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<ol class="chapter"><li class="chapter-item expanded affix "><a href="index.html">介绍</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="chapter_1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.</strong> 初探Rust</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="docs/chapter_2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.1.</strong> 部署Rust环境</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="docs/chapter_3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.2.</strong> 在VSCode中配置Rust工程</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="docs/chapter_4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">1.3.</strong> Hello World</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="chapter_5.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.</strong> Rust基础入门</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="docs/chapter_6.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.1.</strong> 变量和重影</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="docs/chapter_7.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.2.</strong> 数据类型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="docs/chapter_8.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.3.</strong> 函数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="docs/chapter_9.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.4.</strong> 条件语句</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="docs/chapter_10.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.5.</strong> 循环</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="docs/chapter_11.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.6.</strong> 所有权</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="docs/chapter_12.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.7.</strong> 切片</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="docs/chapter_13.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.8.</strong> 结构体</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="docs/chapter_14.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.9.</strong> 集合</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="docs/chapter_15.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.10.</strong> 错误管理</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="docs/chapter_16.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.11.</strong> 组织管理</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="docs/chapter_17.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.12.</strong> 泛型</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="docs/chapter_18.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.13.</strong> 命令行参数</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="docs/chapter_19.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.14.</strong> 猜数字游戏</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="docs/enum.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">2.15.</strong> 枚举</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="chapter_20.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.</strong> Rust网络相关</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="request/r1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.1.</strong> Reqwest GET请求</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="request/r2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.2.</strong> Reqwest 字符串匹配</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="request/r3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.3.</strong> Reqwest 发送POST请求（Json数据）</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="request/r4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.4.</strong> Reqwest 发送POST请求（其他数据）</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="request/r5.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.5.</strong> Reqwest 请求头</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="request/r6.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">3.6.</strong> Reqwest 超时</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dc1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.</strong> Rust文件处理</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="docs/file_1.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.1.</strong> 文件读写</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="docs/file_2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.2.