bop_base.h

// Copyright 2010-2024 Google LLC
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

#ifndef OR_TOOLS_BOP_BOP_BASE_H_
#define OR_TOOLS_BOP_BOP_BASE_H_

#include <cstdint>
#include <limits>
#include <ostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>

#include "absl/base/thread_annotations.h"
#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
#include "absl/synchronization/mutex.h"
#include "ortools/base/macros.h"
#include "ortools/base/strong_vector.h"
#include "ortools/bop/bop_parameters.pb.h"
#include "ortools/bop/bop_solution.h"
#include "ortools/bop/bop_types.h"
#include "ortools/lp_data/lp_types.h"
#include "ortools/sat/boolean_problem.pb.h"
#include "ortools/sat/clause.h"
#include "ortools/sat/sat_base.h"
#include "ortools/util/stats.h"
#include "ortools/util/time_limit.h"

namespace operations_research {
namespace bop {

class ProblemState;
// Forward declaration.
struct LearnedInfo;

// Base class used to optimize a ProblemState.
// Optimizers implementing this class are used in a sort of portfolio and
// are run sequentially or concurrently. See for instance BopRandomLNSOptimizer.
class BopOptimizerBase {
 public:
  explicit BopOptimizerBase(absl::string_view name);
  virtual ~BopOptimizerBase();

  // Returns the name given at construction.
  const std::string& name() const { return name_; }

  // Returns true if this optimizer should be run on the given problem state.
  // Some optimizer requires a feasible solution to run for instance.
  //
  // Note that a similar effect can be achieved if Optimize() returns ABORT
  // right away. However, doing the later will lower the chance of this
  // optimizer to be called again since it will count as a failure to improve
  // the current state.
  virtual bool ShouldBeRun(const ProblemState& problem_state) const = 0;

  // Return status of the Optimize() function below.
  //
  // TODO(user): To redesign, some are not needed anymore thanks to the
  //              problem state, e.g. IsOptimal().
  enum Status {
    OPTIMAL_SOLUTION_FOUND,
    SOLUTION_FOUND,
    INFEASIBLE,
    LIMIT_REACHED,

    // Some information was learned and the problem state will need to be
    // updated. This will trigger a new optimization round.
    //
    // TODO(user): replace by learned_info->IsEmpty()? but we will need to clear
    // the BopSolution there first.
    INFORMATION_FOUND,

    // This optimizer didn't learn any information yet but can be called again
    // on the same problem state to resume its work.
    CONTINUE,

    // There is no need to call this optimizer again on the same problem state.
    ABORT
  };

  // Tries to infer more information about the problem state, i.e. reduces the
  // gap by increasing the lower bound or finding a better solution.
  // Returns SOLUTION_FOUND when a new solution with a better objective cost is
  // found before a time limit.
  // The learned information is cleared and the filled with any new information
  // about the problem, e.g. a new lower bound.
  //
  // Preconditions: ShouldBeRun() must returns true.
  virtual Status Optimize(const BopParameters& parameters,
                          const ProblemState& problem_state,
                          LearnedInfo* learned_info, TimeLimit* time_limit) = 0;

  // Returns a string describing the status.
  static std::string GetStatusString(Status status);

 protected:
  const std::string name_;

  mutable StatsGroup stats_;
};

inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os,
                                BopOptimizerBase::Status status) {
  os << BopOptimizerBase::GetStatusString(status);
  return os;
}

// This class represents the current state of the problem with all the
// information that the solver learned about it at a given time.
class ProblemState {
 public:
  explicit ProblemState(const sat::LinearBooleanProblem& problem);

  // This type is neither copyable nor movable.
  ProblemState(const ProblemState&) = delete;
  ProblemState& operator=(const ProblemState&) = delete;

  // Sets parameters, used for instance to get the tolerance, the gap limit...
  void SetParameters(const BopParameters& parameters) {
    parameters_ = parameters;
  }

  const BopParameters& GetParameters() const { return parameters_; }

  // Sets an assignment preference for each variable.
  // This is only used for warm start.
  void set_assignment_preference(const std::vector<bool>& a) {
    assignment_preference_ = a;
  }
  std::vector<bool> assignment_preference() const {
    return assignment_preference_;
  }

  // Merges the learned information with the current problem state. For
  // instance, if variables x, and y are fixed in the current state, and z is
  // learned to be fixed, the result of the merge will be x, y, and z being
  // fixed in the problem state.
  // Note that the LP values contained in the learned information (if any)
  // will replace the LP values of the problem state, whatever the cost is.
  // Returns true when the merge has changed the problem state.
  bool MergeLearnedInfo(const LearnedInfo& learned_info,
                        BopOptimizerBase::Status optimization_status);

  // Returns all the information learned so far.
  // TODO(user): In the current implementation the learned information only
  //              contains binary clauses added since the last call to
  //              SynchronizationDone().
  //              Add an iterator on the sat::BinaryClauseManager.
  LearnedInfo GetLearnedInfo() const;

