diff --git a/data/CMakeLists.txt b/data/CMakeLists.txt
index e10103e178..dd13b4363c 100644
--- a/data/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/data/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ set(ALL_SQL_IN "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/all.sql.in")
 set(PROJ_DB "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/proj.db")
 include(sql_filelist.cmake)
 
-set(PROJ_DB_SQL_EXPECTED_MD5 "5cae0af56a2189692c8e1cf83fe7929e")
+set(PROJ_DB_SQL_EXPECTED_MD5 "41235391eb0f01c2c4afbd32478c2b62")
 
 add_custom_command(
   OUTPUT ${PROJ_DB}
diff --git a/data/sql/concatenated_operation_step.sql b/data/sql/concatenated_operation_step.sql
index 39b1f0a1c8..f1b0dd5928 100644
--- a/data/sql/concatenated_operation_step.sql
+++ b/data/sql/concatenated_operation_step.sql
@@ -1,506 +1,506 @@
 --- This file has been generated by scripts/build_db.py. DO NOT EDIT !
 
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','3896',1,'EPSG','3895');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','3896',2,'EPSG','1618');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','3966',1,'EPSG','3913');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','3966',2,'EPSG','3962');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','4435',1,'EPSG','1461');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','4435',2,'EPSG','1495');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','4837',1,'EPSG','1672');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','4837',2,'EPSG','1311');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','5190',1,'EPSG','5134');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','5190',2,'EPSG','5189');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','5192',1,'EPSG','5134');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','5192',2,'EPSG','5191');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','5230',1,'EPSG','1884');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','5230',2,'EPSG','4836');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','5240',1,'EPSG','5238');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','5240',2,'EPSG','5227');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','5242',1,'EPSG','1884');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','5242',2,'EPSG','5239');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','5838',1,'EPSG','1756');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','5838',2,'EPSG','1988');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','6714',1,'EPSG','6712');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','6714',2,'EPSG','6713');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','6739',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','6739',2,'EPSG','1496');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','6874',1,'EPSG','1265');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','6874',2,'EPSG','6873');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','7811',1,'EPSG','1763');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','7811',2,'EPSG','15958');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','7965',1,'EPSG','7813');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','7965',2,'EPSG','7964');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','7967',1,'EPSG','7813');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','7967',2,'EPSG','7966');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','7973',1,'EPSG','7813');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','7973',2,'EPSG','7969');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','7974',1,'EPSG','7813');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','7974',2,'EPSG','7970');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','7975',1,'EPSG','7813');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','7975',2,'EPSG','7971');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','7983',1,'EPSG','7812');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','7983',2,'EPSG','7977');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','7986',1,'EPSG','7980');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','7986',2,'EPSG','7812');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','7987',1,'EPSG','7980');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','7987',2,'EPSG','7812');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','7987',3,'EPSG','7813');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8047',1,'EPSG','1147');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8047',2,'EPSG','1146');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8094',1,'EPSG','1763');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8094',2,'EPSG','1193');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8174',1,'EPSG','1755');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8174',2,'EPSG','1125');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8175',1,'EPSG','1262');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8175',2,'EPSG','1169');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8176',1,'EPSG','1265');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8176',2,'EPSG','1227');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8178',1,'EPSG','1759');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8178',2,'EPSG','8452');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8183',1,'EPSG','1273');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8183',2,'EPSG','1149');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8186',1,'EPSG','1763');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8186',2,'EPSG','1276');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8188',1,'EPSG','1763');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8188',2,'EPSG','1277');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8190',1,'EPSG','1278');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8190',2,'EPSG','1150');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8192',1,'EPSG','1279');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8192',2,'EPSG','1150');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8194',1,'EPSG','1280');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8194',2,'EPSG','1150');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8195',1,'EPSG','1437');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8195',2,'EPSG','1149');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8199',1,'EPSG','1274');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8199',2,'EPSG','1283');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8211',1,'EPSG','1266');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8211',2,'EPSG','1294');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8215',1,'EPSG','1297');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8215',2,'EPSG','1302');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8217',1,'EPSG','1298');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8217',2,'EPSG','1302');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8219',1,'EPSG','1299');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8219',2,'EPSG','1302');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8221',1,'EPSG','1300');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8221',2,'EPSG','1302');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8223',1,'EPSG','1301');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8223',2,'EPSG','1302');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8234',1,'EPSG','1309');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8234',2,'EPSG','1149');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8236',1,'EPSG','1310');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8236',2,'EPSG','1149');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8243',1,'EPSG','1312');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8243',2,'EPSG','1188');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8245',1,'EPSG','1313');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8245',2,'EPSG','1188');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8263',1,'EPSG','1757');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8263',2,'EPSG','1306');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8363',1,'EPSG','8361');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8363',2,'EPSG','8362');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8386',1,'EPSG','1454');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8386',2,'EPSG','1188');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8388',1,'EPSG','1455');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8388',2,'EPSG','1188');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8390',1,'EPSG','1456');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8390',2,'EPSG','1188');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8392',1,'EPSG','1457');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8392',2,'EPSG','1188');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8394',1,'EPSG','1451');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8394',2,'EPSG','1188');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8396',1,'EPSG','1458');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8396',2,'EPSG','1150');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8398',1,'EPSG','1459');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8398',2,'EPSG','1150');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8400',1,'EPSG','1460');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8400',2,'EPSG','1150');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8402',1,'EPSG','1461');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8402',2,'EPSG','1188');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8404',1,'EPSG','1462');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8404',2,'EPSG','1188');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8406',1,'EPSG','1463');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8406',2,'EPSG','1188');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8408',1,'EPSG','1464');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8408',2,'EPSG','1150');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8418',1,'EPSG','1472');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8418',2,'EPSG','1473');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8419',1,'EPSG','1599');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8419',2,'EPSG','1473');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8420',1,'EPSG','1600');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8420',2,'EPSG','1473');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8421',1,'EPSG','1601');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8421',2,'EPSG','1473');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8422',1,'EPSG','1602');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8422',2,'EPSG','1473');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8442',1,'EPSG','8365');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8442',2,'EPSG','8364');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8443',1,'EPSG','8364');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8443',2,'EPSG','8367');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8453',1,'EPSG','1506');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8453',2,'EPSG','1150');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8454',1,'EPSG','1507');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8454',2,'EPSG','1150');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8457',1,'EPSG','1509');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8457',2,'EPSG','1511');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8460',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8460',2,'EPSG','1474');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8461',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8461',2,'EPSG','1475');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8462',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8462',2,'EPSG','1476');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8463',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8463',2,'EPSG','1477');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8464',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8464',2,'EPSG','1478');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8465',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8465',2,'EPSG','1479');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8466',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8466',2,'EPSG','1480');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8467',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8467',2,'EPSG','1481');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8468',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8468',2,'EPSG','1482');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8469',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8469',2,'EPSG','1483');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8470',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8470',2,'EPSG','1484');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8471',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8471',2,'EPSG','1485');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8472',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8472',2,'EPSG','1486');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8473',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8473',2,'EPSG','1487');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8474',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8474',2,'EPSG','1488');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8475',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8475',2,'EPSG','1489');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8476',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8476',2,'EPSG','1490');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8477',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8477',2,'EPSG','1491');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8478',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8478',2,'EPSG','1492');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8479',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8479',2,'EPSG','1493');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8480',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8480',2,'EPSG','1494');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8481',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8481',2,'EPSG','1495');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8482',1,'EPSG','1747');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8482',2,'EPSG','1496');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8483',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8483',2,'EPSG','1497');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8484',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8484',2,'EPSG','1498');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8485',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8485',2,'EPSG','1499');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8486',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8486',2,'EPSG','1500');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8487',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8487',2,'EPSG','1501');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8488',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8488',2,'EPSG','1502');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8489',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8489',2,'EPSG','1503');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8496',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8496',2,'EPSG','1515');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8497',1,'EPSG','1243');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8497',2,'EPSG','1515');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8508',1,'EPSG','1454');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8508',2,'EPSG','1520');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8509',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8509',2,'EPSG','1521');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8510',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8510',2,'EPSG','1522');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8511',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8511',2,'EPSG','1523');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8512',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8512',2,'EPSG','1524');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8513',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8513',2,'EPSG','1525');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8514',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8514',2,'EPSG','1526');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8517',1,'EPSG','1528');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8517',2,'EPSG','1527');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8530',1,'EPSG','1539');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8530',2,'EPSG','1540');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8532',1,'EPSG','1541');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8532',2,'EPSG','1240');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8537',1,'EPSG','1545');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8537',2,'EPSG','1237');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8553',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8553',2,'EPSG','1553');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8554',1,'EPSG','1241');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8554',2,'EPSG','1554');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8560',1,'EPSG','1559');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8560',2,'EPSG','1150');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8562',1,'EPSG','1560');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8562',2,'EPSG','1240');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8563',1,'EPSG','1568');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8563',2,'EPSG','1565');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8564',1,'EPSG','1576');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8564',2,'EPSG','1473');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8565',1,'EPSG','1574');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8565',2,'EPSG','1188');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8566',1,'EPSG','1572');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8566',2,'EPSG','1188');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','8568',1,'EPSG','1584');
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+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','9750',1,'EPSG','9727',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','9750',2,'EPSG','9726',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10146',1,'EPSG','9629',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10146',2,'EPSG','10145',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10392',1,'EPSG','7812',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10392',2,'EPSG','10380',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10393',1,'EPSG','7812',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10393',2,'EPSG','10381',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10394',1,'EPSG','7812',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10394',2,'EPSG','10382',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10395',1,'EPSG','7812',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10395',2,'EPSG','10383',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10396',1,'EPSG','7812',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10396',2,'EPSG','10384',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10397',1,'EPSG','7812',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10397',2,'EPSG','10385',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10398',1,'EPSG','7812',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10398',2,'EPSG','10386',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10399',1,'EPSG','7812',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10399',2,'EPSG','10387',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10400',1,'EPSG','7812',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10400',2,'EPSG','10388',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10409',1,'EPSG','7812',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10409',2,'EPSG','10389',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10410',1,'EPSG','7812',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10410',2,'EPSG','10390',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10411',1,'EPSG','7812',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10411',2,'EPSG','10391',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10495',1,'EPSG','10490',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10495',2,'EPSG','10492',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10496',1,'EPSG','10492',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10496',2,'EPSG','10494',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10616',1,'EPSG','9629',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('EPSG','10616',2,'EPSG','10145',NULL);
diff --git a/data/sql/ignf.sql b/data/sql/ignf.sql
index 126b1d52ce..460743b927 100644
--- a/data/sql/ignf.sql
+++ b/data/sql/ignf.sql
@@ -4345,41 +4345,41 @@ INSERT INTO "usage" VALUES('PROJ', 'IGNF_RGF93GDD_TO_EPSG_4326_USAGE','helmert_t
 
 INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation" VALUES('IGNF','TSG62_NTFPGRAD_TO_ED50G','Nouvelle Triangulation Francaise Paris grades to ED50G',NULL,'IGNF','NTFPGRAD','IGNF','ED50G',NULL,'1.0.0',0);
 INSERT INTO "usage" VALUES('IGNF', 'TSG62_NTFPGRAD_TO_ED50G_USAGE','concatenated_operation','IGNF','TSG62_NTFPGRAD_TO_ED50G','IGNF','91','IGNF','6');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG62_NTFPGRAD_TO_ED50G',1,'IGNF','TSG1240');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG62_NTFPGRAD_TO_ED50G',2,'IGNF','TSG62_NTFG_TO_ED50G');
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG62_NTFPGRAD_TO_ED50G',1,'IGNF','TSG1240',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG62_NTFPGRAD_TO_ED50G',2,'IGNF','TSG62_NTFG_TO_ED50G',NULL);
 INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation" VALUES('IGNF','TSG62_NTFP_TO_ED50G','Nouvelle Triangulation Francaise Paris grades to ED50G',NULL,'IGNF','NTFP','IGNF','ED50G',NULL,'1.0.0',0);
 INSERT INTO "usage" VALUES('IGNF', 'TSG62_NTFP_TO_ED50G_USAGE','concatenated_operation','IGNF','TSG62_NTFP_TO_ED50G','IGNF','91','IGNF','6');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG62_NTFP_TO_ED50G',1,'IGNF','TSG1240_IGNF_NTFP_TO_IGNF_NTFG');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG62_NTFP_TO_ED50G',2,'IGNF','TSG62_NTFG_TO_ED50G');
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG62_NTFP_TO_ED50G',1,'IGNF','TSG1240_IGNF_NTFP_TO_IGNF_NTFG',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG62_NTFP_TO_ED50G',2,'IGNF','TSG62_NTFG_TO_ED50G',NULL);
 INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation" VALUES('IGNF','TSG62_NTFPGRAD_TO_ED50GEO','Nouvelle Triangulation Francaise Paris grades to ED50GEO',NULL,'IGNF','NTFPGRAD','IGNF','ED50GEO',NULL,'1.0.0',0);
 INSERT INTO "usage" VALUES('IGNF', 'TSG62_NTFPGRAD_TO_ED50GEO_USAGE','concatenated_operation','IGNF','TSG62_NTFPGRAD_TO_ED50GEO','IGNF','91','IGNF','6');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG62_NTFPGRAD_TO_ED50GEO',1,'IGNF','TSG1240');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG62_NTFPGRAD_TO_ED50GEO',2,'IGNF','TSG62_NTFG_TO_ED50GEO');
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG62_NTFPGRAD_TO_ED50GEO',1,'IGNF','TSG1240',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG62_NTFPGRAD_TO_ED50GEO',2,'IGNF','TSG62_NTFG_TO_ED50GEO',NULL);
 INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation" VALUES('IGNF','TSG62_NTFP_TO_ED50GEO','Nouvelle Triangulation Francaise Paris grades to ED50GEO',NULL,'IGNF','NTFP','IGNF','ED50GEO',NULL,'1.0.0',0);
 INSERT INTO "usage" VALUES('IGNF', 'TSG62_NTFP_TO_ED50GEO_USAGE','concatenated_operation','IGNF','TSG62_NTFP_TO_ED50GEO','IGNF','91','IGNF','6');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG62_NTFP_TO_ED50GEO',1,'IGNF','TSG1240_IGNF_NTFP_TO_IGNF_NTFG');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG62_NTFP_TO_ED50GEO',2,'IGNF','TSG62_NTFG_TO_ED50GEO');
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG62_NTFP_TO_ED50GEO',1,'IGNF','TSG1240_IGNF_NTFP_TO_IGNF_NTFG',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG62_NTFP_TO_ED50GEO',2,'IGNF','TSG62_NTFG_TO_ED50GEO',NULL);
 INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFPGRAD_TO_WGS84GDD','Nouvelle Triangulation Francaise Paris grades to WGS84GDD',NULL,'IGNF','NTFPGRAD','IGNF','WGS84GDD',NULL,'1.0.0',0);
 INSERT INTO "usage" VALUES('IGNF', 'TSG399_NTFPGRAD_TO_WGS84GDD_USAGE','concatenated_operation','IGNF','TSG399_NTFPGRAD_TO_WGS84GDD','IGNF','91','IGNF','6');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFPGRAD_TO_WGS84GDD',1,'IGNF','TSG1240');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFPGRAD_TO_WGS84GDD',2,'IGNF','TSG399_NTFG_TO_WGS84GDD');
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFPGRAD_TO_WGS84GDD',1,'IGNF','TSG1240',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFPGRAD_TO_WGS84GDD',2,'IGNF','TSG399_NTFG_TO_WGS84GDD',NULL);
 INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFP_TO_WGS84GDD','Nouvelle Triangulation Francaise Paris grades to WGS84GDD',NULL,'IGNF','NTFP','IGNF','WGS84GDD',NULL,'1.0.0',0);
 INSERT INTO "usage" VALUES('IGNF', 'TSG399_NTFP_TO_WGS84GDD_USAGE','concatenated_operation','IGNF','TSG399_NTFP_TO_WGS84GDD','IGNF','91','IGNF','6');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFP_TO_WGS84GDD',1,'IGNF','TSG1240_IGNF_NTFP_TO_IGNF_NTFG');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFP_TO_WGS84GDD',2,'IGNF','TSG399_NTFG_TO_WGS84GDD');
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFP_TO_WGS84GDD',1,'IGNF','TSG1240_IGNF_NTFP_TO_IGNF_NTFG',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFP_TO_WGS84GDD',2,'IGNF','TSG399_NTFG_TO_WGS84GDD',NULL);
 INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFPGRAD_TO_WGS84G','Nouvelle Triangulation Francaise Paris grades to WGS84G',NULL,'IGNF','NTFPGRAD','IGNF','WGS84G',NULL,'1.0.0',0);
 INSERT INTO "usage" VALUES('IGNF', 'TSG399_NTFPGRAD_TO_WGS84G_USAGE','concatenated_operation','IGNF','TSG399_NTFPGRAD_TO_WGS84G','IGNF','91','IGNF','6');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFPGRAD_TO_WGS84G',1,'IGNF','TSG1240');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFPGRAD_TO_WGS84G',2,'IGNF','TSG399_NTFG_TO_WGS84G');
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFPGRAD_TO_WGS84G',1,'IGNF','TSG1240',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFPGRAD_TO_WGS84G',2,'IGNF','TSG399_NTFG_TO_WGS84G',NULL);
 INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFP_TO_WGS84G','Nouvelle Triangulation Francaise Paris grades to WGS84G',NULL,'IGNF','NTFP','IGNF','WGS84G',NULL,'1.0.0',0);
 INSERT INTO "usage" VALUES('IGNF', 'TSG399_NTFP_TO_WGS84G_USAGE','concatenated_operation','IGNF','TSG399_NTFP_TO_WGS84G','IGNF','91','IGNF','6');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFP_TO_WGS84G',1,'IGNF','TSG1240_IGNF_NTFP_TO_IGNF_NTFG');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFP_TO_WGS84G',2,'IGNF','TSG399_NTFG_TO_WGS84G');
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFP_TO_WGS84G',1,'IGNF','TSG1240_IGNF_NTFP_TO_IGNF_NTFG',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFP_TO_WGS84G',2,'IGNF','TSG399_NTFG_TO_WGS84G',NULL);
 INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFPGRAD_TO_4326','Nouvelle Triangulation Francaise Paris grades to 4326',NULL,'IGNF','NTFPGRAD','EPSG','4326',NULL,'1.0.0',0);
 INSERT INTO "usage" VALUES('IGNF', 'TSG399_NTFPGRAD_TO_4326_USAGE','concatenated_operation','IGNF','TSG399_NTFPGRAD_TO_4326','IGNF','91','IGNF','6');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFPGRAD_TO_4326',1,'IGNF','TSG1240');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFPGRAD_TO_4326',2,'IGNF','TSG399_NTFG_TO_4326');
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFPGRAD_TO_4326',1,'IGNF','TSG1240',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFPGRAD_TO_4326',2,'IGNF','TSG399_NTFG_TO_4326',NULL);
 INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFP_TO_4326','Nouvelle Triangulation Francaise Paris grades to 4326',NULL,'IGNF','NTFP','EPSG','4326',NULL,'1.0.0',0);
 INSERT INTO "usage" VALUES('IGNF', 'TSG399_NTFP_TO_4326_USAGE','concatenated_operation','IGNF','TSG399_NTFP_TO_4326','IGNF','91','IGNF','6');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFP_TO_4326',1,'IGNF','TSG1240_IGNF_NTFP_TO_IGNF_NTFG');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFP_TO_4326',2,'IGNF','TSG399_NTFG_TO_4326');
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFP_TO_4326',1,'IGNF','TSG1240_IGNF_NTFP_TO_IGNF_NTFG',NULL);
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','TSG399_NTFP_TO_4326',2,'IGNF','TSG399_NTFG_TO_4326',NULL);
diff --git a/data/sql/metadata.sql b/data/sql/metadata.sql
index 02857d8d73..0804d3e734 100644
--- a/data/sql/metadata.sql
+++ b/data/sql/metadata.sql
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 -- DATABASE_LAYOUT_VERSION_MINOR constants in src/iso19111/factory.cpp must be
 -- updated as well.
 INSERT INTO "metadata" VALUES('DATABASE.LAYOUT.VERSION.MAJOR', 1);
-INSERT INTO "metadata" VALUES('DATABASE.LAYOUT.VERSION.MINOR', 4);
+INSERT INTO "metadata" VALUES('DATABASE.LAYOUT.VERSION.MINOR', 5);
 