</strong> 删除文件</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="docs/file_3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">4.3.</strong> Json处理</a></li></ol></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dc2.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">5.</strong> Rust项目</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dc3.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">6.</strong> 附录</a></li><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="dc4.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.</strong> 常用库的使用</a></li><li><ol class="section"><li class="chapter-item expanded "><a href="docs/Colored.html"><strong aria-hidden="true">7.1.</strong> Colored：在终端输出彩色文字</a></li></ol></li></ol>
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<h1 class="menu-title">Rust - 渗透之美</h1>
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<h1 id="介绍"><a class="header" href="#介绍">介绍</a></h1>
<ul>
<li>
<p>论坛：<a href="https://www.xxe.one/">https://www.xxe.one/</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>本资料网址： <a href="https://blackrust.xxe.one/">https://blackrust.xxe.one/</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>修订时间：未完成</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>反馈：请提Issues</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="简介"><a class="header" href="#简介">简介</a></h2>
<p>本资料以【黑帽】为切入点，使用Rust开发【渗透测试】所需要的工具。</p>
<p>在基础教学的同时，我们还有：</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>模拟项目</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>专题</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>开源库推荐</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="开源说明"><a class="header" href="#开源说明">开源说明</a></h2>
<p>我们使用MIT License许可协议。</p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="初探rust"><a class="header" href="#初探rust">初探Rust</a></h1>
<blockquote>
<p>Rust 语言是一种高效、可靠的通用高级语言。其高效不仅限于开发效率，它的执行效率也是令人称赞的，是一种少有的兼顾开发效率和执行效率的语言。</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id=""><a class="header" href="#"><img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/0x0021h/imghost@main/uPic/g2hgv9.jpg" alt="" /></a></h2>
<h2 id="rust语言的特点"><a class="header" href="#rust语言的特点">Rust语言的特点</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>高性能</strong> - Rust 速度惊人且内存利用率极高。由于没有运行时和垃圾回收，它能够胜任对性能要求特别高的服务，可以在嵌入式设备上运行，还能轻松和其他语言集成。 </p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>可靠性</strong> - Rust 丰富的类型系统和所有权模型保证了内存安全和线程安全，让您在编译期就能够消除各种各样的错误。 </p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>生产力</strong> - Rust 拥有出色的文档、友好的编译器和清晰的错误提示信息， 还集成了一流的工具：包管理器和构建工具， 智能地自动补全和类型检验的多编辑器支持， 以及自动格式化代码等等。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Rust</strong> 速度惊人且内存利用率极高。 由于没有运行时和垃圾回收，它能够胜任对性能要求特别高的服务，可以在嵌入式设备上运行，还能轻松和其他语言集成。 <strong>Rust</strong> 丰富的类型系统和所有权模型保证了内存安全和线程安全，让您在编译期就能够消除各种各样的错误。</p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="部署rust环境"><a class="header" href="#部署rust环境">部署Rust环境</a></h1>
<h2 id="在-linux-或-macos-上安装-rustup"><a class="header" href="#在-linux-或-macos-上安装-rustup">在 Linux 或 MacOS 上安装 <code>rustup</code></a></h2>
<pre><code>curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh
</code></pre>
<h2 id="在其他操作系统安装"><a class="header" href="#在其他操作系统安装">在其他操作系统安装</a></h2>
<p>请参考官方<a href="https://forge.rust-lang.org/infra/other-installation-methods.html">文档</a>。</p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="在vscode中配置rust工程"><a class="header" href="#在vscode中配置rust工程">在VSCode中配置Rust工程</a></h1>
<h2 id="vscode插件推荐"><a class="header" href="#vscode插件推荐">VSCode插件推荐</a></h2>
<p>搜索Rust，安装最上面两个即可：</p>
<p><img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/0x0021h/imghost@main/uPic/cN6h02.png" alt="" /></p>
<p>第一个是官方的Rust，第二个是社区的<code>rust-analyer</code>，许多官方插件的问题在这里得到了解决。</p>
<h2 id="创建rust工程"><a class="header" href="#创建rust工程">创建Rust工程</a></h2>
<p>Cargo是一个不错的构建工具，如果使VSCode与它相配合，那么这将会是一个十分便捷的开发环境。</p>
<pre><code>cargo new HelloWorld
</code></pre>
<p>早期的 <code>cargo</code> 在创建项目时，必须添加 <code>--bin</code> 的参数，如下所示：</p>
<pre><code>cargo new HelloWorld --bin
</code></pre>
<p>现在的版本，已经无需此参数，<code>cargo</code> 默认就创建 <code>bin</code> 类型的项目。</p>
<h2 id="运行项目"><a class="header" href="#运行项目">运行项目</a></h2>
<pre><code>cargo run
</code></pre>
<p>二进制文件在这里：</p>
<pre><code>./target/debug/
</code></pre>
<h2 id="快速检查代码是否存在错误"><a class="header" href="#快速检查代码是否存在错误">快速检查代码是否存在错误</a></h2>
<pre><code>cargo check
</code></pre>
<h2 id="定义项目依赖"><a class="header" href="#定义项目依赖">定义项目依赖</a></h2>
