type> AS LOCATOR

<Fortran REF variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS <reference type>

--h3 20.7 <embedded SQL MUMPS program> (p1030)
--/h3

--p
Specify an <embedded SQL MUMPS program>.
--/p

<embedded SQL MUMPS program> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

<MUMPS variable definition> ::=
		<MUMPS numeric variable> <semicolon>
	|	<MUMPS character variable> <semicolon>
	|	<MUMPS derived type specification> <semicolon>

<MUMPS character variable> ::=
		VARCHAR <MUMPS host identifier> <MUMPS length specification>
		[ { <comma> <MUMPS host identifier> <MUMPS length specification> }... ]

<MUMPS host identifier> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

<MUMPS length specification> ::= <left paren> <length> <right paren>

<MUMPS numeric variable> ::= <MUMPS type specification> <MUMPS host identifier> [ { <comma> <MUMPS host identifier> }... ]

<MUMPS type specification> ::=
		INT
	|	DEC [ <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren> ]
	|	REAL

<MUMPS derived type specification> ::=
		<MUMPS CLOB variable>
	|	<MUMPS BLOB variable>
	|	<MUMPS user-defined type variable>
	|	<MUMPS CLOB locator variable>
	|	<MUMPS BLOB locator variable>
	|	<MUMPS user-defined type locator variable>
	|	<MUMPS array locator variable>
	|	<MUMPS multiset locator variable>
	|	<MUMPS REF variable>

<MUMPS CLOB variable> ::=
		SQL TYPE IS CLOB <left paren> <large object length> <right paren>
		[ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]

<MUMPS BLOB variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS BLOB <left paren> <large object length> <right paren>

<MUMPS user-defined type variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS <path-resolved user-defined type name> AS <predefined type>

<MUMPS CLOB locator variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS CLOB AS LOCATOR

<MUMPS BLOB locator variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS BLOB AS LOCATOR

<MUMPS user-defined type locator variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS <path-resolved user-defined type name> AS LOCATOR

<MUMPS array locator variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS <array type> AS LOCATOR

<MUMPS multiset locator variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS <multiset type> AS LOCATOR

<MUMPS REF variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS <reference type>

--h3 20.8 <embedded SQL Pascal program> (p1035)
--/h3

--p
Specify an <embedded SQL Pascal program>.
--/p

<embedded SQL Pascal program> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

<Pascal variable definition> ::=
		<Pascal host identifier> [ { <comma> <Pascal host identifier> }... ] <colon> <Pascal type specification> <semicolon>

<Pascal host identifier> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

<Pascal type specification> ::=
		PACKED ARRAY <left bracket> 1 <double period> <length> <right bracket> OF CHAR
		[ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
	|	INTEGER
	|	REAL
	|	CHAR [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
	|	BOOLEAN
	|	<Pascal derived type specification>

<Pascal derived type specification> ::=
		<Pascal CLOB variable>
	|	<Pascal BLOB variable>
	|	<Pascal user-defined type variable>
	|	<Pascal CLOB locator variable>
	|	<Pascal BLOB locator variable>
	|	<Pascal user-defined type locator variable>
	|	<Pascal array locator variable>
	|	<Pascal multiset locator variable>
	|	<Pascal REF variable>

<Pascal CLOB variable> ::=
		SQL TYPE IS CLOB <left paren> <large object length> <right paren>
		[ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]

<Pascal BLOB variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS BLOB <left paren> <large object length> <right paren>

<Pascal CLOB locator variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS CLOB AS LOCATOR

<Pascal user-defined type variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS <path-resolved user-defined type name> AS <predefined type>

<Pascal BLOB locator variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS BLOB AS LOCATOR

<Pascal user-defined type locator variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS <path-resolved user-defined type name> AS LOCATOR

<Pascal array locator variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS <array type> AS LOCATOR

<Pascal multiset locator variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS <multiset type> AS LOCATOR

<Pascal REF variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS <reference type>

--h3 20.9 <embedded SQL PL/I program> (p1040)
--/h3

--p
Specify an <embedded SQL PL/I program>.
--/p

<embedded SQL PL/I program> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

<PL/I variable definition> ::=
		{ DCL | DECLARE } { <PL/I host identifier>
	|	<left paren> <PL/I host identifier> [ { <comma> <PL/I host identifier> }... ] <right paren> }
		<PL/I type specification> [ <character representation>... ] <semicolon>

