fast_callable improvements (followup for #5093)

[robertwb]

The code at #5093 is very good and ready to go in, but there are several improvements that have been suggested and agreed work on at a later date. They are posted here so we can merge and close the other ticket.

Specifically,

Not fixed:

• Robert's suggestion: an option that uses a fast domain, if it's there, but ignores the domain parameter if it's not (I don't mind the idea, and the implementation is easy; what should the syntax be? Part of my problem picking a syntax is that I don't want to promise that a specialized interpreter is always faster than the Python-object interpreter, so I don't particularly want to use the word "fast" in any option names.)

• fast_callable on list,tuple,vector,matrix arguments

• any interaction with deprecate substitution via __call__ w/ unnamed arguments #5413 (my plan is to wait until either rewrite fast_float to support more datatypes #5093 or deprecate substitution via __call__ w/ unnamed arguments #5413 gets a positive review, then fix the other one to match)

• fast_callable on constant arguments (waiting for a spec from Jason!)

• fast_callable of a zero multivariate polynomial returns a zero of the base ring, without paying attention to the types of the arguments

Component: basic arithmetic

Issue created by migration from https://trac.sagemath.org/ticket/5571

[sagetrac-cwitty]

comment:1

Duplicate of #5572