  // The stamp represents an upper bound on the number of times the problem
  // state has been updated. If the stamp changed since last time one has
  // checked the state, it's worth trying again as it might have changed
  // (no guarantee).
  static const int64_t kInitialStampValue;
  int64_t update_stamp() const { return update_stamp_; }

  // Marks the problem state as optimal.
  void MarkAsOptimal();

  // Marks the problem state as infeasible.
  void MarkAsInfeasible();

  // Returns true when the current state is proved to be optimal. In such a case
  // solution() returns the optimal solution.
  bool IsOptimal() const {
    return solution_.IsFeasible() && solution_.GetCost() == lower_bound();
  }

  // Returns true when the problem is proved to be infeasible.
  bool IsInfeasible() const { return lower_bound() > upper_bound(); }

  // Returns true when the variable var is fixed in the current problem state.
  // The value of the fixed variable is returned by GetVariableFixedValue(var).
  bool IsVariableFixed(VariableIndex var) const { return is_fixed_[var]; }
  const util_intops::StrongVector<VariableIndex, bool>& is_fixed() const {
    return is_fixed_;
  }

  // Returns the value of the fixed variable var. Should be only called on fixed
  // variables (CHECKed).
  bool GetVariableFixedValue(VariableIndex var) const {
    return fixed_values_[var];
  }
  const util_intops::StrongVector<VariableIndex, bool>& fixed_values() const {
    return fixed_values_;
  }

  // Returns the values of the LP relaxation of the problem. Returns an empty
  // vector when the LP has not been populated.
  const glop::DenseRow& lp_values() const { return lp_values_; }

  // Returns the solution to the current state problem.
  // Note that the solution might not be feasible because until we find one, it
  // will just be the all-false assignment.
  const BopSolution& solution() const { return solution_; }

  // Returns the original problem. Note that the current problem might be
  // different, e.g. fixed variables, but equivalent, i.e. a solution to one
  // should be a solution to the other too.
  const sat::LinearBooleanProblem& original_problem() const {
    return original_problem_;
  }

  // Returns the current lower (resp. upper) bound of the objective cost.
  // For internal use only: this is the unscaled version of the lower (resp.
  // upper) bound, and so should be compared only to the unscaled cost given by
  // solution.GetCost().
  int64_t lower_bound() const { return lower_bound_; }
  int64_t upper_bound() const { return upper_bound_; }

  // Returns the scaled lower bound of the original problem.
  double GetScaledLowerBound() const {
    return (lower_bound() + original_problem_.objective().offset()) *
           original_problem_.objective().scaling_factor();
  }

  // Returns the newly added binary clause since the last SynchronizationDone().
  const std::vector<sat::BinaryClause>& NewlyAddedBinaryClauses() const;

  // Resets what is considered "new" information. This is meant to be called
  // once all the optimize have been synchronized.
  void SynchronizationDone();

 private:
  const sat::LinearBooleanProblem& original_problem_;
  BopParameters parameters_;
  int64_t update_stamp_;
  util_intops::StrongVector<VariableIndex, bool> is_fixed_;
  util_intops::StrongVector<VariableIndex, bool> fixed_values_;
  glop::DenseRow lp_values_;
  BopSolution solution_;
  std::vector<bool> assignment_preference_;

  int64_t lower_bound_;
  int64_t upper_bound_;

  // Manage the set of the problem binary clauses (including the learned ones).
  sat::BinaryClauseManager binary_clause_manager_;
};

// This struct represents what has been learned on the problem state by
// running an optimizer. The goal is then to merge the learned information
// with the problem state in order to get a more constrained problem to be used
// by the next called optimizer.
struct LearnedInfo {
  explicit LearnedInfo(const sat::LinearBooleanProblem& problem)
      : fixed_literals(),
        solution(problem, "AllZero"),
        lower_bound(std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min()),
        lp_values(),
        binary_clauses() {}

  // Clears all just as if the object were a brand new one. This can be used
  // to reduce the number of creation / deletion of objects.
  void Clear() {
    fixed_literals.clear();
    lower_bound = std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min();
    lp_values.clear();
    binary_clauses.clear();
  }

  // Vector of all literals that have been fixed.
  std::vector<sat::Literal> fixed_literals;

  // New solution. Note that the solution might be infeasible.
  BopSolution solution;

  // A lower bound (for multi-threading purpose).
  int64_t lower_bound;

  // An assignment for the relaxed linear programming problem (can be empty).
  // This is meant to be the optimal LP solution, but can just be a feasible
  // solution or any floating point assignment if the LP solver didn't solve
  // the relaxed problem optimally.
  glop::DenseRow lp_values;

  // New binary clauses.
  std::vector<sat::BinaryClause> binary_clauses;
};
}  // namespace bop
}  // namespace operations_research
#endif  // OR_TOOLS_BOP_BOP_BASE_H_