 INSERT INTO "metadata" VALUES('EPSG.VERSION', 'v11.025');
 INSERT INTO "metadata" VALUES('EPSG.DATE', '2024-12-14');
diff --git a/data/sql/nadcon5_concatenated_operations.sql b/data/sql/nadcon5_concatenated_operations.sql
index 11469c3fbd..5e6fce7847 100644
--- a/data/sql/nadcon5_concatenated_operations.sql
+++ b/data/sql/nadcon5_concatenated_operations.sql
@@ -3,357 +3,357 @@
 -- Concatenated accuracy is sqrt(sum of squared accuracies) (confirmed by NGS to be a valid way)
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_HARN_CONUS','NAD27 to NAD83(HARN) (NADCON5, CONUS)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4267','EPSG','4152',0.16,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_HARN_CONUS',1,'EPSG','8555'); -- NAD27 to NAD83 (EPSG:8555), 0.15 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_HARN_CONUS',2,'EPSG','8556'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8556), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_HARN_CONUS',1,'EPSG','8555','forward'); -- NAD27 to NAD83 (EPSG:8555), 0.15 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_HARN_CONUS',2,'EPSG','8556','forward'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8556), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_HARN_CONUS_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_HARN_CONUS',
     'EPSG','4516', -- extent: CONUS
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_FBN_CONUS','NAD27 to NAD83(FBN) (NADCON5, CONUS)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4267','EPSG','8860',0.17,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_FBN_CONUS',1,'EPSG','8555'); -- NAD27 to NAD83 (EPSG:8555), 0.15 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_FBN_CONUS',2,'EPSG','8556'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8556), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_FBN_CONUS',3,'EPSG','8861'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8861), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_FBN_CONUS',1,'EPSG','8555','forward'); -- NAD27 to NAD83 (EPSG:8555), 0.15 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_FBN_CONUS',2,'EPSG','8556','forward'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8556), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_FBN_CONUS',3,'EPSG','8861','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8861), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_FBN_CONUS_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_FBN_CONUS',
     'EPSG','4516', -- extent: CONUS
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS','NAD27 to NAD83(NSRS2007) (NADCON5, CONUS)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4267','EPSG','4759',0.17,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS',1,'EPSG','8555'); -- NAD27 to NAD83 (EPSG:8555), 0.15 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS',2,'EPSG','8556'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8556), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS',3,'EPSG','8861'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8861), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS',4,'EPSG','8862'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8862), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS',1,'EPSG','8555','forward'); -- NAD27 to NAD83 (EPSG:8555), 0.15 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS',2,'EPSG','8556','forward'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8556), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS',3,'EPSG','8861','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8861), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS',4,'EPSG','8862','forward'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8862), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS',
     'EPSG','4516', -- extent: CONUS
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS','NAD27 to NAD83(2011) (NADCON5, CONUS)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4267','EPSG','6318',0.18,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',1,'EPSG','8555'); -- NAD27 to NAD83 (EPSG:8555), 0.15 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',2,'EPSG','8556'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8556), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',3,'EPSG','8861'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8861), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',4,'EPSG','8862'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8862), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',5,'EPSG','8559'); -- NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAD83(2011) (EPSG:8559), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',1,'EPSG','8555','forward'); -- NAD27 to NAD83 (EPSG:8555), 0.15 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',2,'EPSG','8556','forward'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8556), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',3,'EPSG','8861','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8861), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',4,'EPSG','8862','forward'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8862), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',5,'EPSG','8559','forward'); -- NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAD83(2011) (EPSG:8559), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',
     'EPSG','4516', -- extent: CONUS
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_FBN_CONUS','NAD83 to NAD83(FBN) (NADCON5, CONUS)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4269','EPSG','8860',0.07,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_FBN_CONUS',1,'EPSG','8556'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8556), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_FBN_CONUS',2,'EPSG','8861'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8861), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_FBN_CONUS',1,'EPSG','8556','forward'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8556), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_FBN_CONUS',2,'EPSG','8861','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8861), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_FBN_CONUS_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_FBN_CONUS',
     'EPSG','4516', -- extent: CONUS
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS','NAD83 to NAD83(NSRS2007) (NADCON5, CONUS)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4269','EPSG','4759',0.09,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS',1,'EPSG','8556'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8556), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS',2,'EPSG','8861'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8861), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS',3,'EPSG','8862'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8862), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS',1,'EPSG','8556','forward'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8556), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS',2,'EPSG','8861','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8861), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS',3,'EPSG','8862','forward'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8862), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS',
     'EPSG','4516', -- extent: CONUS
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS','NAD83 to NAD83(2011) (NADCON5, CONUS)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4269','EPSG','6318',0.1,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',1,'EPSG','8556'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8556), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',2,'EPSG','8861'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8861), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',3,'EPSG','8862'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8862), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',4,'EPSG','8559'); -- NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAD83(2011) (EPSG:8559), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',1,'EPSG','8556','forward'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8556), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',2,'EPSG','8861','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8861), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',3,'EPSG','8862','forward'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8862), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',4,'EPSG','8559','forward'); -- NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAD83(2011) (EPSG:8559), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',
     'EPSG','4516', -- extent: CONUS
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS','NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (NADCON5, CONUS)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4152','EPSG','4759',0.07,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS',1,'EPSG','8861'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8861), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS',2,'EPSG','8862'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8862), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS',1,'EPSG','8861','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8861), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS',2,'EPSG','8862','forward'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8862), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_CONUS',
     'EPSG','4516', -- extent: CONUS
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS','NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(2011) (NADCON5, CONUS)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4152','EPSG','6318',0.09,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',1,'EPSG','8861'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8861), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',2,'EPSG','8862'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8862), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',3,'EPSG','8559'); -- NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAD83(2011) (EPSG:8559), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',1,'EPSG','8861','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8861), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',2,'EPSG','8862','forward'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8862), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',3,'EPSG','8559','forward'); -- NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAD83(2011) (EPSG:8559), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',
     'EPSG','4516', -- extent: CONUS
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_FBN_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS','NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(2011) (NADCON5, CONUS)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','8860','EPSG','6318',0.07,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_FBN_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',1,'EPSG','8862'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8862), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_FBN_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',2,'EPSG','8559'); -- NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAD83(2011) (EPSG:8559), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_FBN_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',1,'EPSG','8862','forward'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8862), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_FBN_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',2,'EPSG','8559','forward'); -- NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAD83(2011) (EPSG:8559), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_FBN_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD83_FBN_TO_NAD83_2011_CONUS',
     'EPSG','4516', -- extent: CONUS
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_HARN_ALASKA','NAD27 to NAD83(HARN) (NADCON5, Alaska)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4267','EPSG','4152',0.52,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_HARN_ALASKA',1,'EPSG','8549'); -- NAD27 to NAD83 (EPSG:8549), 0.5 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_HARN_ALASKA',2,'EPSG','8550'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8550), 0.15 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_HARN_ALASKA',1,'EPSG','8549','forward'); -- NAD27 to NAD83 (EPSG:8549), 0.5 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_HARN_ALASKA',2,'EPSG','8550','forward'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8550), 0.15 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_HARN_ALASKA_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_HARN_ALASKA',
     'EPSG','1330', -- extent: Alaska
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_ALASKA','NAD27 to NAD83(NSRS2007) (NADCON5, Alaska)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4267','EPSG','4759',0.52,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_ALASKA',1,'EPSG','8549'); -- NAD27 to NAD83 (EPSG:8549), 0.5 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_ALASKA',2,'EPSG','8550'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8550), 0.15 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_ALASKA',3,'EPSG','8551'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8551), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_ALASKA',1,'EPSG','8549','forward'); -- NAD27 to NAD83 (EPSG:8549), 0.5 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_ALASKA',2,'EPSG','8550','forward'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8550), 0.15 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_ALASKA',3,'EPSG','8551','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8551), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_ALASKA_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_ALASKA',
     'EPSG','1330', -- extent: Alaska
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA','NAD27 to NAD83(2011) (NADCON5, Alaska)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4267','EPSG','6318',0.53,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA',1,'EPSG','8549'); -- NAD27 to NAD83 (EPSG:8549), 0.5 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA',2,'EPSG','8550'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8550), 0.15 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA',3,'EPSG','8551'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8551), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA',4,'EPSG','8552'); -- NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAD83(2011) (EPSG:8552), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA',1,'EPSG','8549','forward'); -- NAD27 to NAD83 (EPSG:8549), 0.5 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA',2,'EPSG','8550','forward'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8550), 0.15 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA',3,'EPSG','8551','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8551), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA',4,'EPSG','8552','forward'); -- NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAD83(2011) (EPSG:8552), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD27_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA',
     'EPSG','1330', -- extent: Alaska
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_ALASKA','NAD83 to NAD83(NSRS2007) (NADCON5, Alaska)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4269','EPSG','4759',0.16,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_ALASKA',1,'EPSG','8550'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8550), 0.15 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_ALASKA',2,'EPSG','8551'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8551), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_ALASKA',1,'EPSG','8550','forward'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8550), 0.15 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_ALASKA',2,'EPSG','8551','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8551), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_ALASKA_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_ALASKA',
     'EPSG','1330', -- extent: Alaska
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA','NAD83 to NAD83(2011) (NADCON5, Alaska)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4269','EPSG','6318',0.17,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA',1,'EPSG','8550'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8550), 0.15 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA',2,'EPSG','8551'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8551), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA',3,'EPSG','8552'); -- NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAD83(2011) (EPSG:8552), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA',1,'EPSG','8550','forward'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8550), 0.15 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA',2,'EPSG','8551','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8551), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA',3,'EPSG','8552','forward'); -- NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAD83(2011) (EPSG:8552), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA',
     'EPSG','1330', -- extent: Alaska
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA','NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(2011) (NADCON5, Alaska)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4152','EPSG','6318',0.07,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA',1,'EPSG','8551'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8551), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA',2,'EPSG','8552'); -- NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAD83(2011) (EPSG:8552), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA',1,'EPSG','8551','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8551), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA',2,'EPSG','8552','forward'); -- NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAD83(2011) (EPSG:8552), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_ALASKA',
     'EPSG','1330', -- extent: Alaska
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','OLD_HAWAIIAN_TO_NAD83_HARN_HAWAII','Old Hawaiian to NAD83(HARN) (NADCON5, Hawaii)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4135','EPSG','4152',0.21,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','OLD_HAWAIIAN_TO_NAD83_HARN_HAWAII',1,'EPSG','8561'); -- Old Hawaiian to NAD83 (EPSG:8561), 0.2 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','OLD_HAWAIIAN_TO_NAD83_HARN_HAWAII',2,'EPSG','8660'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8660), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','OLD_HAWAIIAN_TO_NAD83_HARN_HAWAII',1,'EPSG','8561','forward'); -- Old Hawaiian to NAD83 (EPSG:8561), 0.2 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','OLD_HAWAIIAN_TO_NAD83_HARN_HAWAII',2,'EPSG','8660','forward'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8660), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','OLD_HAWAIIAN_TO_NAD83_HARN_HAWAII_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','OLD_HAWAIIAN_TO_NAD83_HARN_HAWAII',
     'EPSG','1334', -- extent: Hawaii
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','OLD_HAWAIIAN_TO_NAD83_PA11_HAWAII','Old Hawaiian to NAD83(PA11) (NADCON5, Hawaii)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4135','EPSG','6322',0.21,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','OLD_HAWAIIAN_TO_NAD83_PA11_HAWAII',1,'EPSG','8561'); -- Old Hawaiian to NAD83 (EPSG:8561), 0.2 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','OLD_HAWAIIAN_TO_NAD83_PA11_HAWAII',2,'EPSG','8660'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8660), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','OLD_HAWAIIAN_TO_NAD83_PA11_HAWAII',3,'EPSG','8661'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(PA11) (EPSG:8661), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','OLD_HAWAIIAN_TO_NAD83_PA11_HAWAII',1,'EPSG','8561','forward'); -- Old Hawaiian to NAD83 (EPSG:8561), 0.2 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','OLD_HAWAIIAN_TO_NAD83_PA11_HAWAII',2,'EPSG','8660','forward'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8660), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','OLD_HAWAIIAN_TO_NAD83_PA11_HAWAII',3,'EPSG','8661','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(PA11) (EPSG:8661), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','OLD_HAWAIIAN_TO_NAD83_PA11_HAWAII_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','OLD_HAWAIIAN_TO_NAD83_PA11_HAWAII',
     'EPSG','1334', -- extent: Hawaii
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_PA11_HAWAII','NAD83 to NAD83(PA11) (NADCON5, Hawaii)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4269','EPSG','6322',0.07,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_PA11_HAWAII',1,'EPSG','8660'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8660), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_PA11_HAWAII',2,'EPSG','8661'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(PA11) (EPSG:8661), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_PA11_HAWAII',1,'EPSG','8660','forward'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8660), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_PA11_HAWAII',2,'EPSG','8661','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(PA11) (EPSG:8661), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_PA11_HAWAII_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_PA11_HAWAII',
     'EPSG','1334', -- extent: Hawaii
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_HARN_PRVI','Puerto Rico to NAD83(HARN) (NADCON5, PRVI)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4139','EPSG','4152',0.21,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_HARN_PRVI',1,'EPSG','8668'); -- Puerto Rico to NAD83 (EPSG:8668), 0.15 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_HARN_PRVI',2,'EPSG','8669'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8669), 0.15 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_HARN_PRVI',1,'EPSG','8668','forward'); -- Puerto Rico to NAD83 (EPSG:8668), 0.15 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_HARN_PRVI',2,'EPSG','8669','forward'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8669), 0.15 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_HARN_PRVI_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_HARN_PRVI',
     'EPSG','3634', -- extent: PRVI
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_PRVI','Puerto Rico to NAD83(HARN Corrected) (NADCON5, PRVI)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4139','EPSG','8545',0.22,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_PRVI',1,'EPSG','8668'); -- Puerto Rico to NAD83 (EPSG:8668), 0.15 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_PRVI',2,'EPSG','8669'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8669), 0.15 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_PRVI',3,'EPSG','9181'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(HARN Corrected) (EPSG:9181), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_PRVI',1,'EPSG','8668','forward'); -- Puerto Rico to NAD83 (EPSG:8668), 0.15 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_PRVI',2,'EPSG','8669','forward'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8669), 0.15 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_PRVI',3,'EPSG','9181','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(HARN Corrected) (EPSG:9181), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_PRVI_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_PRVI',
     'EPSG','3634', -- extent: PRVI
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI','Puerto Rico to NAD83(FBN) (NADCON5, PRVI)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4139','EPSG','8860',0.22,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI',1,'EPSG','8668'); -- Puerto Rico to NAD83 (EPSG:8668), 0.15 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI',2,'EPSG','8669'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8669), 0.15 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI',3,'EPSG','9181'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(HARN Corrected) (EPSG:9181), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI',4,'EPSG','8867'); -- NAD83(HARN Corrected) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8867), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI',1,'EPSG','8668','forward'); -- Puerto Rico to NAD83 (EPSG:8668), 0.15 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI',2,'EPSG','8669','forward'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8669), 0.15 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI',3,'EPSG','9181','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(HARN Corrected) (EPSG:9181), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI',4,'EPSG','8867','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN Corrected) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8867), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI',
     'EPSG','3634', -- extent: PRVI
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI','Puerto Rico to NAD83(NSRS2007) (NADCON5, PRVI)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4139','EPSG','4759',0.23,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',1,'EPSG','8668'); -- Puerto Rico to NAD83 (EPSG:8668), 0.15 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',2,'EPSG','8669'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8669), 0.15 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',3,'EPSG','9181'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(HARN Corrected) (EPSG:9181), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',4,'EPSG','8867'); -- NAD83(HARN Corrected) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8867), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',5,'EPSG','8868'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8868), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',1,'EPSG','8668','forward'); -- Puerto Rico to NAD83 (EPSG:8668), 0.15 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',2,'EPSG','8669','forward'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8669), 0.15 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',3,'EPSG','9181','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(HARN Corrected) (EPSG:9181), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',4,'EPSG','8867','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN Corrected) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8867), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',5,'EPSG','8868','forward'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8868), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',
     'EPSG','3634', -- extent: PRVI
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI','Puerto Rico to NAD83(2011) (NADCON5, PRVI)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4139','EPSG','6318',0.23,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',1,'EPSG','8668'); -- Puerto Rico to NAD83 (EPSG:8668), 0.15 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',2,'EPSG','8669'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8669), 0.15 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',3,'EPSG','9181'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(HARN Corrected) (EPSG:9181), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',4,'EPSG','8867'); -- NAD83(HARN Corrected) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8867), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',5,'EPSG','8868'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8868), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',6,'EPSG','8673'); -- NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAD83(2011) (EPSG:8673), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',1,'EPSG','8668','forward'); -- Puerto Rico to NAD83 (EPSG:8668), 0.15 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',2,'EPSG','8669','forward'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8669), 0.15 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',3,'EPSG','9181','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(HARN Corrected) (EPSG:9181), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',4,'EPSG','8867','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN Corrected) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8867), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',5,'EPSG','8868','forward'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8868), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',6,'EPSG','8673','forward'); -- NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAD83(2011) (EPSG:8673), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','PUERTO_RICO_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',
     'EPSG','3634', -- extent: PRVI
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_PRVI','NAD83 to NAD83(HARN Corrected) (NADCON5, PRVI)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4269','EPSG','8545',0.16,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_PRVI',1,'EPSG','8669'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8669), 0.15 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_PRVI',2,'EPSG','9181'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(HARN Corrected) (EPSG:9181), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_PRVI',1,'EPSG','8669','forward'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8669), 0.15 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_PRVI',2,'EPSG','9181','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(HARN Corrected) (EPSG:9181), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_PRVI_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_PRVI',
     'EPSG','3634', -- extent: PRVI
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI','NAD83 to NAD83(FBN) (NADCON5, PRVI)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4269','EPSG','8860',0.17,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI',1,'EPSG','8669'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8669), 0.15 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI',2,'EPSG','9181'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(HARN Corrected) (EPSG:9181), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI',3,'EPSG','8867'); -- NAD83(HARN Corrected) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8867), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI',1,'EPSG','8669','forward'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8669), 0.15 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI',2,'EPSG','9181','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(HARN Corrected) (EPSG:9181), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI',3,'EPSG','8867','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN Corrected) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8867), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI',
     'EPSG','3634', -- extent: PRVI
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI','NAD83 to NAD83(NSRS2007) (NADCON5, PRVI)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4269','EPSG','4759',0.17,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',1,'EPSG','8669'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8669), 0.15 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',2,'EPSG','9181'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(HARN Corrected) (EPSG:9181), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',3,'EPSG','8867'); -- NAD83(HARN Corrected) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8867), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',4,'EPSG','8868'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8868), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',1,'EPSG','8669','forward'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8669), 0.15 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',2,'EPSG','9181','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(HARN Corrected) (EPSG:9181), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',3,'EPSG','8867','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN Corrected) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8867), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',4,'EPSG','8868','forward'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8868), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',
     'EPSG','3634', -- extent: PRVI
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI','NAD83 to NAD83(2011) (NADCON5, PRVI)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4269','EPSG','6318',0.18,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',1,'EPSG','8669'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8669), 0.15 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',2,'EPSG','9181'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(HARN Corrected) (EPSG:9181), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',3,'EPSG','8867'); -- NAD83(HARN Corrected) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8867), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',4,'EPSG','8868'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8868), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',5,'EPSG','8673'); -- NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAD83(2011) (EPSG:8673), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',1,'EPSG','8669','forward'); -- NAD83 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8669), 0.15 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',2,'EPSG','9181','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(HARN Corrected) (EPSG:9181), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',3,'EPSG','8867','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN Corrected) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8867), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',4,'EPSG','8868','forward'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8868), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',5,'EPSG','8673','forward'); -- NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAD83(2011) (EPSG:8673), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD83_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',
     'EPSG','3634', -- extent: PRVI
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI','NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (NADCON5, PRVI)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4152','EPSG','8860',0.07,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI',1,'EPSG','9181'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(HARN Corrected) (EPSG:9181), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI',2,'EPSG','8867'); -- NAD83(HARN Corrected) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8867), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI',1,'EPSG','9181','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(HARN Corrected) (EPSG:9181), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI',2,'EPSG','8867','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN Corrected) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8867), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_FBN_PRVI',
     'EPSG','3634', -- extent: PRVI
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI','NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (NADCON5, PRVI)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4152','EPSG','4759',0.09,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',1,'EPSG','9181'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(HARN Corrected) (EPSG:9181), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',2,'EPSG','8867'); -- NAD83(HARN Corrected) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8867), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',3,'EPSG','8868'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8868), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',1,'EPSG','9181','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(HARN Corrected) (EPSG:9181), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',2,'EPSG','8867','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN Corrected) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8867), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',3,'EPSG','8868','forward'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8868), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',
     'EPSG','3634', -- extent: PRVI
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI','NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(2011) (NADCON5, PRVI)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4152','EPSG','6318',0.1,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',1,'EPSG','9181'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(HARN Corrected) (EPSG:9181), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',2,'EPSG','8867'); -- NAD83(HARN Corrected) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8867), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',3,'EPSG','8868'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8868), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',4,'EPSG','8673'); -- NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAD83(2011) (EPSG:8673), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',1,'EPSG','9181','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(HARN Corrected) (EPSG:9181), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',2,'EPSG','8867','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN Corrected) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8867), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',3,'EPSG','8868','forward'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8868), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',4,'EPSG','8673','forward'); -- NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAD83(2011) (EPSG:8673), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',
     'EPSG','3634', -- extent: PRVI
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI','NAD83(HARN Corrected) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (NADCON5, PRVI)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','8545','EPSG','4759',0.07,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',1,'EPSG','8867'); -- NAD83(HARN Corrected) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8867), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',2,'EPSG','8868'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8868), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',1,'EPSG','8867','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN Corrected) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8867), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',2,'EPSG','8868','forward'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8868), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_TO_NAD83_NSRS2007_PRVI',
     'EPSG','3634', -- extent: PRVI
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI','NAD83(HARN Corrected) to NAD83(2011) (NADCON5, PRVI)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','8545','EPSG','6318',0.09,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',1,'EPSG','8867'); -- NAD83(HARN Corrected) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8867), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',2,'EPSG','8868'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8868), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',3,'EPSG','8673'); -- NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAD83(2011) (EPSG:8673), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',1,'EPSG','8867','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN Corrected) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8867), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',2,'EPSG','8868','forward'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8868), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',3,'EPSG','8673','forward'); -- NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAD83(2011) (EPSG:8673), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD83_HARN_CORRECTED_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',
     'EPSG','3634', -- extent: PRVI
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_FBN_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI','NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(2011) (NADCON5, PRVI)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','8860','EPSG','6318',0.07,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_FBN_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',1,'EPSG','8868'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8868), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_FBN_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',2,'EPSG','8673'); -- NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAD83(2011) (EPSG:8673), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_FBN_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',1,'EPSG','8868','forward'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(NSRS2007) (EPSG:8868), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_FBN_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',2,'EPSG','8673','forward'); -- NAD83(NSRS2007) to NAD83(2011) (EPSG:8673), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_FBN_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD83_FBN_TO_NAD83_2011_PRVI',
     'EPSG','3634', -- extent: PRVI
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','AMERICAN_SAMOA_1962_TO_NAD83_FBN_AS','American Samoa 1962 to NAD83(FBN) (NADCON5, AS)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4169','EPSG','8860',5.0,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','AMERICAN_SAMOA_1962_TO_NAD83_FBN_AS',1,'EPSG','8662'); -- American Samoa 1962 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8662), 5.0 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','AMERICAN_SAMOA_1962_TO_NAD83_FBN_AS',2,'EPSG','8863'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8863), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','AMERICAN_SAMOA_1962_TO_NAD83_FBN_AS',1,'EPSG','8662','forward'); -- American Samoa 1962 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8662), 5.0 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','AMERICAN_SAMOA_1962_TO_NAD83_FBN_AS',2,'EPSG','8863','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8863), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','AMERICAN_SAMOA_1962_TO_NAD83_FBN_AS_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','AMERICAN_SAMOA_1962_TO_NAD83_FBN_AS',
     'EPSG','3110', -- extent: AS
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','AMERICAN_SAMOA_1962_TO_NAD83_PA11_AS','American Samoa 1962 to NAD83(PA11) (NADCON5, AS)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4169','EPSG','6322',5.0,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','AMERICAN_SAMOA_1962_TO_NAD83_PA11_AS',1,'EPSG','8662'); -- American Samoa 1962 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8662), 5.0 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','AMERICAN_SAMOA_1962_TO_NAD83_PA11_AS',2,'EPSG','8863'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8863), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','AMERICAN_SAMOA_1962_TO_NAD83_PA11_AS',3,'EPSG','8864'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(PA11) (EPSG:8864), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','AMERICAN_SAMOA_1962_TO_NAD83_PA11_AS',1,'EPSG','8662','forward'); -- American Samoa 1962 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8662), 5.0 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','AMERICAN_SAMOA_1962_TO_NAD83_PA11_AS',2,'EPSG','8863','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8863), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','AMERICAN_SAMOA_1962_TO_NAD83_PA11_AS',3,'EPSG','8864','forward'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(PA11) (EPSG:8864), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','AMERICAN_SAMOA_1962_TO_NAD83_PA11_AS_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','AMERICAN_SAMOA_1962_TO_NAD83_PA11_AS',
     'EPSG','3110', -- extent: AS
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_PA11_AS','NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(PA11) (NADCON5, AS)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4152','EPSG','6322',0.07,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_PA11_AS',1,'EPSG','8863'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8863), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_PA11_AS',2,'EPSG','8864'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(PA11) (EPSG:8864), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_PA11_AS',1,'EPSG','8863','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8863), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_PA11_AS',2,'EPSG','8864','forward'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(PA11) (EPSG:8864), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_PA11_AS_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_PA11_AS',
     'EPSG','3110', -- extent: AS
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','GUAM_1963_TO_NAD83_FBN_GUAM','Guam 1963 to NAD83(FBN) (NADCON5, GUAM)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4675','EPSG','8860',5.0,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','GUAM_1963_TO_NAD83_FBN_GUAM',1,'EPSG','8665'); -- Guam 1963 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8665), 5.0 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','GUAM_1963_TO_NAD83_FBN_GUAM',2,'EPSG','8865'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8865), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','GUAM_1963_TO_NAD83_FBN_GUAM',1,'EPSG','8665','forward'); -- Guam 1963 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8665), 5.0 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','GUAM_1963_TO_NAD83_FBN_GUAM',2,'EPSG','8865','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8865), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','GUAM_1963_TO_NAD83_FBN_GUAM_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','GUAM_1963_TO_NAD83_FBN_GUAM',
     'EPSG','4525', -- extent: GUAM
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','GUAM_1963_TO_NAD83_MA11_GUAM','Guam 1963 to NAD83(MA11) (NADCON5, GUAM)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4675','EPSG','6325',5.0,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','GUAM_1963_TO_NAD83_MA11_GUAM',1,'EPSG','8665'); -- Guam 1963 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8665), 5.0 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','GUAM_1963_TO_NAD83_MA11_GUAM',2,'EPSG','8865'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8865), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','GUAM_1963_TO_NAD83_MA11_GUAM',3,'EPSG','8866'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(MA11) (EPSG:8866), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','GUAM_1963_TO_NAD83_MA11_GUAM',1,'EPSG','8665','forward'); -- Guam 1963 to NAD83(HARN) (EPSG:8665), 5.0 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','GUAM_1963_TO_NAD83_MA11_GUAM',2,'EPSG','8865','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8865), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','GUAM_1963_TO_NAD83_MA11_GUAM',3,'EPSG','8866','forward'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(MA11) (EPSG:8866), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','GUAM_1963_TO_NAD83_MA11_GUAM_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','GUAM_1963_TO_NAD83_MA11_GUAM',
     'EPSG','4525', -- extent: GUAM
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
 );
 