<p>Cargo.toml文件：</p>
<pre><code>[dependencies]
rand = "0.3"
hammer = { version = "0.5.0"}
color = { git = "https://github.com/bjz/color-rs" }
geometry = { path = "crates/geometry" }
</code></pre>
<p>将依赖信息添加在这里即可。</p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="hello-world"><a class="header" href="#hello-world">Hello World</a></h1>
<p>让我们开始编写第一个Rust程序！</p>
<p>Rust 语言代码文件后缀名为 <code>.rs</code>，如： <code>hello.rs</code></p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
println!("Hello World!");
}
</code></pre></pre>
<p>Rust 输出文字的方式主要有两种：<code>println!()</code> 和<code> print!()</code>。这两个函数都是向命令行输出字符串的方法，区别仅在于前者会在输出的最后附加输出一个换行符。</p>
<p><img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/0x0021h/imghost@main/uPic/5q2uSE.png" alt="" /></p>
<p><img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/0x0021h/imghost@main/uPic/ZeNUAD.png" alt="" /></p>
<pre><code>cd HelloWorld
cargo run
</code></pre>
<p>我们可以看到，程序已经程序执行：</p>
<p><img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/0x0021h/imghost@main/uPic/IbNHJz.png" alt="" /></p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="rust基础入门"><a class="header" href="#rust基础入门">Rust基础入门</a></h1>
<p>现在，正式学习Rust！</p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="变量和重影"><a class="header" href="#变量和重影">变量和重影</a></h1>
<h2 id="变量"><a class="header" href="#变量">变量</a></h2>
<blockquote>
<p>Rust 是强类型语言，但具有自动判断变量类型的能力。这很容易让人与弱类型语言产生混淆。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>如果要声明变量，需要使用 let 关键字：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>let x = 3;
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>在声明后，以下写法是被禁止的：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span> x = 3.14;
x = "Hello";
x = 5;
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>第一行是因为当声明x后，就被确定为【整型】，不能把字符串类型的值赋给它。</p>
<p>第二行的错误在于自动转换数字精度有损失，Rust 语言不允许精度有损失的自动数据类型转换。</p>
<p>第三行的错误在于 a 不是个可变变量。</p>
<p>如何让变量【可变】？</p>
<blockquote>
<p>这只需要一个<code>mut</code>关键字。</p>
</blockquote>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>let mut x = 3;
let mut x = 456;
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>这样写是正确的。</p>
<h2 id="常量与不可变变量"><a class="header" href="#常量与不可变变量">常量与不可变变量</a></h2>
<p>在 Rust 中，以下程序是合法的：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>let a = 123;
let a = 456;
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>但是如果 a 是常量就不合法：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>const a: i32 = 123;
let a = 456;
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>变量的值可以【重新绑定】，但是在【重新绑定】前不能私自改变。</p>
<h2 id="重影shadowing"><a class="header" href="#重影shadowing">重影（Shadowing）</a></h2>
<p>重影就是指变量的名称可以被重新使用的机制：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
let x = 86;
let x = x + 243;
let x = x * 245;
println!("The value of x is: {}", x);
}
</code></pre></pre>
<p>这个程序可以正常运行。</p>
<p>重影与可变变量的赋值不是一个概念，重影是指用同一个名字重新代表另一个变量实体。</p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="数据类型"><a class="header" href="#数据类型">数据类型</a></h1>
<h2 id="数值类型"><a class="header" href="#数值类型">数值类型</a></h2>
<h4 id="整数类型"><a class="header" href="#整数类型">整数类型</a></h4>
<p>下表显示了 Rust 中的内置的整数类型：</p>
<table><thead><tr><th>长度</th><th>有符号类型</th><th>无符号类型</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>8 位</td><td><code>i8</code></td><td><code>u8</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>16 位</td><td><code>i16</code></td><td><code>u16</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>32 位</td><td><code>i32</code></td><td><code>u32</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>64 位</td><td><code>i64</code></td><td><code>u64</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>128-位</td><td><code>i128</code></td><td><code>u128</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>视架构而定</td><td><code>isize</code></td><td><code>usize</code></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>整型字面量可以用下表的形式书写：</p>
<table><thead><tr><th>数字字面量</th><th>示例</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr><td>十进制</td><td><code>98_222</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>十六进制</td><td><code>0xff</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>八进制</td><td><code>0o77</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>二进制</td><td><code>0b1111_0000</code></td></tr>
<tr><td>字节 (仅限于 <code>u8</code>)</td><td><code>b'A'</code></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 id="浮点类型"><a class="header" href="#浮点类型">浮点类型</a></h3>
