diagnostics.md

Diagnostic attributes

r[attributes.diagnostics]

The following attributes are used for controlling or generating diagnostic messages during compilation.

Lint check attributes

r[attributes.diagnostics.lint]

A lint check names a potentially undesirable coding pattern, such as unreachable code or omitted documentation.

r[attributes.diagnostics.lint.level] The lint attributes allow, expect, warn, deny, and forbid use the MetaListPaths syntax to specify a list of lint names to change the lint level for the entity to which the attribute applies.

For any lint check C:

r[attributes.diagnostics.lint.allow]

• #[allow(C)] overrides the check for C so that violations will go unreported.

r[attributes.diagnostics.lint.expect]

• #[expect(C)] indicates that lint C is expected to be emitted. The attribute will suppress the emission of C or issue a warning, if the expectation is unfulfilled.

r[attributes.diagnostics.lint.warn]

• #[warn(C)] warns about violations of C but continues compilation.

r[attributes.diagnostics.lint.deny]

• #[deny(C)] signals an error after encountering a violation of C,

r[attributes.diagnostics.lint.forbid]

• #[forbid(C)] is the same as deny(C), but also forbids changing the lint level afterwards,

Note: The lint checks supported by rustc can be found via rustc -W help, along with their default settings and are documented in the rustc book.

pub mod m1 {
    // Missing documentation is ignored here
    #[allow(missing_docs)]
    pub fn undocumented_one() -> i32 { 1 }

    // Missing documentation signals a warning here
    #[warn(missing_docs)]
    pub fn undocumented_too() -> i32 { 2 }

    // Missing documentation signals an error here
    #[deny(missing_docs)]
    pub fn undocumented_end() -> i32 { 3 }
}

r[attributes.diagnostics.lint.override] Lint attributes can override the level specified from a previous attribute, as long as the level does not attempt to change a forbidden lint (except for deny, which is allowed inside a forbid context, but ignored). Previous attributes are those from a higher level in the syntax tree, or from a previous attribute on the same entity as listed in left-to-right source order.

This example shows how one can use allow and warn to toggle a particular check on and off:

#[warn(missing_docs)]
pub mod m2 {
    #[allow(missing_docs)]
    pub mod nested {
        // Missing documentation is ignored here
        pub fn undocumented_one() -> i32 { 1 }

        // Missing documentation signals a warning here,
        // despite the allow above.
        #[warn(missing_docs)]
        pub fn undocumented_two() -> i32 { 2 }
    }

    // Missing documentation signals a warning here
    pub fn undocumented_too() -> i32 { 3 }
}

This example shows how one can use forbid to disallow uses of allow or expect for that lint check:

#[forbid(missing_docs)]
pub mod m3 {
    // Attempting to toggle warning signals an error here
    #[allow(missing_docs)]
    /// Returns 2.
    pub fn undocumented_too() -> i32 { 2 }
}

Note: rustc allows setting lint levels on the command-line, and also supports setting caps on the lints that are reported.

Lint Reasons

r[attributes.diagnostics.lint.reason] All lint attributes support an additional reason parameter, to give context why a certain attribute was added. This reason will be displayed as part of the lint message if the lint is emitted at the defined level.

// `keyword_idents` is allowed by default. Here we deny it to
// avoid migration of identifiers when we update the edition.
#![deny(
    keyword_idents,
    reason = "we want to avoid these idents to be future compatible"
)]

// This name was allowed in Rust's 2015 edition. We still aim to avoid
// this to be future compatible and not confuse end users.
fn dyn() {}

Here is another example, where the lint is allowed with a reason:

use std::path::PathBuf;

pub fn get_path() -> PathBuf {
    // The `reason` parameter on `allow` attributes acts as documentation for the reader.
    #[allow(unused_mut, reason = "this is only modified on some platforms")]
    let mut file_name = PathBuf::from("git");

    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
    file_name.set_extension("exe");

    file_name
}

The #[expect] attribute

r[attributes.diagnostics.expect]

r[attributes.diagnostics.expect.intro] The #[expect(C)] attribute creates a lint expectation for lint C. The expectation will be fulfilled, if a #[warn(C)] attribute at the same location would result in a lint emission. If the expectation is unfulfilled, because lint C would not be emitted, the unfulfilled_lint_expectations lint will be emitted at the attribute.