<PL/I host identifier> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

<PL/I type specification> ::=
		{ CHAR | CHARACTER } [ VARYING ] <left paren><length><right paren> [ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]
	|	<PL/I type fixed decimal> <left paren> <precision> [ <comma> <scale> ] <right paren>
	|	<PL/I type fixed binary> [ <left paren> <precision> <right paren> ]
	|	<PL/I type float binary> <left paren> <precision> <right paren>
	|	<PL/I derived type specification>

<PL/I derived type specification> ::=
		<PL/I CLOB variable>
	|	<PL/I BLOB variable>
	|	<PL/I user-defined type variable>
	|	<PL/I CLOB locator variable>
	|	<PL/I BLOB locator variable>
	|	<PL/I user-defined type locator variable>
	|	<PL/I array locator variable>
	|	<PL/I multiset locator variable>
	|	<PL/I REF variable>

<PL/I CLOB variable> ::=
		SQL TYPE IS CLOB <left paren> <large object length> <right paren>
		[ CHARACTER SET [ IS ] <character set specification> ]

<PL/I BLOB variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS BLOB <left paren> <large object length> <right paren>

<PL/I user-defined type variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS <path-resolved user-defined type name> AS <predefined type>

<PL/I CLOB locator variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS CLOB AS LOCATOR

<PL/I BLOB locator variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS BLOB AS LOCATOR

<PL/I user-defined type locator variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS <path-resolved user-defined type name> AS LOCATOR

<PL/I array locator variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS <array type> AS LOCATOR

<PL/I multiset locator variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS <multiset type> AS LOCATOR

<PL/I REF variable> ::= SQL TYPE IS <reference type>

<PL/I type fixed decimal> ::=
		{ DEC | DECIMAL } FIXED
	|	FIXED { DEC | DECIMAL }

<PL/I type fixed binary> ::=
		{ BIN | BINARY } FIXED
	|	FIXED { BIN | BINARY }

<PL/I type float binary> ::=
		{ BIN | BINARY } FLOAT
	|	FLOAT { BIN | BINARY }

--hr
--h2 21 Direct invocation of SQL
--/h2

--h3 21.1 <direct SQL statement> (p1047)
--/h3

--p
Specify direct execution of SQL.
--/p

<direct SQL statement> ::= <directly executable statement> <semicolon>

<directly executable statement> ::=
		<direct SQL data statement>
	|	<SQL schema statement>
	|	<SQL transaction statement>
	|	<SQL connection statement>
	|	<SQL session statement>
	|	<direct implementation-defined statement>

<direct SQL data statement> ::=
		<delete statement: searched>
	|	<direct select statement: multiple rows>
	|	<insert statement>
	|	<update statement: searched>
	|	<merge statement>
	|	<temporary table declaration>

<direct implementation-defined statement> ::= !! See the Syntax Rules.

--h3 21.2 <direct select statement: multiple rows> (p1051)
--/h3

--p
Specify a statement to retrieve multiple rows from a specified table.
--/p

<direct select statement: multiple rows> ::= <cursor specification>

--hr
--h2 22 Diagnostics management
--h3 22.1 <get diagnostics statement> (p1053)
--/h3

--p
Get exception or completion condition information from a diagnostics area.
--/p

<get diagnostics statement> ::= GET DIAGNOSTICS <SQL diagnostics information>

<SQL diagnostics information> ::= <statement information> | <condition information>

<statement information> ::= <statement information item> [ { <comma> <statement information item> }... ]

<statement information item> ::= <simple target specification> <equals operator> <statement information item name>

<statement information item name> ::=
		NUMBER
	|	MORE
	|	COMMAND_FUNCTION
	|	COMMAND_FUNCTION_CODE
	|	DYNAMIC_FUNCTION
	|	DYNAMIC_FUNCTION_CODE
	|	ROW_COUNT
	|	TRANSACTIONS_COMMITTED
	|	TRANSACTIONS_ROLLED_BACK
	|	TRANSACTION_ACTIVE

<condition information> ::=
		{ EXCEPTION | CONDITION } <condition number> <condition information item> [ { <comma> <condition information item> }... ]

<condition information item> ::= <simple target specification> <equals operator> <condition information item name>