<p>浮点类型数字是带有小数点的数字：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
let x = 2.0; // f64
let y: f32 = 3.0; // f32
}
</code></pre></pre>
<p>浮点数根据 <code>IEEE-754</code> 标准实现。<code>f32</code> 类型是单精度浮点型，<code>f64</code> 为双精度。</p>
<h2 id="数字运算"><a class="header" href="#数字运算">数字运算</a></h2>
<p>Rust 支持所有数字类型的基本数学运算：加法、减法、乘法、除法和取模运算。下面代码各使用一条 <code>let</code> 语句来说明相应运算的用法：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
// 加法
let sum = 5 + 10;
// 减法
let difference = 95.5 - 4.3;
// 乘法
let product = 4 * 30;
// 除法
let quotient = 56.7 / 32.2;
// 求余
let remainder = 43 % 5;
}
</code></pre></pre>
<h2 id="字符类型char"><a class="header" href="#字符类型char">字符类型(char)</a></h2>
<p>下面的代码展示了几个颇具异域风情的字符：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
let c = 'z';
let z = 'ℤ';
let g = '国';
let heart_eyed_cat = '😻';
}
</code></pre></pre>
<h2 id="布尔bool"><a class="header" href="#布尔bool">布尔(bool)</a></h2>
<p>Rust 中的布尔类型有两个可能的值：<code>true</code> 和 <code>false</code>, 布尔值占用内存的大小为 <code>1</code> 个字节：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
let t = true;
let f: bool = false; // 使用类型标注,显式指定f的类型
if f {
println!("这是段毫无意义的代码");
}
}
</code></pre></pre>
<p>使用布尔类型的场景主要在于流程控制，例如上述代码的中的 <code>if</code> 就是其中之一。</p>
<h2 id="单元类型"><a class="header" href="#单元类型">单元类型</a></h2>
<p>单元类型就是 <code>()</code> ，对，你没看错，就是 <code>()</code> ，唯一的值也是 <code>()</code> ，一些读者读到这里可能就不愿意了，你也太敷衍了吧，管这叫类型？</p>
<p>只能说，再不起眼的东西，都有其用途，在目前为止的学习过程中，大家已经看到过很多次 <code>fn main()</code> 函数的使用吧？那么这个函数返回什么呢？</p>
<p>没错， <code>main</code> 函数就返回这个单元类型 <code>()</code>，你不能说 <code>main</code> 函数无返回值，因为没有返回值的函数在 Rust 中是有单独的定义的：<code>发散函数</code>，顾名思义，无法收敛的函数。</p>
<p>例如常见的 <code>println!()</code> 的返回值也是单元类型 <code>()</code>。</p>
<p>再比如，你可以用 <code>()</code> 作为 <code>map</code> 的值，表示我们不关注具体的值，只关注 <code>key</code>。 这种用法和 Go 语言的 <em><strong>struct{}</strong></em> 类似，可以作为一个值用来占位，但是完全<strong>不占用</strong>任何内存。</p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="函数"><a class="header" href="#函数">函数</a></h1>
<h2 id="函数的基本形式"><a class="header" href="#函数的基本形式">函数的基本形式</a></h2>
<pre><code>fn <函数名> ( <参数> ) <函数体>
</code></pre>
<p>示例：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
println!("Wow,Rust!");
ans_function();
}
fn ans_function() {
println!("Aha...Rust?");
}
</code></pre></pre>
<p>我们在<code>main</code>函数中调用了<code>ans_function</code>函数，程序输出如下：</p>
<pre><code>Wow,Rust!
Aha...Rust?
</code></pre>
<h2 id="函数参数"><a class="header" href="#函数参数">函数参数</a></h2>
<p>Rust 是强类型语言，因此需要你为每一个函数参数都标识出它的具体类型，例如：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
another_function(5, 6.1);
}
fn another_function(x: i32, y: f32) {
println!("The value of x is: {}", x);
println!("The value of y is: {}", y);
}
</code></pre></pre>
<p><code>another_function</code> 函数有两个参数，其中 <code>x</code> 是 <code>i32</code> 类型，<code>y</code> 是 <code>f32</code> 类型，然后在该函数内部，打印出这两个值。这里去掉 <code>x</code> 或者 <code>y</code> 的任何一个的类型，都会报错：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
another_function(5, 6.1);
}
fn another_function(x: i32, y) {
println!("The value of x is: {}", x);
println!("The value of y is: {}", y);
}
</code></pre></pre>
<p>错误如下：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>error: expected one of `:`, `@`, or `|`, found `)`
--> src/main.rs:5:30
|
5 | fn another_function(x: i32, y) {
| ^ expected one of `:`, `@`, or `|` // 期待以下符号之一 `:`, `@`, or `|`
|
= note: anonymous parameters are removed in the 2018 edition (see RFC 1685)
// 匿名参数在 Rust 2018 edition 中就已经移除
help: if this is a parameter name, give it a type // 如果y是一个参数名，请给予它一个类型
|
5 | fn another_function(x: i32, y: TypeName) {
| ~~~~~~~~~~~
help: if this is a type, explicitly ignore the parameter name // 如果y是一个类型，请使用_忽略参数名
|
5 | fn another_function(x: i32, _: y) {
| ~~~~
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<h3 id="函数返回值"><a class="header" href="#函数返回值">函数返回值</a></h3>
<p>在函数体中，随时都可以以 return 关键字结束函数运行并返回一个类型合适的值。这也是最接近大多数开发者经验的做法：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>fn add(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
return a + b;
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>注意：<strong>函数体表达式并不能等同于函数体，它不能使用 return关键字</strong>。</p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="条件语句"><a class="header" href="#条件语句">条件语句</a></h1>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="结构体"><a class="header" href="#结构体">结构体</a></h1>
<blockquote>
<p>示例：计算长方形面积</p>
</blockquote>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">#[derive(Debug)]
