diff --git a/sphinx/environment/__init__.py b/sphinx/environment/__init__.py
index 5627828f9e1..b3d41e2d79f 100644
--- a/sphinx/environment/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/environment/__init__.py
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
 
 # This is increased every time an environment attribute is added
 # or changed to properly invalidate pickle files.
-ENV_VERSION = 63
+ENV_VERSION = 64
 
 # config status
 CONFIG_UNSET = -1
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ def __getstate__(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
         """Obtains serializable data for pickling."""
         __dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
         # clear unpickable attributes
-        __dict__.update(app=None, domains={}, events=None)
+        __dict__.update(app=None, domains=None, events=None)
         # clear in-memory doctree caches, to reduce memory consumption and
         # ensure that, upon restoring the state, the most recent pickled files
         # on the disk are used instead of those from a possibly outdated state
@@ -267,6 +267,10 @@ def setup(self, app: Sphinx) -> None:
         self.project = app.project
         self.version = app.registry.get_envversion(app)
 
+        # initialise domains
+        if self.domains is None:
+            # if we are unpickling an environment, we need to recreate the domains
+            self.domains = _DomainsType.from_environment(self)
         # setup domains (must do after all initialization)
         self.domains._setup_domains()
 
@@ -735,11 +739,40 @@ class _DomainsType:
     })  # fmt: skip
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_environment(cls, env: BuildEnvironment) -> Self:
-        registry = env.app.registry
+    def from_environment(cls, env: BuildEnvironment, /) -> Self:
+        create_domains = env.app.registry.create_domains
         # Initialise domains
-        domains = {domain.name: domain for domain in registry.create_domains(env)}
-        return cls(**domains)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        if domains := {domain.name: domain for domain in create_domains(env)}:
+            return cls(**domains)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+        return cls._from_environment_no_registry(env=env)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _from_environment_no_registry(cls, *, env: BuildEnvironment) -> Self:
+        """Return a default instance with every domain we require."""
+        from sphinx.domains.c import CDomain
+        from sphinx.domains.changeset import ChangeSetDomain
+        from sphinx.domains.citation import CitationDomain
+        from sphinx.domains.cpp import CPPDomain
+        from sphinx.domains.index import IndexDomain
+        from sphinx.domains.javascript import JavaScriptDomain
+        from sphinx.domains.math import MathDomain
+        from sphinx.domains.python import PythonDomain
+        from sphinx.domains.rst import ReSTDomain
+        from sphinx.domains.std import StandardDomain
+
+        return cls(
+            c=CDomain(env),
+            changeset=ChangeSetDomain(env),
+            citation=CitationDomain(env),
+            cpp=CPPDomain(env),
+            index=IndexDomain(env),
+            js=JavaScriptDomain(env),
+            math=MathDomain(env),
+            py=PythonDomain(env),
+            rst=ReSTDomain(env),
+            std=StandardDomain(env),
+        )
 
     def __init__(
         self,
diff --git a/sphinx/ext/autosummary/__init__.py b/sphinx/ext/autosummary/__init__.py
index a31911ba0f1..5a6a741f78c 100644
--- a/sphinx/ext/autosummary/__init__.py
+++ b/sphinx/ext/autosummary/__init__.py
@@ -58,11 +58,12 @@
 from inspect import Parameter
 from os import path
 from types import ModuleType
+from types import SimpleNamespace as Struct
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, ClassVar, cast
 
 from docutils import nodes
 from docutils.parsers.rst import directives
-from docutils.parsers.rst.states import RSTStateMachine, Struct, state_classes
+from docutils.parsers.rst.states import RSTStateMachine, state_classes
 from docutils.statemachine import StringList
 
 import sphinx
@@ -151,7 +152,7 @@ def autosummary_table_visit_html(self: HTML5Translator, node: autosummary_table)
 # -- autodoc integration -------------------------------------------------------
 
 class FakeApplication:
-    def __init__(self) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, *, registry: SphinxComponentRegistry) -> None:
         self.doctreedir = None
         self.events = None
         self.extensions: dict[str, Extension] = {}
@@ -159,13 +160,14 @@ def __init__(self) -> None:
         self.config = Config()
         self.project = Project('', {})
         self.registry = SphinxComponentRegistry()
+        # self.registry.domains |= registry.domains
 