fn main() {
    // This `#[expect]` attribute creates a lint expectation, that the `unused_variables`
    // lint would be emitted by the following statement. This expectation is
    // unfulfilled, since the `question` variable is used by the `println!` macro.
    // Therefore, the `unfulfilled_lint_expectations` lint will be emitted at the
    // attribute.
    #[expect(unused_variables)]
    let question = "who lives in a pineapple under the sea?";
    println!("{question}");

    // This `#[expect]` attribute creates a lint expectation that will be fulfilled, since
    // the `answer` variable is never used. The `unused_variables` lint, that would usually
    // be emitted, is suppressed. No warning will be issued for the statement or attribute.
    #[expect(unused_variables)]
    let answer = "SpongeBob SquarePants!";
}

r[attributes.diagnostics.expect.fulfillment] The lint expectation is only fulfilled by lint emissions which have been suppressed by the expect attribute. If the lint level is modified in the scope with other level attributes like allow or warn, the lint emission will be handled accordingly and the expectation will remain unfulfilled.

#[expect(unused_variables)]
fn select_song() {
    // This will emit the `unused_variables` lint at the warn level
    // as defined by the `warn` attribute. This will not fulfill the
    // expectation above the function.
    #[warn(unused_variables)]
    let song_name = "Crab Rave";

    // The `allow` attribute suppresses the lint emission. This will not
    // fulfill the expectation as it has been suppressed by the `allow`
    // attribute and not the `expect` attribute above the function.
    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    let song_creator = "Noisestorm";

    // This `expect` attribute will suppress the `unused_variables` lint emission
    // at the variable. The `expect` attribute above the function will still not
    // be fulfilled, since this lint emission has been suppressed by the local
    // expect attribute.
    #[expect(unused_variables)]
    let song_version = "Monstercat Release";
}

r[attributes.diagnostics.expect.independent] If the expect attribute contains several lints, each one is expected separately. For a lint group it's enough if one lint inside the group has been emitted:

// This expectation will be fulfilled by the unused value inside the function
// since the emitted `unused_variables` lint is inside the `unused` lint group.
#[expect(unused)]
pub fn thoughts() {
    let unused = "I'm running out of examples";
}

pub fn another_example() {
    // This attribute creates two lint expectations. The `unused_mut` lint will be
    // suppressed and with that fulfill the first expectation. The `unused_variables`
    // wouldn't be emitted, since the variable is used. That expectation will therefore
    // be unsatisfied, and a warning will be emitted.
    #[expect(unused_mut, unused_variables)]
    let mut link = "https://www.rust-lang.org/";

    println!("Welcome to our community: {link}");
}

Note: The behavior of #[expect(unfulfilled_lint_expectations)] is currently defined to always generate the unfulfilled_lint_expectations lint.

Lint groups

r[attributes.diagnostics.lint.group] Lints may be organized into named groups so that the level of related lints can be adjusted together. Using a named group is equivalent to listing out the lints within that group.

// This allows all lints in the "unused" group.
#[allow(unused)]
// This overrides the "unused_must_use" lint from the "unused"
// group to deny.
#[deny(unused_must_use)]
fn example() {
    // This does not generate a warning because the "unused_variables"
    // lint is in the "unused" group.
    let x = 1;
    // This generates an error because the result is unused and
    // "unused_must_use" is marked as "deny".
    std::fs::remove_file("some_file"); // ERROR: unused `Result` that must be used
}

r[attributes.diagnostics.lint.group.warnings] There is a special group named "warnings" which includes all lints at the "warn" level. The "warnings" group ignores attribute order and applies to all lints that would otherwise warn within the entity.

# unsafe fn an_unsafe_fn() {}
// The order of these two attributes does not matter.
#[deny(warnings)]
// The unsafe_code lint is normally "allow" by default.
#[warn(unsafe_code)]
fn example_err() {
    // This is an error because the `unsafe_code` warning has
    // been lifted to "deny".
    unsafe { an_unsafe_fn() } // ERROR: usage of `unsafe` block
}

Tool lint attributes

r[attributes.diagnostics.lint.tool]

r[attributes.diagnostics.lint.tool.intro] Tool lints allows using scoped lints, to allow, warn, deny or forbid lints of certain tools.

r[attributes.diagnostics.lint.tool.activation] Tool lints only get checked when the associated tool is active. If a lint attribute, such as allow, references a nonexistent tool lint, the compiler will not warn about the nonexistent lint until you use the tool.