struct Rectangle{
width: u32,
length: u32,
}
fn main(){
let rect = Rectangle{
width = 30,
length = 50,
};
println!("{}",area(rect));
println!("{:#?}");
}
fn area(rect: &Rectangle) -> {
rect.width*rect.length
}
</code></pre></pre>
<p><img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/0x0021h/imghost@main/uPic/TgvLd8.png" alt="" /></p>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="命令行参数"><a class="header" href="#命令行参数">命令行参数</a></h1>
<blockquote>
<p>我们使用clap库。</p>
</blockquote>
<pre><code>[dependencies]
clap = "~2.27.0"
</code></pre>
<p>示例代码：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">use clap::{Arg,App};
fn main(){
let app: clap::App = App::new("Program")
.version("1.0")
.about("My program")
.author("Myself")
.arg(
Arg::with_name("name")
.short("n")
.long("name")
.takes_value(true)
.help("Get name")
.required(true)
)
.arg(
Arg::with_name("message")
.short("m")
.long("message")
.takes_value(true)
.help("Message!")
.required(true)
);
let matches: clap::ArgMatches = app.get_matches();
let name: &str = matches.value_of("name").unwarp();
let message: &str = matchs.value_of("message").unwarp();
println!("{} {}",message,name);
}
</code></pre></pre>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="枚举"><a class="header" href="#枚举">枚举</a></h1>
<h4 id="option-枚举"><a class="header" href="#option-枚举">Option 枚举</a></h4>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>enum Option<T> {
Some(T),
None,
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>如果你想定义一个可以为空值的类，可以这样：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>let opt = Option::Some("Hello");
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>示范代码：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
let opt = Option::Some("Hello");
match opt {
Option::Some(something) => {
println!("{}", something);
},
Option::None => {
println!("opt is nothing");
}
}
}
</code></pre></pre>
<p>初始值为空的 Option 必须明确类型：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
let opt: Option<&str> = Option::None;
match opt {
Option::Some(something) => {
println!("{}", something);
},
Option::None => {
println!("opt is nothing");
}
}
}
</code></pre></pre>
<h2 id="match"><a class="header" href="#match">match</a></h2>
<p>Rust 通过 match 语句来实现分支结构：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">fn main() {
enum Book {
Papery {index: u32},
Electronic {url: String},
}
let book = Book::Papery{index: 1001};
let ebook = Book::Electronic{url: String::from("url...")};
match book {
Book::Papery { index } => {
println!("Papery book {}", index);
},
Book::Electronic { url } => {
println!("E-book {}", url);
}
}
}
</code></pre></pre>
<p>如果把枚举类附加属性定义成元组，在 match 块中需要临时指定一个名字：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>enum Book {
Papery(u32),
Electronic {url: String},
}
let book = Book::Papery(1001);
match book {
Book::Papery(i) => {
println!("{}", i);
},
Book::Electronic { url } => {
println!("{}", url);
}
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<h2 id="iflet"><a class="header" href="#iflet">if...let</a></h2>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span>
<span class="boring">fn main() {
</span><span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="reqwest-get请求"><a class="header" href="#reqwest-get请求">Reqwest GET请求</a></h1>
<h2 id="发起get请求"><a class="header" href="#发起get请求">发起GET请求</a></h2>
<p>首先，我们需要在<code>cargo.toml</code>添加：</p>
<pre><code>[dependencies]
reqwest = { version = "0.11", features = ["json"] } # reqwest with JSON parsing support
futures = "0.3" # for our async / await blocks
tokio = { version = "1.12.0", features = ["full"] } # for our async runtime
</code></pre>
<p>尝试请求Spotify的API：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">use reqwest;
// tokio let's us use "async" on our main function
#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
// chaining .await will yield our query result
let result = reqwest::get("https://api.spotify.com/v1/search").await
}
</code></pre></pre>
<p>好的，打印输出看看：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>println!("{:?}", result)
// 👉 Ok(Response { url: Url { scheme: "https", cannot_be_a_base: false, username: "", password: None, host: Some(Domain("api.spotify.com")), port: None, path: "/v1/search", query: None, fragment: None }, status: 401, headers: {"www-authenticate": "Bearer realm=\"spotify\"", "access-control-allow-origin": "*", "access-control-allow-headers": "Accept, App-Platform, Authorization...