 
 class FakeDirective(DocumenterBridge):
-    def __init__(self) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, *, registry: SphinxComponentRegistry) -> None:
         settings = Struct(tab_width=8)
         document = Struct(settings=settings)
-        app = FakeApplication()
+        app = FakeApplication(registry=registry)
         app.config.add('autodoc_class_signature', 'mixed', 'env', ())
         env = BuildEnvironment(app)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
         state = Struct(document=document)
@@ -192,10 +194,11 @@ def get_documenter(app: Sphinx, obj: Any, parent: Any) -> type[Documenter]:
     else:
         parent_doc_cls = ModuleDocumenter
 
+    bridge = FakeDirective(registry=app.registry)
     if hasattr(parent, '__name__'):
-        parent_doc = parent_doc_cls(FakeDirective(), parent.__name__)
+        parent_doc = parent_doc_cls(bridge, parent.__name__)
     else:
-        parent_doc = parent_doc_cls(FakeDirective(), "")
+        parent_doc = parent_doc_cls(bridge, "")
 
     # Get the correct documenter class for *obj*
     classes = [cls for cls in app.registry.documenters.values()
diff --git a/sphinx/testing/util.py b/sphinx/testing/util.py
index 9cf77d30439..58608dcdc7d 100644
--- a/sphinx/testing/util.py
+++ b/sphinx/testing/util.py
@@ -123,6 +123,8 @@ def __init__(
         # unknown keyword arguments
         **extras: Any,
     ) -> None:
+        self._buildername = buildername
+
         assert srcdir is not None
 
         if verbosity == -1:
@@ -209,7 +211,7 @@ def cleanup(self, doctrees: bool = False) -> None:
             os.remove(self.docutils_conf_path)
 
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f'<{self.__class__.__name__} buildername={self.builder.name!r}>'
+        return f'<{self.__class__.__name__} buildername={self._buildername!r}>'
 
