01_data_structures.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "PYTHON DATA STRUCTURES\n",
    "========================="
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Tuples\n",
    "----------"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "(3, 1, 2, 0)\n",
      "('Circus', 'Python', 'Flying', 'Monty')\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tuple_of_integers = (3, 1, 2, 0)\n",
    "tuple_of_strings = ('Circus', 'Python', 'Flying', 'Monty')\n",
    "\n",
    "print(tuple_of_integers)\n",
    "print(tuple_of_strings)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Indexing:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "3\n",
      "Circus\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(tuple_of_integers[0])\n",
    "print(tuple_of_strings[0])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0\n",
      "Monty\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(tuple_of_integers[-1])\n",
    "print(tuple_of_strings[-1])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Slicing:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "(3, 1)\n",
      "('Circus', 'Python')\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(tuple_of_integers[0:2])\n",
    "print(tuple_of_strings[0:2])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "(3, 2)\n",
      "('Circus', 'Flying')\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(tuple_of_integers[0:5:2])\n",
    "print(tuple_of_strings[0:5:2])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "(0, 1)\n",
      "('Monty', 'Python')\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(tuple_of_integers[::-2])\n",
    "print(tuple_of_strings[::-2])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "(0, 2, 1, 3)\n",
      "('Monty', 'Flying', 'Python', 'Circus')\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(tuple_of_integers[::-1])\n",
    "print(tuple_of_strings[::-1])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Concatenation:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "(3, 1, 2, 0, 'Circus', 'Python', 'Flying', 'Monty')\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tuple_concat = tuple_of_integers + tuple_of_strings\n",
    "print(tuple_concat)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "('Circus', 'Python', 'Flying', 'Monty', 'Circus', 'Python', 'Flying', 'Monty')\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tuple_concat = 2 * tuple_of_strings\n",
    "print(tuple_concat)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Lists\n",
    "-------"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[3, 1, 2, 0]\n",
      "['Circus', 'Python', 'Flying', 'Monty']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "list_of_integers = [3, 1, 2, 0]\n",
    "list_of_strings = ['Circus', 'Python', 'Flying', 'Monty']\n",
    "\n",
    "print(list_of_integers)\n",
    "print(list_of_strings)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "You can convert tuples into lists:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[3, 1, 2, 0]\n",
      "['Circus', 'Python', 'Flying', 'Monty']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "list_of_integers = list(tuple_of_integers)\n",
    "list_of_strings = list(tuple_of_strings)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(list_of_integers)\n",
    "print(list_of_strings)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "And lists into tuples:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "(3, 1, 2, 0)\n",
      "('Circus', 'Python', 'Flying', 'Monty')\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tuple_of_integers = tuple(list_of_integers)\n",
    "tuple_of_strings = tuple(list_of_strings)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(tuple_of_integers)\n",
    "print(tuple_of_strings)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Indexing, slicing and concatenation is the same as for tuples.\n",
    "\n",
    "The main difference is that tuples are INMUTABLE and lists are MUTABLE:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "'tuple' object does not support item assignment",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-13-df3a31a3a37e>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mtuple_of_strings\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'Perl'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mtuple_of_strings\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tuple_of_strings[1] = 'Perl'\n",