<condition information item name> ::=
		CATALOG_NAME
	|	CLASS_ORIGIN
	|	COLUMN_NAME
	|	CONDITION_NUMBER
	|	CONNECTION_NAME
	|	CONSTRAINT_CATALOG
	|	CONSTRAINT_NAME
	|	CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA
	|	CURSOR_NAME
	|	MESSAGE_LENGTH
	|	MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH
	|	MESSAGE_TEXT
	|	PARAMETER_MODE
	|	PARAMETER_NAME
	|	PARAMETER_ORDINAL_POSITION
	|	RETURNED_SQLSTATE
	|	ROUTINE_CATALOG
	|	ROUTINE_NAME
	|	ROUTINE_SCHEMA
	|	SCHEMA_NAME
	|	SERVER_NAME
	|	SPECIFIC_NAME
	|	SUBCLASS_ORIGIN
	|	TABLE_NAME
	|	TRIGGER_CATALOG
	|	TRIGGER_NAME
	|	TRIGGER_SCHEMA

<condition number> ::= <simple value specification>

--h3 22.2 Pushing and popping the diagnostics area stack (p1068)
--/h3

--hr
--h2 23 Status codes
--/h2

--h3 23.1 SQLSTATE (p1069)
--/h3

--p
The character string value returned in an SQLSTATE parameter comprises a
2-character class value followed by a 3-character subclass value, each
with an implementation-defined character set that has a one-octet
character encoding form and is restricted to <digit>s and
<simple Latin upper case letter>s.
Table 31, 'SQLSTATE class and subclass values', specifies the class
value for each condition and the subclass value or values for each class
value.
--/p
--p
Class values that begin with one of the <digit>s '0', '1', '2', '3', or
'4' or one of the <simple Latin upper case letter>s 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D',
'E', 'F', 'G', or 'H' are returned only for conditions defined in
ISO/IEC 9075 or in any other International Standard.
The range of such class values are called standard-defined
classes.
Some such class codes are reserved for use by specific International
Standards, as specified elsewhere in this Clause.
Subclass values associated with such classes that also begin with one of
those 13 characters are returned only for conditions defined in ISO/IEC
9075 or some
other International Standard.
The range of such class values are called standard-defined classes.
Subclass values associated with such classes that begin with one of the
<digit>s '5', '6', '7', '8', or '9' or one of the <simple Latin upper
case letter>s 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S',
'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', or 'Z' are reserved for
implementation-specified conditions and are called
implementation-defined subclasses.
--/p
--p
Class values that begin with one of the <digit>s '5', '6', '7', '8', or
'9' or one of the <simple Latin upper case letter>s 'I', 'J', 'K', 'L',
'M', 'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'U', 'V', 'W', 'X', 'Y', or 'Z'
are reserved for implementation-specified exception conditions and are
called implementation-defined classes.
All subclass values except '000', which means no subclass, associated
with such classes are reserved for implementation-specified conditions
and are called implementation-defined subclasses.
An implementation-defined completion condition shall be indicated by
returning an implementation-defined subclass in conjunction with one of
the classes successful completion, warning, or no data.
--/p

--p
The 'Category' column has the following meanings: 'S' means that the class value given corresponds
to successful completion and is a completion condition; 'W' means that the class value given
corresponds to a successful completion but with a warning and is a completion condition; 'N' means
that the class value given corresponds to a no-data situation and is a completion condition; 'X'
means that the class value given corresponds to an exception condition.
--/p