 INSERT INTO concatenated_operation VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_MA11_GUAM','NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(MA11) (NADCON5, GUAM)','Transformation based on concatenation of NADCON5 transformations','EPSG','4152','EPSG','6325',0.07,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_MA11_GUAM',1,'EPSG','8865'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8865), 0.05 m
-INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_MA11_GUAM',2,'EPSG','8866'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(MA11) (EPSG:8866), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_MA11_GUAM',1,'EPSG','8865','forward'); -- NAD83(HARN) to NAD83(FBN) (EPSG:8865), 0.05 m
+INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_MA11_GUAM',2,'EPSG','8866','forward'); -- NAD83(FBN) to NAD83(MA11) (EPSG:8866), 0.05 m
 INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_MA11_GUAM_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','NAD83_HARN_TO_NAD83_MA11_GUAM',
     'EPSG','4525', -- extent: GUAM
     'EPSG','1027' -- scope: Geodesy
diff --git a/data/sql/other_transformation_custom.sql b/data/sql/other_transformation_custom.sql
index b52ec92f89..17a06cf9eb 100644
--- a/data/sql/other_transformation_custom.sql
+++ b/data/sql/other_transformation_custom.sql
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ INSERT INTO "usage" VALUES('PROJ','NGO48_TO_ETRS89NO_USAGE','other_transformatio
 -- Finland triangulated files
 
 INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation" VALUES('PROJ','KKJ_TO_ETRS89','KKJ to ETRS89 (using EPSG:10703)','Transformation based on a triangulated irregular network','EPSG','4123','EPSG','4258',NULL,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('PROJ','KKJ_TO_ETRS89',1,'EPSG','18193');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('PROJ','KKJ_TO_ETRS89',2,'EPSG','10703');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('PROJ','KKJ_TO_ETRS89',3,'EPSG','16065');
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('PROJ','KKJ_TO_ETRS89',1,'EPSG','18193','forward');
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('PROJ','KKJ_TO_ETRS89',2,'EPSG','10703','forward');
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('PROJ','KKJ_TO_ETRS89',3,'EPSG','16065','inverse');
 INSERT INTO "usage" VALUES(
     'PROJ',
     'KKJ_TO_ETRS89_USAGE',
@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ INSERT INTO "usage" VALUES(
 );
 
 INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation" VALUES('PROJ','KKJ_TO_EUREF_FIN','KKJ to EUREF-FIN (using EPSG:10703)','Transformation based on a triangulated irregular network','EPSG','4123','EPSG','10690',NULL,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('PROJ','KKJ_TO_EUREF_FIN',1,'EPSG','18193');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('PROJ','KKJ_TO_EUREF_FIN',2,'EPSG','10703');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('PROJ','KKJ_TO_EUREF_FIN',3,'EPSG','16065');
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('PROJ','KKJ_TO_EUREF_FIN',1,'EPSG','18193','forward');
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('PROJ','KKJ_TO_EUREF_FIN',2,'EPSG','10703','forward');
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('PROJ','KKJ_TO_EUREF_FIN',3,'EPSG','16065','inverse');
 INSERT INTO "usage" VALUES(
     'PROJ',
     'KKJ_TO_EUREF_FIN_USAGE',
diff --git a/data/sql/proj_db_table_defs.sql b/data/sql/proj_db_table_defs.sql
index 45393cacf9..0fd0d0bbae 100644
--- a/data/sql/proj_db_table_defs.sql
+++ b/data/sql/proj_db_table_defs.sql
@@ -1002,6 +1002,7 @@ CREATE TABLE concatenated_operation_step(
     step_number INTEGER NOT NULL CHECK (step_number >= 1),
     step_auth_name TEXT NOT NULL CHECK (length(step_auth_name) >= 1),
     step_code INTEGER_OR_TEXT NOT NULL CHECK (length(step_code) >= 1),
+    step_direction TEXT DEFAULT NULL CHECK (step_direction IS NULL OR step_direction IN ('forward', 'inverse')), -- much needed extension to OGC Topic 2 ! If setting the direction on one step, it must be set on all steps.
 