    "print(tuple_of_strings)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['Circus', 'Perl', 'Flying', 'Monty']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "list_of_strings[1] = 'Perl'\n",
    "print(list_of_strings)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "AttributeError",
     "evalue": "'tuple' object has no attribute 'append'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-24-0d750d120ec6>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mtuple_of_strings\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mappend\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'Series'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mtuple_of_strings\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'append'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "tuple_of_strings.append('Series')\n",
    "print(tuple_of_strings)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['Circus', 'Python', 'Flying', 'Monty', 'Series']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "list_of_strings.append('Series')\n",
    "print(list_of_strings)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Series\n",
      "['Circus', 'Python', 'Flying', 'Monty']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "last_item = list_of_strings.pop()\n",
    "print(last_item)\n",
    "print(list_of_strings)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Be carefull with append!!!\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['Circus', 'Python', 'Flying', 'Monty', 'Series', 'BBC']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "list_of_strings.extend(['Series', 'BBC'])\n",
    "print(list_of_strings)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Strings are actually sequences of characters:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Circus\n",
      "C\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "string = list_of_strings[0]\n",
    "print(string)\n",
    "print(string[0])\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Cir\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(string[0:3])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "sucriC\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(string[::-1])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Dictionaries\n",
    "------------------"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "3C 273\n",
      "0.15834\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "galaxy = {'name': '3C 273',\n",
    "          'RA': '12:29:06.6997',\n",
    "          'DEC': '+02:03:08.598',\n",
    "          'magnitude_R': 14.1,\n",
    "          'magnitude_B': 12.9,\n",
    "          'redshift': 0.15834}\n",
    "\n",
    "print(galaxy['name'])\n",
    "print(galaxy['redshift'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "KeyError",
     "evalue": "'magnitude_V'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mKeyError\u001b[0m                                  Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-33-bb00a54e17cd>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mgalaxy\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'magnitude_V'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mKeyError\u001b[0m: 'magnitude_V'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(galaxy['magnitude_V'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "None\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(galaxy.get('magnitude_V', None))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['name', 'RA', 'DEC', 'magnitude_R', 'magnitude_B', 'redshift']\n",
      "['3C 273', '12:29:06.6997', '+02:03:08.598', 14.1, 12.9, 0.15834]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "keys = list(galaxy.keys())\n",
    "values = list(galaxy.values())\n",
    "\n",
    "print(keys)\n",
    "print(values)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "name: 3C 273\n",
      "RA: 12:29:06.6997\n",
      "DEC: +02:03:08.598\n",
      "magnitude_R: 14.1\n",
      "magnitude_B: 12.9\n",
      "redshift: 0.15834\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for key in galaxy.keys():\n",
    "    print('{}: {}'.format(key, galaxy[key]))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "name: 3C 273\n",
      "RA: 12:29:06.6997\n",
      "DEC: +02:03:08.598\n",
      "magnitude_R: 14.1\n",
      "magnitude_B: 12.9\n",
      "redshift: 0.15834\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for key, value in galaxy.items():\n",
    "    print('{}: {}'.format(key, value))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Dictionaries are mutable:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "name: 3C 273\n",