Otherwise, they work just like regular lint attributes:

// set the entire `pedantic` clippy lint group to warn
#![warn(clippy::pedantic)]
// silence warnings from the `filter_map` clippy lint
#![allow(clippy::filter_map)]

fn main() {
    // ...
}

// silence the `cmp_nan` clippy lint just for this function
#[allow(clippy::cmp_nan)]
fn foo() {
    // ...
}

Note: rustc currently recognizes the tool lints for "clippy" and "rustdoc".

The deprecated attribute

r[attributes.diagnostics.deprecated]

r[attributes.diagnostics.deprecated.intro] The deprecated attribute marks an item as deprecated. rustc will issue warnings on usage of #[deprecated] items. rustdoc will show item deprecation, including the since version and note, if available.

r[attributes.diagnostics.deprecated.syntax] The deprecated attribute has several forms:

• deprecated --- Issues a generic message.
• deprecated = "message" --- Includes the given string in the deprecation message.
• MetaListNameValueStr syntax with two optional fields:
  • since --- Specifies a version number when the item was deprecated. rustc does not currently interpret the string, but external tools like Clippy may check the validity of the value.
  • note --- Specifies a string that should be included in the deprecation message. This is typically used to provide an explanation about the deprecation and preferred alternatives.

r[attributes.diagnostic.deprecated.allowed-positions] The deprecated attribute may be applied to any item, trait item, enum variant, struct field, external block item, or macro definition. It cannot be applied to trait implementation items. When applied to an item containing other items, such as a module or implementation, all child items inherit the deprecation attribute.

Here is an example:

#[deprecated(since = "5.2.0", note = "foo was rarely used. Users should instead use bar")]
pub fn foo() {}

pub fn bar() {}

The RFC contains motivations and more details.

The must_use attribute

r[attributes.diagnostics.must_use]

r[attributes.diagnostics.must_use.intro] The must_use attribute is used to issue a diagnostic warning when a value is not "used".

r[attributes.diagnostics.must_use.allowed-positions] The must_use attribute can be applied to user-defined composite types (structs, enums, and unions), functions, and traits.

r[attributes.diagnostics.must_use.message] The must_use attribute may include a message by using the MetaNameValueStr syntax such as #[must_use = "example message"]. The message will be given alongside the warning.

r[attributes.diagnostics.must_use.type] When used on user-defined composite types, if the expression of an expression statement has that type, then the unused_must_use lint is violated.

#[must_use]
struct MustUse {
    // some fields
}

# impl MustUse {
#   fn new() -> MustUse { MustUse {} }
# }
#
// Violates the `unused_must_use` lint.
MustUse::new();

r[attributes.diagnostics.must_use.fn] When used on a function, if the expression of an expression statement is a call expression to that function, then the unused_must_use lint is violated.

#[must_use]
fn five() -> i32 { 5i32 }

// Violates the unused_must_use lint.
five();

r[attributes.diagnostics.must_use.trait] When used on a trait declaration, a call expression of an expression statement to a function that returns an impl trait or a dyn trait of that trait violates the unused_must_use lint.

#[must_use]
trait Critical {}
impl Critical for i32 {}

fn get_critical() -> impl Critical {
    4i32
}

// Violates the `unused_must_use` lint.
get_critical();

r[attributes.diagnostics.must_use.trait-function] When used on a function in a trait declaration, then the behavior also applies when the call expression is a function from an implementation of the trait.

trait Trait {
    #[must_use]
    fn use_me(&self) -> i32;
}

impl Trait for i32 {
    fn use_me(&self) -> i32 { 0i32 }
}

// Violates the `unused_must_use` lint.
5i32.use_me();

r[attributes.diagnostics.must_use.trait-impl-function] When used on a function in a trait implementation, the attribute does nothing.