--p
Table 31 - SQLSTATE class and subclass values
--/p

--## <table border=1>
--## <tr><th> Category </th><th> Condition </th><th> Class </th><th> Subcondition </th><th> Subclass </th></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> ambiguous cursor name </td><td> 3C </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> attempt to assign to non-updatable column </td><td> 0U </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> attempt to assign to ordering column </td><td> 0V </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> cardinality violation </td><td> 21 </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> connection exception </td><td> 08 </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> connection does not exist </td><td> 003 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> connection failure </td><td> 006 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> connection name in use </td><td> 002 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> SQL-client unable to establish SQL-connection </td><td> 001 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> SQL-server rejected establishment of SQL-connection </td><td> 004 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> transaction resolution unknown </td><td> 007 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> cursor sensitivity exception </td><td> 36 </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> request failed </td><td> 002 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> request rejected </td><td> 001 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> data exception </td><td> 22 </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> array data, right truncation </td><td> 02F </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> array element error </td><td> 02E </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> character not in repertoire </td><td> 021 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> datetime field overflow </td><td> 008 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> division by zero </td><td> 012 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> error in assignment </td><td> 005 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> escape character conflict </td><td> 00B </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> indicator overflow </td><td> 022 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> interval field overflow </td><td> 015 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> invalid argument for natural logarithm </td><td> 01E </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> invalid argument for power function </td><td> 01F </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> invalid argument for width bucket function </td><td> 01G </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> invalid character value for cast </td><td> 018 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> invalid datetime format </td><td> 007 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> invalid escape character </td><td> 019 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> invalid escape octet </td><td> 00D </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> invalid escape sequence </td><td> 025 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> invalid indicator parameter value </td><td> 010 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> invalid interval format </td><td> 006 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> invalid parameter value </td><td> 023 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> invalid preceding or following size in window function </td><td> 013 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> invalid regular expression </td><td> 01B </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> invalid repeat argument in a sample clause </td><td> 02G </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> invalid sample size </td><td> 02H </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> invalid time zone displacement value </td><td> 009 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> invalid use of escape character </td><td> 00C </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> most specific type mismatch </td><td> 00G </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> noncharacter in UCS string </td><td> 029 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> null value substituted for mutator subject parameter </td><td> 02D </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> null row not permitted in table </td><td> 01C </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> null value in array target </td><td> 00E </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> null value, no indicator parameter </td><td> 002 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> null value not allowed </td><td> 004 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> numeric value out of range </td><td> 003 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> sequence generator limit exceeded </td><td> 00H </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> string data, length mismatch </td><td> 026 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> string data, right truncation </td><td> 001 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> substring error </td><td> 011 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> trim error </td><td> 027 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> unterminated C string </td><td> 024 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> zero-length character string </td><td> 00F </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> dependent privilege descriptors still exist </td><td> 2B </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> diagnostics exception </td><td> 0Z </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> maximum number of stacked diagnostics areas exceeded </td><td> 001 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> dynamic SQL error </td><td> 07 </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> cursor specification cannot be executed </td><td> 003 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> data type transform function violation </td><td> 00B </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> invalid DATA target </td><td> 00D </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> invalid DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE </td><td> 00F </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> invalid descriptor count </td><td> 008 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> invalid descriptor index </td><td> 009 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> invalid LEVEL value </td><td> 00E </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> prepared statement not a cursor specification </td><td> 005 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> restricted data type attribute violation </td><td> 006 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> undefined DATA value </td><td> 00C </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> using clause does not match dynamic parameter specifications </td><td> 001 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> using clause does not match target specifications </td><td> 002 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> using clause required for dynamic parameters </td><td> 004 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> using clause required for result fields </td><td> 007 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> external routine exception </td><td> 38 </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> containing SQL not permitted </td><td> 001 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> modifying SQL-data not permitted </td><td> 002 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> prohibited SQL-statement attempted </td><td> 003 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> reading SQL-data not permitted </td><td> 004 