     def build(self, force_all: bool = False, filenames: list[str] | None = None) -> None:
         self.env._pickled_doctree_cache.clear()
diff --git a/tests/js/fixtures/cpp/searchindex.js b/tests/js/fixtures/cpp/searchindex.js
index 78e5f761485..43c865de2f0 100644
--- a/tests/js/fixtures/cpp/searchindex.js
+++ b/tests/js/fixtures/cpp/searchindex.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Search.setIndex({"alltitles": {}, "docnames": ["index"], "envversion": {"sphinx": 63, "sphinx.domains.c": 3, "sphinx.domains.changeset": 1, "sphinx.domains.citation": 1, "sphinx.domains.cpp": 9, "sphinx.domains.index": 1, "sphinx.domains.javascript": 3, "sphinx.domains.math": 2, "sphinx.domains.python": 4, "sphinx.domains.rst": 2, "sphinx.domains.std": 2}, "filenames": ["index.rst"], "indexentries": {"sphinx (c++ class)": [[0, "_CPPv46Sphinx", false]]}, "objects": {"": [[0, 0, 1, "_CPPv46Sphinx", "Sphinx"]]}, "objnames": {"0": ["cpp", "class", "C++ class"]}, "objtypes": {"0": "cpp:class"}, "terms": {"The": 0, "becaus": 0, "c": 0, "can": 0, "cardin": 0, "challeng": 0, "charact": 0, "class": 0, "descript": 0, "drop": 0, "engin": 0, "fixtur": 0, "frequent": 0, "gener": 0, "i": 0, "index": 0, "inflat": 0, "mathemat": 0, "occur": 0, "often": 0, "project": 0, "punctuat": 0, "queri": 0, "relat": 0, "sampl": 0, "search": 0, "size": 0, "sphinx": 0, "term": 0, "thei": 0, "thi": 0, "token": 0, "us": 0, "web": 0, "would": 0}, "titles": ["&lt;no title&gt;"], "titleterms": {}})
\ No newline at end of file
+Search.setIndex({"alltitles": {}, "docnames": ["index"], "envversion": {"sphinx": 64, "sphinx.domains.c": 3, "sphinx.domains.changeset": 1, "sphinx.domains.citation": 1, "sphinx.domains.cpp": 9, "sphinx.domains.index": 1, "sphinx.domains.javascript": 3, "sphinx.domains.math": 2, "sphinx.domains.python": 4, "sphinx.domains.rst": 2, "sphinx.domains.std": 2}, "filenames": ["index.rst"], "indexentries": {"sphinx (c++ class)": [[0, "_CPPv46Sphinx", false]]}, "objects": {"": [[0, 0, 1, "_CPPv46Sphinx", "Sphinx"]]}, "objnames": {"0": ["cpp", "class", "C++ class"]}, "objtypes": {"0": "cpp:class"}, "terms": {"The": 0, "becaus": 0, "c": 0, "can": 0, "cardin": 0, "challeng": 0, "charact": 0, "class": 0, "descript": 0, "drop": 0, "engin": 0, "fixtur": 0, "frequent": 0, "gener": 0, "i": 0, "index": 0, "inflat": 0, "mathemat": 0, "occur": 0, "often": 0, "project": 0, "punctuat": 0, "queri": 0, "relat": 0, "sampl": 0, "search": 0, "size": 0, "sphinx": 0, "term": 0, "thei": 0, "thi": 0, "token": 0, "us": 0, "web": 0, "would": 0}, "titles": ["&lt;no title&gt;"], "titleterms": {}})
diff --git a/tests/js/fixtures/multiterm/searchindex.js b/tests/js/fixtures/multiterm/searchindex.js
index 96b093c5fda..7f9cfbbe3b1 100644
--- a/tests/js/fixtures/multiterm/searchindex.js
+++ b/tests/js/fixtures/multiterm/searchindex.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Search.setIndex({"alltitles": {"Main Page": [[0, null]]}, "docnames": ["index"], "envversion": {"sphinx": 63, "sphinx.domains.c": 3, "sphinx.domains.changeset": 1, "sphinx.domains.citation": 1, "sphinx.domains.cpp": 9, "sphinx.domains.index": 1, "sphinx.domains.javascript": 3, "sphinx.domains.math": 2, "sphinx.domains.python": 4, "sphinx.domains.rst": 2, "sphinx.domains.std": 2}, "filenames": ["index.rst"], "indexentries": {}, "objects": {}, "objnames": {}, "objtypes": {}, "terms": {"At": 0, "adjac": 0, "all": 0, "an": 0, "appear": 0, "applic": 0, "ar": 0, "built": 0, "can": 0, "check": 0, "contain": 0, "do": 0, "document": 0, "doesn": 0, "each": 0, "fixtur": 0, "format": 0, "function": 0, "futur": 0, "html": 0, "i": 0, "includ": 0, "match": 0, "messag": 0, "multipl": 0, "multiterm": 0, "order": 0, "other": 0, "output": 0, "perform": 0, "perhap": 0, "phrase": 0, "project": 0, "queri": 0, "requir": 0, "same": 0, "search": 0, "successfulli": 0, "support": 0, "t": 0, "term": 0, "test": 0, "thi": 0, "time": 0, "us": 0, "when": 0, "write": 0}, "titles": ["Main Page"], "titleterms": {"main": 0, "page": 0}})