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>嗯，我们收到的数据比预期的要多。</p>
<h2 id="statuscode匹配"><a class="header" href="#statuscode匹配">StatusCode匹配</a></h2>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>match response.status() {
reqwest::StatusCode::OK => {
println!("Success! {:?}");
},
reqwest::StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED => {
println!("Need to grab a new token");
},
_ => {
panic!("Uh oh! Something unexpected happened.");
},
};
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<h2 id="解析响应正文"><a class="header" href="#解析响应正文">解析响应正文</a></h2>
<p>我们需要指定函数<code>.text()</code>。</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
let response = reqwest::get("https://api.spotify.com/v1/search")
.await
// each response is wrapped in a `Result` type
// we'll unwrap here for simplicity
.unwrap()
.text()
.await;
println!("{:?}", response);
}
// 👉 Ok("{\n \"error\": {\n \"status\": 401,\n \"message\": \"No token provided\"\n }\n}")
</code></pre></pre>
<p>回应401，这很正常，因为没有提供Token。</p>
<p>将内容类型指定为标题：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
let client = reqwest::Client::new();
let response = client
.get("https://api.spotify.com/v1/search")
// confirm the request using send()
.send()
.await
// the rest is the same!
.unwrap()
.text()
.await;
println!("{:?}", response);
}
</code></pre></pre>
<p>现在我们有了<code>client</code>，可添加Header：</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>let response = client
.get("https://api.spotify.com/v1/search")
.header(AUTHORIZATION, "Bearer [AUTH_TOKEN]")
.header(CONTENT_TYPE, "application/json")
.header(ACCEPT, "application/json")
.send()
...
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p><code>[AUTH_TOKEN]</code>需要替换为您的Token。</p>
<p>得到一个错误<code>400 bad request</code>，而不是 401。这是因为我们还没有指定要搜索的内容。</p>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>let url = format!(
"https://api.spotify.com/v1/search?q={query}&type=track,artist",
// go check out her latest album. It's 🔥
query = "Little Simz"
);
// the rest is the same as before!
let client = reqwest::Client::new();
let response = client
.get(url)
.header(AUTHORIZATION, "Bearer [AUTH_TOKEN]")
.header(CONTENT_TYPE, "application/json")
.header(ACCEPT, "application/json")
.send()
.await
.unwrap();
println!("Success! {:?}", response)
// 👉 Ok("{\n \"artists\" : {\n \"href\" : \"https://api.spotify.com/v1/search?query=Lil+Simz&type=artist&offset=0&limit=20\",\n \"items\" : [ {\n \"external_urls\"...
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<h2 id="反序列化为json"><a class="header" href="#反序列化为json">反序列化为Json</a></h2>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
struct ExternalUrls {
spotify: String,
}
#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
struct Artist {
name: String,
external_urls: ExternalUrls,
}
#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
struct Album {
name: String,
artists: Vec<Artist>,
external_urls: ExternalUrls,
}
#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
struct Track {
name: String,
href: String,
popularity: u32,
album: Album,
external_urls: ExternalUrls,
}
#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
struct Items<T> {
items: Vec<T>,
}
#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
struct APIResponse {
tracks: Items<Track>,
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<p>添加serde：</p>
<pre><code>[dependencies]
...
serde = { version = "1.0", features = ["derive"] }
serde_json = "1.0"
</code></pre>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>let response = client
.get(url)
...