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> external routine invocation exception </td><td> 39 </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> invalid SQLSTATE returned </td><td> 001 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> null value not allowed </td><td> 004 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> feature not supported </td><td> 0A </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> multiple server transactions </td><td> 001 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> integrity constraint violation </td><td> 23 </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> restrict violation </td><td> 001 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> invalid authorization specification </td><td> 28 </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> invalid catalog name </td><td> 3D </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> invalid character set name </td><td> 2C </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> invalid condition number </td><td> 35 </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> invalid connection name </td><td> 2E </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> invalid cursor name </td><td> 34 </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> invalid cursor state </td><td> 24 </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> invalid grantor </td><td> 0L </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> invalid role specification </td><td> 0P </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> invalid schema name </td><td> 3F </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> invalid schema name list specification </td><td> 0E </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> invalid session collation specification </td><td> 2H </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> invalid SQL descriptor name </td><td> 33 </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> invalid SQL-invoked procedure reference </td><td> 0M </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> invalid SQL statement name </td><td> 26 </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> invalid SQL statement identifier </td><td> 30 </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> invalid target type specification </td><td> 0D </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> invalid transaction initiation </td><td> 0B </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> invalid transaction state </td><td> 25 </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> active SQL-transaction </td><td> 001 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> branch transaction already active </td><td> 002 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> held cursor requires same isolation level </td><td> 008 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> inappropriate access mode for branch transaction </td><td> 003 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> inappropriate isolation level for branch transaction </td><td> 004 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> no active SQL-transaction for branch transaction </td><td> 005 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> read-only SQL-transaction </td><td> 006 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> schema and data statement mixing not supported </td><td> 007 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> invalid transaction termination </td><td> 2D </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> invalid transform group name specification </td><td> 0S </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> locator exception </td><td> 0F </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> invalid specification </td><td> 001 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> N </td><td> no data </td><td> 02 </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> no additional dynamic result sets returned </td><td> 001 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> prohibited statement encountered during trigger execution </td><td> 0W </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> Remote Database Access </td><td> HZ </td><td> (See Table 32, 'SQLSTATE class codes for RDA', for the definition of protocol subconditions and subclass code values) </td><td> &nbsp; </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> savepoint exception </td><td> 3B </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> invalid specification </td><td> 001 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> too many </td><td> 002 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> SQL routine exception </td><td> 2F </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> function executed no return statement </td><td> 005 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> modifying SQL-data not permitted </td><td> 002 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> prohibited SQL-statement attempted </td><td> 003 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> reading SQL-data not permitted </td><td> 004 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> S </td><td> successful completion </td><td> 00 </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> syntax error or access rule violation </td><td> 42 </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> target table disagrees with cursor specification </td><td> 0T </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> transaction rollback </td><td> 40 </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> integrity constraint violation </td><td> 002 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> serialization failure </td><td> 001 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> statement completion unknown </td><td> 003 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> triggered action exception </td><td> 004 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> triggered action exception </td><td> 09 </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> triggered data change violation </td><td> 27 </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> W </td><td> warning </td><td> 01 </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> additional result sets returned </td><td> 00D </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> array data, right truncation </td><td> 02F </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> attempt to return too many result sets </td><td> 00E </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> cursor operation conflict </td><td> 001 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> default value too long for information schema </td><td> 00B </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> disconnect error </td><td> 002 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> dynamic result sets returned </td><td> 00C </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> external routine warning (the value of xx to be chosen by the author of the external routine) </td><td> Hxx </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> insufficient item descriptor areas </td><td> 005 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> null value eliminated in set function </td><td> 003 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> privilege not granted </td><td> 007 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> privilege not revoked </td><td> 006 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> query expression too long for information schema </td><td> 00A </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> search condition too long for information schema </td><td> 009 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> statement too long for information schema </td><td> 008 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> &nbsp; </td><td> string data, right truncation </td><td> 004 </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> X </td><td> with check option violation </td><td> 44 </td><td> (no subclass) </td><td> 000 </td></tr>
--## </table>