\ No newline at end of file
+Search.setIndex({"alltitles": {"Main Page": [[0, null]]}, "docnames": ["index"], "envversion": {"sphinx": 64, "sphinx.domains.c": 3, "sphinx.domains.changeset": 1, "sphinx.domains.citation": 1, "sphinx.domains.cpp": 9, "sphinx.domains.index": 1, "sphinx.domains.javascript": 3, "sphinx.domains.math": 2, "sphinx.domains.python": 4, "sphinx.domains.rst": 2, "sphinx.domains.std": 2}, "filenames": ["index.rst"], "indexentries": {}, "objects": {}, "objnames": {}, "objtypes": {}, "terms": {"At": 0, "adjac": 0, "all": 0, "an": 0, "appear": 0, "applic": 0, "ar": 0, "built": 0, "can": 0, "check": 0, "contain": 0, "do": 0, "document": 0, "doesn": 0, "each": 0, "fixtur": 0, "format": 0, "function": 0, "futur": 0, "html": 0, "i": 0, "includ": 0, "match": 0, "messag": 0, "multipl": 0, "multiterm": 0, "order": 0, "other": 0, "output": 0, "perform": 0, "perhap": 0, "phrase": 0, "project": 0, "queri": 0, "requir": 0, "same": 0, "search": 0, "successfulli": 0, "support": 0, "t": 0, "term": 0, "test": 0, "thi": 0, "time": 0, "us": 0, "when": 0, "write": 0}, "titles": ["Main Page"], "titleterms": {"main": 0, "page": 0}})
diff --git a/tests/js/fixtures/partial/searchindex.js b/tests/js/fixtures/partial/searchindex.js
index b650c366e94..5b88a01d9ca 100644
--- a/tests/js/fixtures/partial/searchindex.js
+++ b/tests/js/fixtures/partial/searchindex.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Search.setIndex({"alltitles": {"sphinx_utils module": [[0, null]]}, "docnames": ["index"], "envversion": {"sphinx": 63, "sphinx.domains.c": 3, "sphinx.domains.changeset": 1, "sphinx.domains.citation": 1, "sphinx.domains.cpp": 9, "sphinx.domains.index": 1, "sphinx.domains.javascript": 3, "sphinx.domains.math": 2, "sphinx.domains.python": 4, "sphinx.domains.rst": 2, "sphinx.domains.std": 2}, "filenames": ["index.rst"], "indexentries": {}, "objects": {}, "objnames": {}, "objtypes": {}, "terms": {"ar": 0, "both": 0, "built": 0, "confirm": 0, "document": 0, "function": 0, "html": 0, "i": 0, "includ": 0, "input": 0, "javascript": 0, "match": 0, "partial": 0, "possibl": 0, "project": 0, "provid": 0, "restructuredtext": 0, "sampl": 0, "search": 0, "should": 0, "term": 0, "thi": 0, "titl": 0, "us": 0, "when": 0}, "titles": ["sphinx_utils module"], "titleterms": {"modul": 0, "sphinx_util": 0}})
\ No newline at end of file
+Search.setIndex({"alltitles": {"sphinx_utils module": [[0, null]]}, "docnames": ["index"], "envversion": {"sphinx": 64, "sphinx.domains.c": 3, "sphinx.domains.changeset": 1, "sphinx.domains.citation": 1, "sphinx.domains.cpp": 9, "sphinx.domains.index": 1, "sphinx.domains.javascript": 3, "sphinx.domains.math": 2, "sphinx.domains.python": 4, "sphinx.domains.rst": 2, "sphinx.domains.std": 2}, "filenames": ["index.rst"], "indexentries": {}, "objects": {}, "objnames": {}, "objtypes": {}, "terms": {"ar": 0, "both": 0, "built": 0, "confirm": 0, "document": 0, "function": 0, "html": 0, "i": 0, "includ": 0, "input": 0, "javascript": 0, "match": 0, "partial": 0, "possibl": 0, "project": 0, "provid": 0, "restructuredtext": 0, "sampl": 0, "search": 0, "should": 0, "term": 0, "thi": 0, "titl": 0, "us": 0, "when": 0}, "titles": ["sphinx_utils module"], "titleterms": {"modul": 0, "sphinx_util": 0}})