match response.status() {
reqwest::StatusCode::OK => {
// on success, parse our JSON to an APIResponse
match response.json::<APIResponse>().await {
Ok(parsed) => println!("Success! {:?}", parsed),
Err(_) => println!("Hm, the response didn't match the shape we expected."),
};
}
reqwest::StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED => {
println!("Need to grab a new token");
}
other => {
panic!("Uh oh! Something unexpected happened: {:?}", other);
}
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="reqwest-字符串匹配"><a class="header" href="#reqwest-字符串匹配">Reqwest 字符串匹配</a></h1>
<blockquote>
<p>使用<code>.query</code>即可。</p>
</blockquote>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>let client = reqwest::Client::builder()
.build()?;
let res = client
.get("http://httpbin.org")
.query(&[("foo", "bar")])
.send()?;
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="reqwest-发送post请求json数据"><a class="header" href="#reqwest-发送post请求json数据">Reqwest 发送POST请求（Json数据）</a></h1>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">
<span class="boring">#![allow(unused)]
</span><span class="boring">fn main() {
</span>let mut map = HashMap::new();
map.insert("foo", "bar");
map.insert("buzz", "blah");
...
.json(&map)
<span class="boring">}
</span></code></pre></pre>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use std::collections::HashMap;
#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
struct Person {
first_name: String,
last_name: String,
}
#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
struct PersonResponse {
data: String,
method: String,
headers: HashMap<String, String>
}
#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
let p = Person {
first_name: "Foo".into(),
last_name: "Bar".into(),
};
let res = reqwest::Client::new()
.post("https://httpbin.org/anything")
.json(&p)
.send()
.await?;
let js = res
.json::<PersonResponse>()
.await?;
let person: Person = serde_json::from_str(&js.data)?;
println!("{:#?}", person);
println!("Headers: {:#?}", js.headers);
Ok(())
}
</code></pre></pre>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="reqwest-发送post请求其他数据"><a class="header" href="#reqwest-发送post请求其他数据">Reqwest 发送POST请求（其他数据）</a></h1>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
struct Person {
first_name: String,
last_name: String,
}
#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
let p = Person {
first_name: "Foo".into(),
last_name: "Bar".into(),
};
let res = reqwest::Client::new()
.post("https://httpbin.org/anything")
.form(&p)
.send()
.await?;
let t = res
.text()
.await?;
println!("{}", t);
// $ cargo run
// Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.09s
// Running `target/debug/reqwest-tut`
// {
// "args": {},
// "data": "",
// "files": {},
// "form": {
// "first_name": "Foo",
// "last_name": "Bar"
// },
// "headers": {
// "Accept": "*/*",
// "Content-Length": "28",
// "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
// "Host": "httpbin.org",
// "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-60453174-384d97870199933007fbb388"
// },
// "json": null,
// "method": "POST",
// "origin": "125.125.104.53",
// "url": "https://httpbin.org/anything"
// }
//
//
Ok(())
}
</code></pre></pre>
<div style="break-before: page; page-break-before: always;"></div><h1 id="reqwest-请求头"><a class="header" href="#reqwest-请求头">Reqwest 请求头</a></h1>
<blockquote>
<p>使用<code>header(..,..)</code>方法即可。</p>
</blockquote>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
let client = reqwest::Client::builder()
.build()?;
let res = client
.post("https://httpbin.org/anything")
.body("arbitrary text")
.header("X-Person-First", "Foo!")
.header("X-Person-Last", "Bar!!")
.send()
.await?;
let t = res
.text()
.await?;
println!("{}", t);
// {
// "args": {},
// "data": "arbitrary text",
// "files": {},
// "form": {},
// "headers": {
// "Accept": "*/*",
// "Content-Length": "14",
// "Host": "httpbin.org",
// "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-604538df-218a5bb97264e7130c298b23",
// "X-Person-First": "Foo!",
// "X-Person-Last": "Bar!!"
// },
// "json": null,
// "method": "POST",
// "origin": "49.206.4.160",
// "url": "https://httpbin.org/anything"
// }
Ok(())
}
</code></pre></pre>
<h2 id="默认请求头"><a class="header" href="#默认请求头">默认请求头</a></h2>
<pre><pre class="playground"><code class="language-rust">use reqwest::header;
#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), reqwest::Error> {
let mut headers = header::HeaderMap::new();
headers.insert("X-HEADER-1", header::HeaderValue::from_static("val1"));
headers.insert("X-HEADER-2", header::HeaderValue::from_static("val2"));
let client = reqwest::Client::builder()
.default_headers(headers)
.build()?;
let res = client
.get("https://httpbin.org/anything")
.body("whatever")
.header("X-HEADER-1", "overriden val1")
.send()
.await?;
println!("{}", res.text().await?);