     CONSTRAINT pk_concatenated_operation_step PRIMARY KEY (operation_auth_name, operation_code, step_number)
     --CONSTRAINT fk_concatenated_operation_step_to_operation FOREIGN KEY (step_auth_name, step_code) REFERENCES coordinate_operation(auth_name, code) ON DELETE CASCADE
diff --git a/data/sql/transformations_czechia_extra.sql b/data/sql/transformations_czechia_extra.sql
index 5f8ab49f11..76610c2d62 100644
--- a/data/sql/transformations_czechia_extra.sql
+++ b/data/sql/transformations_czechia_extra.sql
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ UPDATE other_transformation SET accuracy = 0.1 WHERE name = 'S-JTSK to S-JTSK/05
 INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation" VALUES(
     'PROJ','S_JTSK_GEOG_TO_S_JTSK05_GEOG','S-JTSK (EPSG:4156) to S-JTSK/05 (EPSG:5228)',
     'Transformation based on grid table_yx_3_v1710.dat','EPSG','4156','EPSG','5228',NULL,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('PROJ','S_JTSK_GEOG_TO_S_JTSK05_GEOG',1,'EPSG','5510');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('PROJ','S_JTSK_GEOG_TO_S_JTSK05_GEOG',2,'PROJ','S_JTSK_E_N_TO_S_JTSK05_E_N');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('PROJ','S_JTSK_GEOG_TO_S_JTSK05_GEOG',3,'EPSG','5512');
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('PROJ','S_JTSK_GEOG_TO_S_JTSK05_GEOG',1,'EPSG','5510','inverse');
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('PROJ','S_JTSK_GEOG_TO_S_JTSK05_GEOG',2,'PROJ','S_JTSK_E_N_TO_S_JTSK05_E_N','forward');
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('PROJ','S_JTSK_GEOG_TO_S_JTSK05_GEOG',3,'EPSG','5512','forward');
 INSERT INTO "usage" VALUES('PROJ','S_JTSK_GEOG_TO_S_JTSK05_GEOG_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','S_JTSK_GEOG_TO_S_JTSK05_GEOG','EPSG','1079','EPSG','1189');
 
 
@@ -75,9 +75,9 @@ INSERT INTO "usage" VALUES('PROJ','S_JTSK_GEOG_TO_S_JTSK05_GEOG_USAGE','concaten
 INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation" VALUES(
     'PROJ','ETRS89_TO_S_JTSK_E_N','ETRS89 to S-JTSK / Krovak East North (EPSG:5514)',
     'Transformation based on grid table_yx_3_v1710.dat','EPSG','4258','EPSG','5514',NULL,NULL,0);
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('PROJ','ETRS89_TO_S_JTSK_E_N',1,'EPSG','5226');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('PROJ','ETRS89_TO_S_JTSK_E_N',2,'EPSG','5512');
-INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('PROJ','ETRS89_TO_S_JTSK_E_N',3,'PROJ','S_JTSK_E_N_TO_S_JTSK05_E_N'); -- in reverse direction
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('PROJ','ETRS89_TO_S_JTSK_E_N',1,'EPSG','5226','inverse');
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('PROJ','ETRS89_TO_S_JTSK_E_N',2,'EPSG','5512','forward');
+INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('PROJ','ETRS89_TO_S_JTSK_E_N',3,'PROJ','S_JTSK_E_N_TO_S_JTSK05_E_N','inverse');
 INSERT INTO "usage" VALUES('PROJ','ETRS89_TO_S_JTSK_E_N_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','ETRS89_TO_S_JTSK_E_N','EPSG','1079','EPSG','1189');
 
 
diff --git a/include/proj/coordinateoperation.hpp b/include/proj/coordinateoperation.hpp
index d51690ba72..aace8ba88d 100644
--- a/include/proj/coordinateoperation.hpp
+++ b/include/proj/coordinateoperation.hpp
@@ -241,6 +241,10 @@ class PROJ_GCC_DLL CoordinateOperation : public common::ObjectUsage,
                                const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRSIn,
                                const crs::CRSPtr &interpolationCRSIn);
     PROJ_INTERNAL void
+    setCRSsUpdateInverse(const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRSIn,
+                         const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRSIn,
+                         const crs::CRSPtr &interpolationCRSIn);
+    PROJ_INTERNAL void
     setInterpolationCRS(const crs::CRSPtr &interpolationCRSIn);
     PROJ_INTERNAL void setCRSs(const CoordinateOperation *in,
                                bool inverseSourceTarget);
@@ -1755,6 +1759,7 @@ class PROJ_GCC_DLL Transformation : public SingleOperation {
     PROJ_INTERNAL void _exportToPROJString(io::PROJStringFormatter *formatter)
         const override; // throw(FormattingException)
 
+    PROJ_FRIEND(CoordinateOperation);
     PROJ_FRIEND(CoordinateOperationFactory);
     PROJ_FRIEND(SingleOperation);
     PROJ_INTERNAL TransformationNNPtr inverseAsTransformation() const;
@@ -1904,10 +1909,10 @@ class PROJ_GCC_DLL ConcatenatedOperation final : public CoordinateOperation {
         const override; // throw(FormattingException)
 
     PROJ_INTERNAL static void
-    fixStepsDirection(const crs::CRSNNPtr &concatOpSourceCRS,
-                      const crs::CRSNNPtr &concatOpTargetCRS,
-                      std::vector<CoordinateOperationNNPtr> &operationsInOut,
-                      const io::DatabaseContextPtr &dbContext);
+    fixSteps(const crs::CRSNNPtr &concatOpSourceCRS,
+             const crs::CRSNNPtr &concatOpTargetCRS,
+             std::vector<CoordinateOperationNNPtr> &operationsInOut,
+             const io::DatabaseContextPtr &dbContext, bool fixDirectionAllowed);
     //! @endcond
 
   protected:
@@ -1926,6 +1931,10 @@ class PROJ_GCC_DLL ConcatenatedOperation final : public CoordinateOperation {
     PROJ_OPAQUE_PRIVATE_DATA
     ConcatenatedOperation &
     operator=(const ConcatenatedOperation &other) = delete;
+
+    static void setCRSsUpdateInverse(CoordinateOperation *co,
+                                     const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRS,
+                                     const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRS);
 };
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/scripts/build_db.py b/scripts/build_db.py
index e099cbbcab..92b8e3e7bf 100755
--- a/scripts/build_db.py
+++ b/scripts/build_db.py
@@ -970,7 +970,7 @@ def fill_concatenated_operation(proj_db_cursor):
             '?,?,?, ?, ?,?, ?,?, ?, ?,?)', arg)
 
             for i in range(len(steps_code)):
-                proj_db_cursor.execute('INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES (?,?,?,?,?)', (EPSG_AUTHORITY, code, i+1, EPSG_AUTHORITY,steps_code[i]))
+                proj_db_cursor.execute('INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES (?,?,?,?,?,NULL)', (EPSG_AUTHORITY, code, i+1, EPSG_AUTHORITY,steps_code[i]))
 
 
 def fill_alias(proj_db_cursor):
diff --git a/scripts/build_db_create_ignf_from_xml.py b/scripts/build_db_create_ignf_from_xml.py
index 0e113a1f33..82877ffbcc 100755
--- a/scripts/build_db_create_ignf_from_xml.py
+++ b/scripts/build_db_create_ignf_from_xml.py
@@ -753,10 +753,10 @@ def get_alias_of(code):
                             sql = """INSERT INTO "usage" VALUES('IGNF', '%s_USAGE','concatenated_operation','IGNF','%s','%s','%s','%s','%s');""" % (id_concat, id_concat, extent_auth_and_code[0], extent_auth_and_code[1], scope_auth_and_code[0], scope_auth_and_code[1])
                             all_sql_concat.append(sql)
 
-                            sql = """INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','%s',1,'IGNF','%s');""" % (id_concat, idFirstOp)
+                            sql = """INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','%s',1,'IGNF','%s',NULL);""" % (id_concat, idFirstOp)
                             all_sql_concat.append(sql)
 
-                            sql = """INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','%s',2,'IGNF','%s');""" % (id_concat, id_geog)
+                            sql = """INSERT INTO "concatenated_operation_step" VALUES('IGNF','%s',2,'IGNF','%s',NULL);""" % (id_concat, id_geog)
                             all_sql_concat.append(sql)
 
 
diff --git a/scripts/build_nadcon5_concatenated_operations.py b/scripts/build_nadcon5_concatenated_operations.py
index fbc2ae433f..9872149f90 100755
--- a/scripts/build_nadcon5_concatenated_operations.py
+++ b/scripts/build_nadcon5_concatenated_operations.py
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ def gen_transformations(sql, transformations, crs_dict, short_area_of_use, exten
                 target_crs_name = transformations[k][1]
                 step_code = transformations[k][2]
                 acc = transformations[k][3]
-                sql += f"INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','{transfm_code}',{step},'EPSG','{step_code}'); -- {source_crs_name} to {target_crs_name} (EPSG:{step_code}), {acc} m\n"
+                sql += f"INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step VALUES('PROJ','{transfm_code}',{step},'EPSG','{step_code}','forward'); -- {source_crs_name} to {target_crs_name} (EPSG:{step_code}), {acc} m\n"
 
             sql += f"INSERT INTO usage VALUES('PROJ','{transfm_code}_USAGE','concatenated_operation','PROJ','{transfm_code}',\n"
             sql += f"    'EPSG','{extent_code}', -- extent: {short_area_of_use}\n"
diff --git a/src/iso19111/factory.cpp b/src/iso19111/factory.cpp
index 50e93aa55a..9ba2a08ac6 100644
--- a/src/iso19111/factory.cpp
+++ b/src/iso19111/factory.cpp
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ constexpr const char *CS_TYPE_ORDINAL = cs::OrdinalCS::WKT2_TYPE;
 constexpr int DATABASE_LAYOUT_VERSION_MAJOR = 1;
 // If the code depends on the new additions, then DATABASE_LAYOUT_VERSION_MINOR
 // must be incremented.
-constexpr int DATABASE_LAYOUT_VERSION_MINOR = 4;
+constexpr int DATABASE_LAYOUT_VERSION_MINOR = 5;
 
 constexpr size_t N_MAX_PARAMS = 7;
 
@@ -6600,7 +6600,7 @@ operation::CoordinateOperationNNPtr AuthorityFactory::createCoordinateOperation(
         }
 
         auto resSteps = d->runWithCodeParam(
-            "SELECT step_auth_name, step_code FROM "
+            "SELECT step_auth_name, step_code, step_direction FROM "
             "concatenated_operation_step WHERE operation_auth_name = ? "
             "AND operation_code = ? ORDER BY step_number",
             code);
@@ -6620,22 +6620,41 @@ operation::CoordinateOperationNNPtr AuthorityFactory::createCoordinateOperation(
             const bool deprecated = deprecated_str == "1";
 
             std::vector<operation::CoordinateOperationNNPtr> operations;
+            size_t countExplicitDirection = 0;
             for (const auto &rowStep : resSteps) {
                 const auto &step_auth_name = rowStep[0];
                 const auto &step_code = rowStep[1];
-                operations.push_back(
+                const auto &step_direction = rowStep[2];
+                auto stepOp =
                     d->createFactory(step_auth_name)
                         ->createCoordinateOperation(step_code, false,
                                                     usePROJAlternativeGridNames,
-                                                    std::string()));
+                                                    std::string());
+                if (step_direction == "forward") {
+                    ++countExplicitDirection;
+                    operations.push_back(stepOp);
+                } else if (step_direction == "inverse") {
+                    ++countExplicitDirection;
+                    operations.push_back(stepOp->inverse());
+                } else {
+                    operations.push_back(stepOp);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (countExplicitDirection > 0 &&
+                countExplicitDirection != resSteps.size()) {
+                throw FactoryException("not all steps have a defined direction "
+                                       "for concatenated operation " +
+                                       code);
             }
 