Note: Trivial no-op expressions containing the value will not violate the lint. Examples include wrapping the value in a type that does not implement Drop and then not using that type and being the final expression of a block expression that is not used.

#[must_use]
fn five() -> i32 { 5i32 }

// None of these violate the unused_must_use lint.
(five(),);
Some(five());
{ five() };
if true { five() } else { 0i32 };
match true {
    _ => five()
};

Note: It is idiomatic to use a let statement with a pattern of _ when a must-used value is purposely discarded.

#[must_use]
fn five() -> i32 { 5i32 }

// Does not violate the unused_must_use lint.
let _ = five();

The diagnostic tool attribute namespace

r[attributes.diagnostic.namespace]

r[attributes.diagnostic.namespace.intro] The #[diagnostic] attribute namespace is a home for attributes to influence compile-time error messages. The hints provided by these attributes are not guaranteed to be used.

r[attributes.diagnostic.namespace.unknown-invalid-syntax] Unknown attributes in this namespace are accepted, though they may emit warnings for unused attributes. Additionally, invalid inputs to known attributes will typically be a warning (see the attribute definitions for details). This is meant to allow adding or discarding attributes and changing inputs in the future to allow changes without the need to keep the non-meaningful attributes or options working.

The diagnostic::on_unimplemented attribute

r[attributes.diagnostic.on_unimplemented]

r[attributes.diagnostic.on_unimplemented.intro] The #[diagnostic::on_unimplemented] attribute is a hint to the compiler to supplement the error message that would normally be generated in scenarios where a trait is required but not implemented on a type.

r[attributes.diagnostic.on_unimplemented.allowed-positions] The attribute should be placed on a trait declaration, though it is not an error to be located in other positions.

r[attributes.diagnostic.on_unimplemented.syntax] The attribute uses the MetaListNameValueStr syntax to specify its inputs, though any malformed input to the attribute is not considered as an error to provide both forwards and backwards compatibility.

r[attributes.diagnostic.on_unimplemented.keys] The following keys have the given meaning:

• message --- The text for the top level error message.
• label --- The text for the label shown inline in the broken code in the error message.
• note --- Provides additional notes.

r[attributes.diagnostic.on_unimplemented.note-repetition] The note option can appear several times, which results in several note messages being emitted.

r[attributes.diagnostic.on_unimplemented.repetition] If any of the other options appears several times the first occurrence of the relevant option specifies the actually used value. Subsequent occurrences generates a warning.

r[attributes.diagnostic.on_unimplemented.unknown-keys] A warning is generated for any unknown keys.

r[attributes.diagnostic.on_unimplemented.format-string] All three options accept a string as an argument, interpreted using the same formatting as a [std::fmt] string.

r[attributes.diagnostic.on_unimplemented.format-parameters] Format parameters with the given named parameter will be replaced with the following text:

• {Self} --- The name of the type implementing the trait.
• { GenericParameterName } --- The name of the generic argument's type for the given generic parameter.

r[attributes.diagnostic.on_unimplemented.invalid-formats] Any other format parameter will generate a warning, but will otherwise be included in the string as-is.

r[attributes.diagnostic.on_unimplemented.invalid-string] Invalid format strings may generate a warning, but are otherwise allowed, but may not display as intended. Format specifiers may generate a warning, but are otherwise ignored.

In this example:

#[diagnostic::on_unimplemented(
    message = "My Message for `ImportantTrait<{A}>` implemented for `{Self}`",
    label = "My Label",
    note = "Note 1",
    note = "Note 2"
)]
trait ImportantTrait<A> {}

fn use_my_trait(_: impl ImportantTrait<i32>) {}

fn main() {
    use_my_trait(String::new());
}

the compiler may generate an error message which looks like this:

error[E0277]: My Message for `ImportantTrait<i32>` implemented for `String`
  --> src/main.rs:14:18
   |
14 |     use_my_trait(String::new());
   |     ------------ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ My Label
   |     |
   |     required by a bound introduced by this call
   |
   = help: the trait `ImportantTrait<i32>` is not implemented for `String`
   = note: Note 1
   = note: Note 2

The diagnostic::do_not_recommend attribute

r[attributes.diagnostic.do_not_recommend]

r[attributes.diagnostic.do_not_recommend.intro] The #[diagnostic::do_not_recommend] attribute is a hint to the compiler to not show the annotated trait implementation as part of a diagnostic message.