diff --git a/tests/js/fixtures/titles/searchindex.js b/tests/js/fixtures/titles/searchindex.js
index a084952248a..d488beae88d 100644
--- a/tests/js/fixtures/titles/searchindex.js
+++ b/tests/js/fixtures/titles/searchindex.js
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Search.setIndex({"alltitles": {"Main Page": [[0, null]], "Relevance": [[0, "relevance"], [1, null]], "Result Scoring": [[0, "result-scoring"]]}, "docnames": ["index", "relevance"], "envversion": {"sphinx": 63, "sphinx.domains.c": 3, "sphinx.domains.changeset": 1, "sphinx.domains.citation": 1, "sphinx.domains.cpp": 9, "sphinx.domains.index": 1, "sphinx.domains.javascript": 3, "sphinx.domains.math": 2, "sphinx.domains.python": 4, "sphinx.domains.rst": 2, "sphinx.domains.std": 2}, "filenames": ["index.rst", "relevance.rst"], "indexentries": {"example (class in relevance)": [[0, "relevance.Example", false]], "module": [[0, "module-relevance", false]], "relevance": [[0, "index-1", false], [0, "module-relevance", false]], "relevance (relevance.example attribute)": [[0, "relevance.Example.relevance", false]], "scoring": [[0, "index-0", true]]}, "objects": {"": [[0, 0, 0, "-", "relevance"]], "relevance": [[0, 1, 1, "", "Example"]], "relevance.Example": [[0, 2, 1, "", "relevance"]]}, "objnames": {"0": ["py", "module", "Python module"], "1": ["py", "class", "Python class"], "2": ["py", "attribute", "Python attribute"]}, "objtypes": {"0": "py:module", "1": "py:class", "2": "py:attribute"}, "terms": {"": [0, 1], "A": 1, "By": 0, "For": [0, 1], "In": [0, 1], "against": 0, "align": 0, "also": 1, "an": 0, "answer": 0, "appear": 1, "ar": 1, "area": 0, "ask": 0, "assign": 0, "attempt": 0, "attribut": 0, "both": 0, "built": 1, "can": [0, 1], "class": 0, "code": [0, 1], "collect": 0, "consid": 1, "contain": 0, "context": 0, "corpu": 1, "could": 1, "demonstr": 0, "describ": 1, "detail": 1, "determin": [0, 1], "docstr": 0, "document": [0, 1], "domain": 1, "dure": 0, "engin": 0, "evalu": 0, "exampl": [0, 1], "extract": 0, "feedback": 0, "find": 0, "found": 0, "from": 0, "function": 1, "ha": 1, "handl": 0, "happen": 1, "head": 0, "help": 0, "highli": [0, 1], "how": 0, "i": [0, 1], "improv": 0, "inform": 0, "intend": 0, "issu": [0, 1], "itself": 1, "knowledg": 0, "languag": 1, "less": 1, "like": [0, 1], "mani": 0, "match": 0, "mention": 1, "more": 0, "name": [0, 1], "numer": 0, "object": 0, "often": 0, "one": [0, 1], "onli": [0, 1], "order": 0, "other": 0, "over": 0, "page": 1, "part": 1, "particular": 0, "present": 0, "printf": 1, "program": 1, "project": 0, "queri": [0, 1], "question": 0, "re": 0, "rel": 0, "research": 0, "result": 1, "retriev": 0, "sai": 0, "same": 1, "search": [0, 1], "seem": 0, "softwar": 1, "some": 1, "sphinx": 0, "straightforward": 1, "subject": 0, "subsect": 0, "term": [0, 1], "test": 0, "text": 0, "than": [0, 1], "thei": 0, "them": 0, "thi": 0, "time": 0, "titl": 0, "two": 0, "typic": 0, "us": 0, "user": [0, 1], "we": [0, 1], "when": 0, "whether": 1, "which": 0, "within": 0, "word": 0, "would": [0, 1]}, "titles": ["Main Page", "Relevance"], "titleterms": {"main": 0, "page": 0, "relev": [0, 1], "result": 0, "score": 0}})
\ No newline at end of file