-            operation::ConcatenatedOperation::fixStepsDirection(
+            const bool fixDirectionAllowed = (countExplicitDirection == 0);
+            operation::ConcatenatedOperation::fixSteps(
                 d->createFactory(source_crs_auth_name)
                     ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(source_crs_code),
                 d->createFactory(target_crs_auth_name)
                     ->createCoordinateReferenceSystem(target_crs_code),
-                operations, d->context());
+                operations, d->context(), fixDirectionAllowed);
 
             auto props = d->createPropertiesSearchUsages(
                 type, code, name, deprecated, description);
diff --git a/src/iso19111/io.cpp b/src/iso19111/io.cpp
index c83ff3a344..3695408442 100644
--- a/src/iso19111/io.cpp
+++ b/src/iso19111/io.cpp
@@ -3772,8 +3772,9 @@ WKTParser::Private::buildConcatenatedOperation(const WKTNodeNNPtr &node) {
         }
     }
 
-    ConcatenatedOperation::fixStepsDirection(
-        NN_NO_CHECK(sourceCRS), NN_NO_CHECK(targetCRS), operations, dbContext_);
+    ConcatenatedOperation::fixSteps(
+        NN_NO_CHECK(sourceCRS), NN_NO_CHECK(targetCRS), operations, dbContext_,
+        /* fixDirectionAllowed = */ true);
 
     std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr> accuracies;
     auto &accuracyNode = nodeP->lookForChild(WKTConstants::OPERATIONACCURACY);
@@ -6848,8 +6849,9 @@ JSONParser::buildConcatenatedOperation(const json &j) {
         operations.emplace_back(NN_NO_CHECK(op));
     }
 
-    ConcatenatedOperation::fixStepsDirection(sourceCRS, targetCRS, operations,
-                                             dbContext_);
+    ConcatenatedOperation::fixSteps(sourceCRS, targetCRS, operations,
+                                    dbContext_,
+                                    /* fixDirectionAllowed = */ true);
 
     std::vector<PositionalAccuracyNNPtr> accuracies;
     if (j.contains("accuracy")) {
diff --git a/src/iso19111/operation/concatenatedoperation.cpp b/src/iso19111/operation/concatenatedoperation.cpp
index 0c0a309e10..c003a0456c 100644
--- a/src/iso19111/operation/concatenatedoperation.cpp
+++ b/src/iso19111/operation/concatenatedoperation.cpp
@@ -269,11 +269,21 @@ ConcatenatedOperationNNPtr ConcatenatedOperation::create(
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-void ConcatenatedOperation::fixStepsDirection(
+/* static */ void
+ConcatenatedOperation::setCRSsUpdateInverse(CoordinateOperation *co,
+                                            const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRS,
+                                            const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRS) {
+
+    co->setCRSsUpdateInverse(sourceCRS, targetCRS, co->interpolationCRS());
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+void ConcatenatedOperation::fixSteps(
     const crs::CRSNNPtr &concatOpSourceCRS,
     const crs::CRSNNPtr &concatOpTargetCRS,
     std::vector<CoordinateOperationNNPtr> &operationsInOut,
-    const io::DatabaseContextPtr & /*dbContext*/) {
+    const io::DatabaseContextPtr & /*dbContext*/, bool fixDirectionAllowed) {
 
     // Set of heuristics to assign CRS to steps, and possibly reverse them.
 
@@ -297,7 +307,7 @@ void ConcatenatedOperation::fixStepsDirection(
             isAxisOrderReversal(conv->method()->getEPSGCode())) {
             auto reversedCRS = concatOpSourceCRS->applyAxisOrderReversal(
                 NORMALIZED_AXIS_ORDER_SUFFIX_STR);
-            op->setCRSs(concatOpSourceCRS, reversedCRS, nullptr);
+            setCRSsUpdateInverse(op.get(), concatOpSourceCRS, reversedCRS);
         }
     }
 
@@ -312,13 +322,13 @@ void ConcatenatedOperation::fixStepsDirection(
             isAxisOrderReversal(conv->method()->getEPSGCode())) {
             auto reversedCRS = concatOpTargetCRS->applyAxisOrderReversal(
                 NORMALIZED_AXIS_ORDER_SUFFIX_STR);
-            op->setCRSs(reversedCRS, concatOpTargetCRS, nullptr);
+            setCRSsUpdateInverse(op.get(), reversedCRS, concatOpTargetCRS);
         }
     }
 
     // If the first operation is a transformation whose target CRS matches the
     // source CRS of the concatenated operation, then reverse it.
-    if (operationsInOut.size() >= 2) {
+    if (fixDirectionAllowed && operationsInOut.size() >= 2) {
         auto &op = operationsInOut.front();
         auto l_sourceCRS = op->sourceCRS();
         auto l_targetCRS = op->targetCRS();
@@ -333,7 +343,7 @@ void ConcatenatedOperation::fixStepsDirection(
 
     // If the last operation is a transformation whose source CRS matches the
     // target CRS of the concatenated operation, then reverse it.
-    if (operationsInOut.size() >= 2) {
+    if (fixDirectionAllowed && operationsInOut.size() >= 2) {
         auto &op = operationsInOut.back();
         auto l_sourceCRS = op->sourceCRS();
         auto l_targetCRS = op->targetCRS();
@@ -390,10 +400,9 @@ void ConcatenatedOperation::fixStepsDirection(
                     util::nn_dynamic_pointer_cast<InverseConversion>(op);
                 auto nn_targetCRS = NN_NO_CHECK(l_targetCRS);
                 if (invConv) {
-                    invConv->inverse()->setCRSs(nn_targetCRS, concatOpSourceCRS,
-                                                nullptr);
-                    op->setCRSs(concatOpSourceCRS, nn_targetCRS, nullptr);
-                } else {
+                    setCRSsUpdateInverse(op.get(), concatOpSourceCRS,
+                                         nn_targetCRS);
+                } else if (fixDirectionAllowed) {
                     op->setCRSs(nn_targetCRS, concatOpSourceCRS, nullptr);
                     op = op->inverse();
                 }
@@ -401,8 +410,8 @@ void ConcatenatedOperation::fixStepsDirection(
                 /* coverity[copy_paste_error] */
                 l_targetCRS = operationsInOut[i + 1]->sourceCRS();
                 if (l_targetCRS) {
-                    op->setCRSs(concatOpSourceCRS, NN_NO_CHECK(l_targetCRS),
-                                nullptr);
+                    setCRSsUpdateInverse(op.get(), concatOpSourceCRS,
+                                         NN_NO_CHECK(l_targetCRS));
                 }
             }
         } else if (conv && i + 1 == operationsInOut.size() && !l_sourceCRS &&
@@ -430,22 +439,20 @@ void ConcatenatedOperation::fixStepsDirection(
                 if (!l_sourceCRS) {
                     l_sourceCRS = derivedCRS->baseCRS().as_nullable();
                 }
-                op->setCRSs(NN_NO_CHECK(l_sourceCRS), concatOpTargetCRS,
-                            nullptr);
+                setCRSsUpdateInverse(op.get(), NN_NO_CHECK(l_sourceCRS),
+                                     concatOpTargetCRS);
             } else if (i >= 1) {
                 l_sourceCRS = operationsInOut[i - 1]->targetCRS();
                 if (l_sourceCRS) {
                     derivedCRS = extractDerivedCRS(l_sourceCRS.get());
-                    if (derivedCRS &&
+                    if (fixDirectionAllowed && derivedCRS &&
                         conv->isEquivalentTo(
                             derivedCRS->derivingConversion().get(),
                             util::IComparable::Criterion::EQUIVALENT)) {
-                        op->setCRSs(concatOpTargetCRS, NN_NO_CHECK(l_sourceCRS),
-                                    nullptr);
                         op = op->inverse();
                     }
-                    op->setCRSs(NN_NO_CHECK(l_sourceCRS), concatOpTargetCRS,
-                                nullptr);
+                    setCRSsUpdateInverse(op.get(), NN_NO_CHECK(l_sourceCRS),
+                                         concatOpTargetCRS);
                 }
             }
         } else if (conv && i > 0 && i < operationsInOut.size() - 1) {
@@ -458,16 +465,17 @@ void ConcatenatedOperation::fixStepsDirection(
                 // If the sourceCRS is a projectedCRS and the target a
                 // geographic one, then we must inverse the operation. See
                 // https://github.com/OSGeo/PROJ/issues/2817
-                if (dynamic_cast<const crs::ProjectedCRS *>(
+                if (fixDirectionAllowed &&
+                    dynamic_cast<const crs::ProjectedCRS *>(
                         l_sourceCRS.get()) &&
                     dynamic_cast<const crs::GeographicCRS *>(
                         l_targetCRS.get())) {
-                    op->setCRSs(NN_NO_CHECK(l_targetCRS),
-                                NN_NO_CHECK(l_sourceCRS), nullptr);
                     op = op->inverse();
+                    setCRSsUpdateInverse(op.get(), NN_NO_CHECK(l_sourceCRS),
+                                         NN_NO_CHECK(l_targetCRS));
                 } else {
-                    op->setCRSs(NN_NO_CHECK(l_sourceCRS),
-                                NN_NO_CHECK(l_targetCRS), nullptr);
+                    setCRSsUpdateInverse(op.get(), NN_NO_CHECK(l_sourceCRS),
+                                         NN_NO_CHECK(l_targetCRS));
 
                     // Deal with special case of
                     // https://github.com/OSGeo/PROJ/issues/4116 where EPSG:7989
@@ -477,7 +485,7 @@ void ConcatenatedOperation::fixStepsDirection(
                     const auto nPosTo = conv->nameStr().find(" to ");
                     const auto nPosToNextOp =
                         operationsInOut[i + 1]->nameStr().find(" to ");
-                    if (nPosTo != std::string::npos &&
+                    if (fixDirectionAllowed && nPosTo != std::string::npos &&
                         nPosToNextOp != std::string::npos) {
                         const std::string convTo =
                             conv->nameStr().substr(nPosTo + strlen(" to "));
@@ -493,11 +501,10 @@ void ConcatenatedOperation::fixStepsDirection(
                             operationsInOut[i + 1] =
                                 operationsInOut[i + 1]->inverse();
 