      "RA: 12:29:06.6997\n",
      "DEC: +02:03:08.598\n",
      "magnitude_R: 14.1\n",
      "magnitude_B: 12.9\n",
      "redshift: 0.16\n",
      "magnitude_V: 12.7\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "galaxy['redshift'] = round(galaxy['redshift'], 2)\n",
    "galaxy['magnitude_V'] = 12.7\n",
    "\n",
    "for key, value in galaxy.items():\n",
    "    print('{}: {}'.format(key, value))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Sets\n",
    "----"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[0, 0, 'Monty', 3, 4.5, 'Python', 'Python', 3, (0, 1), (0, 1)]\n",
      "{0, (0, 1), 3, 4.5, 'Monty', 'Python'}\n",
      "[0, (0, 1), 3, 4.5, 'Monty', 'Python']\n",
      "0\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "list_A = [0, 0, 'Monty', 3, 4.5, 'Python', 'Python', 3, (0, 1), (0, 1)]\n",
    "set_A = set(list_A)\n",
    "print(list_A)\n",
    "print(set_A)\n",
    "list_A_unique = list(set_A)\n",
    "print(list_A_unique)\n",
    "print(list_A_unique[0])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Extremely useful for finding common elements in lists"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
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3648, 3649, 3650, 3651, 3652, 3653, 3654, 3655, 3656, 3657, 3658, 3659, 3660, 3661, 3662, 3663, 3664, 3665, 3666, 3667, 3668, 3669, 3670, 3671, 3672, 3673, 3674, 3675, 3676, 3677, 3678, 3679, 3680, 3681, 3682, 3683, 3684, 3685, 3686, 3687, 3688, 3689, 3690, 3691, 3692, 3693, 3694, 3695, 3696, 3697, 3698, 3699, 3700, 3701, 3702, 3703, 3704, 3705, 3706, 3707, 3708, 3709, 3710, 3711, 3712, 3713, 3714, 3715, 3716, 3717, 3718, 3719, 3720, 3721, 3722, 3723, 3724, 3725, 3726, 3727, 3728, 3729, 3730, 3731, 3732, 3733, 3734, 3735, 3736, 3737, 3738, 3739, 3740, 3741, 3742, 3743, 3744, 3745, 3746, 3747, 3748, 3749, 3750, 3751, 3752, 3753, 3754, 3755, 3756, 3757, 3758, 3759, 3760, 3761, 3762, 3763, 3764, 3765, 3766, 3767, 3768, 3769, 3770, 3771, 3772, 3773, 3774, 3775, 3776, 3777, 3778, 3779, 3780, 3781, 3782, 3783, 3784, 3785, 3786, 3787, 3788, 3789, 3790, 3791, 3792, 3793, 3794, 3795, 3796, 3797, 3798, 3799, 3800, 3801, 3802, 3803, 3804, 3805, 3806, 3807, 3808, 3809, 3810, 3811, 3812, 3813, 3814, 3815, 3816, 3817, 3818, 3819, 3820, 3821, 3822, 3823, 3824, 3825, 3826, 3827, 3828, 3829, 3830, 3831, 3832, 3833, 3834, 3835, 3836, 3837, 3838, 3839, 3840, 3841, 3842, 3843, 3844, 3845, 3846, 3847, 3848, 3849, 3850, 3851, 3852, 3853, 3854, 3855, 3856, 3857, 3858, 3859, 3860, 3861, 3862, 3863, 3864, 3865, 3866, 3867, 3868, 3869, 3870, 3871, 3872, 3873, 3874, 3875, 3876, 3877, 3878, 3879, 3880, 3881, 3882, 3883, 3884, 3885, 3886, 3887, 3888, 3889, 3890, 3891, 3892, 3893, 3894, 3895, 3896, 3897, 3898, 3899, 3900, 3901, 3902, 3903, 3904, 3905, 3906, 3907, 3908, 3909, 3910, 3911, 3912, 3913, 3914, 3915, 3916, 3917, 3918, 3919, 3920, 3921, 3922, 3923, 3924, 3925, 3926, 3927, 3928, 3929, 3930, 3931, 3932, 3933, 3934, 3935, 3936, 3937, 3938, 3939, 3940, 3941, 3942, 3943, 3944, 3945, 3946, 3947, 3948, 3949, 3950, 3951, 3952, 3953, 3954, 3955, 3956, 3957, 3958, 3959, 3960, 3961, 3962, 3963, 3964, 3965, 3966, 3967, 3968, 3969, 3970, 3971, 3972, 3973, 3974, 3975, 3976, 3977, 3978, 3979, 3980, 3981, 3982, 3983, 3984, 3985, 3986, 3987, 3988]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "size = 2000\n",
    "\n",
    "A = list(range(size))\n",
    "B  = list(range(A[-1] - 10, A[-1] - 10 + size))\n",
    "print(A)\n",
    "print(B)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Naive implementation:\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "119 ms ± 503 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)\n",
      "[1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def intersection(A, B):\n",
    "    common = []\n",
    "    for element_of_A in A:\n",
    "        if element_of_A in B:\n",
    "            common.append(element_of_A)\n",
    "    return common\n",
    "\n",
    "%timeit intersection(A, B)\n",
    "print(intersection(A, B))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Using sets:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "193 µs ± 1.9 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000 loops each)\n",
      "{1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999}\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%timeit set(A).intersection(set(B))\n",
    "print(set(A).intersection(set(B)))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
 ],
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