Note: Suppressing the recommendation can be useful if you know that the recommendation would normally not be useful to the programmer. This often occurs with broad, blanket impls. The recommendation may send the programmer down the wrong path, or the trait implementation may be an internal detail that you don't want to expose, or the bounds may not be able to be satisfied by the programmer.

For example, in an error message about a type not implementing a required trait, the compiler may find a trait implementation that would satisfy the requirements if it weren't for specific bounds in the trait implementation. The compiler may tell the user that there is an impl, but the problem is the bounds in the trait implementation. The #[diagnostic::do_not_recommend] attribute can be used to tell the compiler to not tell the user about the trait implementation, and instead simply tell the user the type doesn't implement the required trait.

r[attributes.diagnostic.do_not_recommend.allowed-positions] The attribute should be placed on a trait implementation item, though it is not an error to be located in other positions.

r[attributes.diagnostic.do_not_recommend.syntax] The attribute does not accept any arguments, though unexpected arguments are not considered as an error.

In the following example, there is a trait called AsExpression which is used for casting arbitrary types to the Expression type used in an SQL library. There is a method called check which takes an AsExpression.

# pub trait Expression {
#     type SqlType;
# }
#
# pub trait AsExpression<ST> {
#     type Expression: Expression<SqlType = ST>;
# }
#
# pub struct Text;
# pub struct Integer;
#
# pub struct Bound<T>(T);
# pub struct SelectInt;
#
# impl Expression for SelectInt {
#     type SqlType = Integer;
# }
#
# impl<T> Expression for Bound<T> {
#     type SqlType = T;
# }
#
# impl AsExpression<Integer> for i32 {
#     type Expression = Bound<Integer>;
# }
#
# impl AsExpression<Text> for &'_ str {
#     type Expression = Bound<Text>;
# }
#
# impl<T> Foo for T where T: Expression {}

// Uncomment this line to change the recommendation.
// #[diagnostic::do_not_recommend]
impl<T, ST> AsExpression<ST> for T
where
    T: Expression<SqlType = ST>,
{
    type Expression = T;
}

trait Foo: Expression + Sized {
    fn check<T>(&self, _: T) -> <T as AsExpression<<Self as Expression>::SqlType>>::Expression
    where
        T: AsExpression<Self::SqlType>,
    {
        todo!()
    }
}

fn main() {
    SelectInt.check("bar");
}

The SelectInt type's check method is expecting an Integer type. Calling it with an i32 type works, as it gets converted to an Integer by the AsExpression trait. However, calling it with a string does not, and generates a an error that may look like this:

error[E0277]: the trait bound `&str: Expression` is not satisfied
  --> src/main.rs:53:15
   |
53 |     SelectInt.check("bar");
   |               ^^^^^ the trait `Expression` is not implemented for `&str`
   |
   = help: the following other types implement trait `Expression`:
             Bound<T>
             SelectInt
note: required for `&str` to implement `AsExpression<Integer>`
  --> src/main.rs:45:13
   |
45 | impl<T, ST> AsExpression<ST> for T
   |             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^     ^
46 | where
47 |     T: Expression<SqlType = ST>,
   |        ------------------------ unsatisfied trait bound introduced here

By adding the #[diagnostic::do_no_recommend] attribute to the blanket impl for AsExpression, the message changes to:

error[E0277]: the trait bound `&str: AsExpression<Integer>` is not satisfied
  --> src/main.rs:53:15
   |
53 |     SelectInt.check("bar");
   |               ^^^^^ the trait `AsExpression<Integer>` is not implemented for `&str`
   |
   = help: the trait `AsExpression<Integer>` is not implemented for `&str`
           but trait `AsExpression<Text>` is implemented for it
   = help: for that trait implementation, expected `Text`, found `Integer`

The first error message includes a somewhat confusing error message about the relationship of &str and Expression, as well as the unsatisfied trait bound in the blanket impl. After adding #[diagnostic::do_no_recommend], it no longer considers the blanket impl for the recommendation. The message should be a little clearer, with an indication that a string cannot be converted to an Integer.