+Search.setIndex({"alltitles": {"Main Page": [[0, null]], "Relevance": [[0, "relevance"], [1, null]], "Result Scoring": [[0, "result-scoring"]]}, "docnames": ["index", "relevance"], "envversion": {"sphinx": 64, "sphinx.domains.c": 3, "sphinx.domains.changeset": 1, "sphinx.domains.citation": 1, "sphinx.domains.cpp": 9, "sphinx.domains.index": 1, "sphinx.domains.javascript": 3, "sphinx.domains.math": 2, "sphinx.domains.python": 4, "sphinx.domains.rst": 2, "sphinx.domains.std": 2}, "filenames": ["index.rst", "relevance.rst"], "indexentries": {"example (class in relevance)": [[0, "relevance.Example", false]], "module": [[0, "module-relevance", false]], "relevance": [[0, "index-1", false], [0, "module-relevance", false]], "relevance (relevance.example attribute)": [[0, "relevance.Example.relevance", false]], "scoring": [[0, "index-0", true]]}, "objects": {"": [[0, 0, 0, "-", "relevance"]], "relevance": [[0, 1, 1, "", "Example"]], "relevance.Example": [[0, 2, 1, "", "relevance"]]}, "objnames": {"0": ["py", "module", "Python module"], "1": ["py", "class", "Python class"], "2": ["py", "attribute", "Python attribute"]}, "objtypes": {"0": "py:module", "1": "py:class", "2": "py:attribute"}, "terms": {"": [0, 1], "A": 1, "By": 0, "For": [0, 1], "In": [0, 1], "against": 0, "align": 0, "also": 1, "an": 0, "answer": 0, "appear": 1, "ar": 1, "area": 0, "ask": 0, "assign": 0, "attempt": 0, "attribut": 0, "both": 0, "built": 1, "can": [0, 1], "class": 0, "code": [0, 1], "collect": 0, "consid": 1, "contain": 0, "context": 0, "corpu": 1, "could": 1, "demonstr": 0, "describ": 1, "detail": 1, "determin": [0, 1], "docstr": 0, "document": [0, 1], "domain": 1, "dure": 0, "engin": 0, "evalu": 0, "exampl": [0, 1], "extract": 0, "feedback": 0, "find": 0, "found": 0, "from": 0, "function": 1, "ha": 1, "handl": 0, "happen": 1, "head": 0, "help": 0, "highli": [0, 1], "how": 0, "i": [0, 1], "improv": 0, "inform": 0, "intend": 0, "issu": [0, 1], "itself": 1, "knowledg": 0, "languag": 1, "less": 1, "like": [0, 1], "mani": 0, "match": 0, "mention": 1, "more": 0, "name": [0, 1], "numer": 0, "object": 0, "often": 0, "one": [0, 1], "onli": [0, 1], "order": 0, "other": 0, "over": 0, "page": 1, "part": 1, "particular": 0, "present": 0, "printf": 1, "program": 1, "project": 0, "queri": [0, 1], "question": 0, "re": 0, "rel": 0, "research": 0, "result": 1, "retriev": 0, "sai": 0, "same": 1, "search": [0, 1], "seem": 0, "softwar": 1, "some": 1, "sphinx": 0, "straightforward": 1, "subject": 0, "subsect": 0, "term": [0, 1], "test": 0, "text": 0, "than": [0, 1], "thei": 0, "them": 0, "thi": 0, "time": 0, "titl": 0, "two": 0, "typic": 0, "us": 0, "user": [0, 1], "we": [0, 1], "when": 0, "whether": 1, "which": 0, "within": 0, "word": 0, "would": [0, 1]}, "titles": ["Main Page", "Relevance"], "titleterms": {"main": 0, "page": 0, "relev": [0, 1], "result": 0, "score": 0}})
diff --git a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autosummary.py b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autosummary.py
index 007bed0975e..d1ea3d1ac96 100644
--- a/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autosummary.py
+++ b/tests/test_extensions/test_ext_autosummary.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 import sys
 from io import StringIO
-from pathlib import Path
 from unittest.mock import Mock, patch
 
 import pytest
@@ -37,7 +36,6 @@
     'extensions': ['sphinx.ext.autosummary'],
     'autosummary_generate': True,
     'autosummary_generate_overwrite': False,
-    'source_suffix': '.rst',
 }
 
 
@@ -219,13 +217,10 @@ def str_content(elem):
 def test_escaping(app):
     app.build(force_all=True)
 
-    outdir = Path(app.builder.outdir)
-
-    docpage = outdir / 'underscore_module_.xml'
+    docpage = app.builder.outdir / 'underscore_module_.xml'
     assert docpage.exists()
 
     title = etree_parse(docpage).find('section/title')
-
     assert str_content(title) == 'underscore_module_'