--hr
--h2 24 Conformance
--/h2

--h3 24.1 General Conformance Requirements (p1079)
--/h3

--p
Table 33 - Implied feature relationships
--/p

--## <table border=1>
--## <tr><th> Feature ID </th><th> Feature Description </th><th> Implied Feature </th><th> ID Implied Feature Description </th></tr>
--## <tr><td> B032 </td><td> Extended dynamic SQL </td><td> B031 </td><td> Basic dynamic SQL </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> B034 </td><td> Dynamic specification of cursor attributes </td><td> B031 </td><td> Basic dynamic SQL </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> F381 </td><td> Extended schema manipulation </td><td> F491 </td><td> Constraint management </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> F451 </td><td> Character set definition </td><td> F461 </td><td> Named character sets </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> F711 </td><td> ALTER domain </td><td> F251 </td><td> Domain support </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> F801 </td><td> Full set function </td><td> F441 </td><td> Extended set function support </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> S024 </td><td> Enhanced structured types </td><td> S023 </td><td> Basic structured types </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> S041 </td><td> Basic reference types </td><td> S023 </td><td> Basic structured types </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> S041 </td><td> Basic reference types </td><td> S051 </td><td> Create table of type </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> S043 </td><td> Enhanced reference types </td><td> S041 </td><td> Basic reference types </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> S051 </td><td> Create table of type </td><td> S023 </td><td> Basic structured types </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> S081 </td><td> Subtables </td><td> S023 </td><td> Basic structured types </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> S081 </td><td> Subtables </td><td> S051 </td><td> Create table of type </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> S092 </td><td> Arrays of user-defined types </td><td> S091 </td><td> Basic array support </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> S094 </td><td> Arrays of reference types </td><td> S041 </td><td> Basic reference types </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> S094 </td><td> Arrays of reference types </td><td> S091 </td><td> Basic array support </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> S095 </td><td> Array constructors by query </td><td> S091 </td><td> Basic array support </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> S096 </td><td> Optional array bounds </td><td> S091 </td><td> Basic array support </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> S111 </td><td> ONLY in query expressions </td><td> S023 </td><td> Basic structured types </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> S111 </td><td> ONLY in query expressions </td><td> S051 </td><td> Create table of type </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> S201 </td><td> SQL-invoked routines on arrays </td><td> S091 </td><td> Basic array support </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> S202 </td><td> SQL-invoked routines on multisets </td><td> S271 </td><td> Basic multiset support </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> S231 </td><td> Structured type locators </td><td> S023 </td><td> Basic structured types </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> S232 </td><td> Array locators </td><td> S091 </td><td> Basic array support </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> S233 </td><td> Multiset locators </td><td> S271 </td><td> Basic multiset support </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> S242 </td><td> Alter transform statement </td><td> S241 </td><td> Transform functions </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> S272 </td><td> Multisets of user-defined types </td><td> S271 </td><td> Basic multiset support </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> S274 </td><td> Multisets of reference types </td><td> S041 </td><td> Basic reference types </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> S274 </td><td> Multisets of reference types </td><td> S271 </td><td> Basic multiset support </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> S275 </td><td> Advanced multiset support </td><td> S271 </td><td> Basic multiset support </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> T042 </td><td> Extended LOB data type support </td><td> T041 </td><td> Basic LOB data type support </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> T061 </td><td> UCS Support </td><td> F461 </td><td> Named character sets </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> T071 </td><td> BIGINT data type </td><td> E001-01 </td><td> INTEGER and SMALLINT data types (including all spellings) </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> T131 </td><td> Recursive query </td><td> T121 </td><td> WITH (excluding RECURSIVE) in query expression </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> T173 </td><td> Extended LIKE clause in table definition </td><td> T171 </td><td> LIKE clause in table definition </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> T212 </td><td> Enhanced trigger capability </td><td> T211 </td><td> Basic trigger capability </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> T332 </td><td> Extended roles </td><td> T331 </td><td> Basic roles </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> T511 </td><td> Transaction counts </td><td> F121 </td><td> Basic diagnostics management </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> T571 </td><td> Array-returning external SQL-invoked functions </td><td> S091 </td><td> Basic array support </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> T571 </td><td> Array-returning external SQL-invoked functions </td><td> S201 </td><td> SQL-invoked routines on arrays </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> T572 </td><td> Multiset-returning external SQLinvoked functions </td><td> S202 </td><td> SQL-invoked routines on multisets </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> T572 </td><td> Multiset-returning external SQLinvoked functions </td><td> S271 </td><td> Basic multiset support </td></tr>
--## <tr><td> T612 </td><td> Advanced OLAP operations </td><td> T611 </td><td> Elementary OLAP operations </td></tr>
--## </table>

--hr
--h2 END OF SQL-2003 Part 2 (SQL/Foundation) GRAMMAR
--/h2

--h2 Notes on Automatically Converting the SQL Grammar to a YACC Grammar
--/h2

--p
Automatic translation of this grammar is non-trivial for a number of
reasons.
One is that the grammar has a number of actions '!!
See the Syntax Rules' which cannot be translated automatically.
Another is that the grammar contains rules that are usually better
handled by the lexical analyzer than the grammar proper.
Then there are incomplete rules such as those which reference parts 6
to 10 (they are not defined; indeed, part 7, which was going to be
SQL/Temporal, is in complete abeyance), and the packages (almost
completely undefined in the grammar).
It is not clear whether these can be ignored, or annotated out of the
way.
--/p

--p
Another complication is automatically generating rules to deal with
optional components and repetitive components in the grammar.
Square brackets do not contain alternative non-terminals; all those
expressions are contained within curly brackets within the square
brackets.
However, some square brackets do contain alternative terminals.
Curly brackets contain and group mandatory elements.
However, they are usually used in conjunction with the 'one or more
times' repeater ellipsis '...' mark.
--/p

--hr
--h2 END OF SQL 2003-2 (SQL/FOUNDATION) GRAMMAR
--/h2