-                            op->setCRSs(
-                                NN_NO_CHECK(l_sourceCRS),
+                            setCRSsUpdateInverse(
+                                op.get(), NN_NO_CHECK(l_sourceCRS),
                                 NN_NO_CHECK(
-                                    operationsInOut[i + 1]->sourceCRS()),
-                                nullptr);
+                                    operationsInOut[i + 1]->sourceCRS()));
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -510,8 +517,8 @@ void ConcatenatedOperation::fixStepsDirection(
                 if (vertCRS && ends_with(l_sourceCRS->nameStr(), " height") &&
                     &vertCRS->coordinateSystem()->axisList()[0]->direction() ==
                         &cs::AxisDirection::UP) {
-                    op->setCRSs(
-                        NN_NO_CHECK(l_sourceCRS),
+                    setCRSsUpdateInverse(
+                        op.get(), NN_NO_CHECK(l_sourceCRS),
                         crs::VerticalCRS::create(
                             util::PropertyMap().set(
                                 common::IdentifiedObject::NAME_KEY,
@@ -529,8 +536,7 @@ void ConcatenatedOperation::fixStepsDirection(
                                     "D", cs::AxisDirection::DOWN,
                                     vertCRS->coordinateSystem()
                                         ->axisList()[0]
-                                        ->unit()))),
-                        nullptr);
+                                        ->unit()))));
                 }
             }
         } else if (!conv && l_sourceCRS && l_targetCRS) {
@@ -547,7 +553,8 @@ void ConcatenatedOperation::fixStepsDirection(
             if (areCRSMoreOrLessEquivalent(l_sourceCRS.get(),
                                            prevOpTarget.get())) {
                 // do nothing
-            } else if (areCRSMoreOrLessEquivalent(l_targetCRS.get(),
+            } else if (fixDirectionAllowed &&
+                       areCRSMoreOrLessEquivalent(l_targetCRS.get(),
                                                   prevOpTarget.get())) {
                 op = op->inverse();
             }
@@ -607,8 +614,8 @@ void ConcatenatedOperation::fixStepsDirection(
                      transf->parameterValue(
                          PROJ_WKT2_PARAMETER_LATITUDE_LONGITUDE_ELLIPOISDAL_HEIGHT_DIFFERENCE_FILE,
                          0))) {
-                    op->setCRSs(NN_NO_CHECK(prevOpTarget), concatOpTargetCRS,
-                                nullptr);
+                    setCRSsUpdateInverse(op.get(), NN_NO_CHECK(prevOpTarget),
+                                         concatOpTargetCRS);
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/iso19111/operation/coordinateoperationfactory.cpp b/src/iso19111/operation/coordinateoperationfactory.cpp
index b4f021fd5a..869470fb51 100644
--- a/src/iso19111/operation/coordinateoperationfactory.cpp
+++ b/src/iso19111/operation/coordinateoperationfactory.cpp
@@ -3023,34 +3023,8 @@ static bool hasIdentifiers(const CoordinateOperationNNPtr &op) {
 void CoordinateOperationFactory::Private::setCRSs(
     CoordinateOperation *co, const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRS,
     const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRS) {
-    const auto &interpolationCRS = co->interpolationCRS();
-    co->setCRSs(sourceCRS, targetCRS, interpolationCRS);
 
-    auto invCO = dynamic_cast<InverseCoordinateOperation *>(co);
-    if (invCO) {
-        invCO->forwardOperation()->setCRSs(targetCRS, sourceCRS,
-                                           interpolationCRS);
-    }
-
-    auto transf = dynamic_cast<Transformation *>(co);
-    if (transf) {
-        transf->inverseAsTransformation()->setCRSs(targetCRS, sourceCRS,
-                                                   interpolationCRS);
-    }
-
-    auto concat = dynamic_cast<ConcatenatedOperation *>(co);
-    if (concat) {
-        auto first = concat->operations().front().get();
-        auto &firstTarget(first->targetCRS());
-        if (firstTarget) {
-            setCRSs(first, sourceCRS, NN_NO_CHECK(firstTarget));
-        }
-        auto last = concat->operations().back().get();
-        auto &lastSource(last->sourceCRS());
-        if (lastSource) {
-            setCRSs(last, NN_NO_CHECK(lastSource), targetCRS);
-        }
-    }
+    co->setCRSsUpdateInverse(sourceCRS, targetCRS, co->interpolationCRS());
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/src/iso19111/operation/singleoperation.cpp b/src/iso19111/operation/singleoperation.cpp
index 60c280dcb4..22400f6fb0 100644
--- a/src/iso19111/operation/singleoperation.cpp
+++ b/src/iso19111/operation/singleoperation.cpp
@@ -236,6 +236,42 @@ void CoordinateOperation::setCRSs(const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRSIn,
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+void CoordinateOperation::setCRSsUpdateInverse(
+    const crs::CRSNNPtr &sourceCRSIn, const crs::CRSNNPtr &targetCRSIn,
+    const crs::CRSPtr &interpolationCRSIn) {
+    setCRSs(sourceCRSIn, targetCRSIn, interpolationCRSIn);
+
+    auto invCO = dynamic_cast<InverseCoordinateOperation *>(this);
+    if (invCO) {
+        invCO->forwardOperation()->setCRSs(targetCRSIn, sourceCRSIn,
+                                           interpolationCRSIn);
+    }
+
+    auto transf = dynamic_cast<Transformation *>(this);
+    if (transf) {
+        transf->inverseAsTransformation()->setCRSs(targetCRSIn, sourceCRSIn,
+                                                   interpolationCRSIn);
+    }
+
+    auto concat = dynamic_cast<ConcatenatedOperation *>(this);
+    if (concat) {
+        auto first = concat->operations().front().get();
+        auto &firstTarget(first->targetCRS());
+        if (firstTarget) {
+            first->setCRSsUpdateInverse(sourceCRSIn, NN_NO_CHECK(firstTarget),
+                                        first->interpolationCRS());
+        }
+        auto last = concat->operations().back().get();
+        auto &lastSource(last->sourceCRS());
+        if (lastSource) {
+            last->setCRSsUpdateInverse(NN_NO_CHECK(lastSource), targetCRSIn,
+                                       last->interpolationCRS());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 void CoordinateOperation::setInterpolationCRS(
     const crs::CRSPtr &interpolationCRSIn) {
     d->interpolationCRS_ = interpolationCRSIn;
diff --git a/test/cli/test_projinfo.yaml b/test/cli/test_projinfo.yaml
index fed3c34110..f9f4fadc76 100644
--- a/test/cli/test_projinfo.yaml
+++ b/test/cli/test_projinfo.yaml
@@ -1730,7 +1730,7 @@ tests:
   tail: 4
   out: |
     INSERT INTO metadata VALUES('DATABASE.LAYOUT.VERSION.MAJOR',1);
-    INSERT INTO metadata VALUES('DATABASE.LAYOUT.VERSION.MINOR',4);
+    INSERT INTO metadata VALUES('DATABASE.LAYOUT.VERSION.MINOR',5);
     INSERT INTO geodetic_crs VALUES('HOBU','XXXX','WGS 84','','geographic 2D','EPSG','6422','EPSG','6326',NULL,0);
     INSERT INTO usage VALUES('HOBU','USAGE_GEODETIC_CRS_XXXX','geodetic_crs','HOBU','XXXX','EPSG','1262','EPSG','1183');
 - args: -s EPSG:23030 -t EPSG:25830 --bbox -6,40,-5,41 --grid-check known_available --hide-ballpark --summary
diff --git a/test/unit/test_factory.cpp b/test/unit/test_factory.cpp
index 7e8fe2b210..39a08d7cb9 100644
--- a/test/unit/test_factory.cpp
+++ b/test/unit/test_factory.cpp
@@ -1979,12 +1979,12 @@ class FactoryWithTmpDatabase : public ::testing::Test {
 
         ASSERT_TRUE(execute("INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step "
                             "VALUES('EPSG','DUMMY_CONCATENATED',1,"
-                            "'EPSG','DUMMY_OTHER_TRANSFORMATION');"))
+                            "'EPSG','DUMMY_OTHER_TRANSFORMATION',NULL);"))
             << last_error();
 
         ASSERT_TRUE(execute("INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step "
                             "VALUES('EPSG','DUMMY_CONCATENATED',2,"
-                            "'EPSG','DUMMY_OTHER_TRANSFORMATION');"))
+                            "'EPSG','DUMMY_OTHER_TRANSFORMATION',NULL);"))
             << last_error();
     }
 
@@ -2414,12 +2414,12 @@ TEST_F(FactoryWithTmpDatabase,
         << last_error();
     ASSERT_TRUE(execute("INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step "
                         "VALUES('EPSG','DUMMY_CONCATENATED_2',1,"
-                        "'EPSG','OTHER_GEOG_CRS_TO_4326');"))
+                        "'EPSG','OTHER_GEOG_CRS_TO_4326',NULL);"))
         << last_error();
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(execute("INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step "
                         "VALUES('EPSG','DUMMY_CONCATENATED_2',2,"
-                        "'EPSG','4326_TO_OTHER_GEOG_CRS');"))
+                        "'EPSG','4326_TO_OTHER_GEOG_CRS',NULL);"))
         << last_error();
 
     auto factoryEPSG = AuthorityFactory::create(DatabaseContext::create(m_ctxt),
@@ -3549,43 +3549,43 @@ TEST_F(FactoryWithTmpDatabase,
     // Forward map projection
     ASSERT_TRUE(execute("INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step "
                         "VALUES('EPSG','TEST_CONCATENATED',1,"
-                        "'EPSG','16031');"))
+                        "'EPSG','16031',NULL);"))
         << last_error();
 
     // Noop projected
     ASSERT_TRUE(execute("INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step "
                         "VALUES('EPSG','TEST_CONCATENATED',2,"
-                        "'EPSG','NOOP_TRANSFORMATION_32631');"))
+                        "'EPSG','NOOP_TRANSFORMATION_32631',NULL);"))
         << last_error();
 
     // Inverse map projection
     ASSERT_TRUE(execute("INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step "
                         "VALUES('EPSG','TEST_CONCATENATED',3,"
-                        "'EPSG','16031');"))
+                        "'EPSG','16031',NULL);"))
         << last_error();
 
     // Noop geographic
     ASSERT_TRUE(execute("INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step "
                         "VALUES('EPSG','TEST_CONCATENATED',4,"
-                        "'EPSG','NOOP_TRANSFORMATION_4326');"))
+                        "'EPSG','NOOP_TRANSFORMATION_4326',NULL);"))
         << last_error();
 
     // Forward map projection
     ASSERT_TRUE(execute("INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step "
                         "VALUES('EPSG','TEST_CONCATENATED',5,"
-                        "'EPSG','16031');"))
+                        "'EPSG','16031',NULL);"))
         << last_error();
 
     // Noop projected
     ASSERT_TRUE(execute("INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step "
                         "VALUES('EPSG','TEST_CONCATENATED',6,"
-                        "'EPSG','NOOP_TRANSFORMATION_32631');"))
+                        "'EPSG','NOOP_TRANSFORMATION_32631',NULL);"))
         << last_error();
 
     // Inverse map projection
     ASSERT_TRUE(execute("INSERT INTO concatenated_operation_step "
                         "VALUES('EPSG','TEST_CONCATENATED',7,"
-                        "'EPSG','16031');"))
+                        "'EPSG','16031',NULL);"))
         << last_error();
 
     auto dbContext = DatabaseContext::create(m_ctxt);