diff --git a/internal/cortex/querier/queryrange/query_range.go b/internal/cortex/querier/queryrange/query_range.go
index 371f8e6b92..97e5c349b1 100644
--- a/internal/cortex/querier/queryrange/query_range.go
+++ b/internal/cortex/querier/queryrange/query_range.go
@@ -225,12 +225,21 @@ func (prometheusCodec) MergeResponse(_ Request, responses ...Response) (Response
 	// Merge the responses.
 	sort.Sort(byFirstTime(promResponses))
 
+	var explanation *Explanation
+	for i := range promResponses {
+		if promResponses[i].Data.GetExplanation() != nil {
+			explanation = promResponses[i].Data.GetExplanation()
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
 	response := PrometheusResponse{
 		Status: StatusSuccess,
 		Data: PrometheusData{
-			ResultType: model.ValMatrix.String(),
-			Result:     matrixMerge(promResponses),
-			Stats:      StatsMerge(responses),
+			ResultType:  model.ValMatrix.String(),
+			Result:      matrixMerge(promResponses),
+			Stats:       StatsMerge(responses),
+			Explanation: explanation,
 		},
 	}
 
@@ -524,16 +533,19 @@ func (s *StringSample) UnmarshalJSON(b []byte) error {
 // UnmarshalJSON implements json.Unmarshaler.
 func (s *PrometheusInstantQueryData) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
 	var queryData struct {
-		ResultType string                   `json:"resultType"`
-		Result     jsoniter.RawMessage      `json:"result"`
-		Stats      *PrometheusResponseStats `json:"stats,omitempty"`
+		ResultType  string                   `json:"resultType"`
+		Result      jsoniter.RawMessage      `json:"result"`
+		Stats       *PrometheusResponseStats `json:"stats,omitempty"`
+		Explanation *Explanation             `json:"explanation,omitempty"`
 	}
 
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &queryData); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+
 	s.ResultType = queryData.ResultType
 	s.Stats = queryData.Stats
+	s.Explanation = queryData.Explanation
 	switch s.ResultType {
 	case model.ValVector.String():
 		var result struct {
@@ -593,46 +605,54 @@ func (s *PrometheusInstantQueryData) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 	switch s.ResultType {
 	case model.ValVector.String():
 		res := struct {
-			ResultType string                   `json:"resultType"`
-			Data       []*Sample                `json:"result"`
-			Stats      *PrometheusResponseStats `json:"stats,omitempty"`
+			ResultType  string                   `json:"resultType"`
+			Data        []*Sample                `json:"result"`
+			Stats       *PrometheusResponseStats `json:"stats,omitempty"`
+			Explanation *Explanation             `json:"explanation,omitempty"`
 		}{
-			ResultType: s.ResultType,
-			Data:       s.Result.GetVector().Samples,
-			Stats:      s.Stats,
+			ResultType:  s.ResultType,
+			Data:        s.Result.GetVector().Samples,
+			Stats:       s.Stats,
+			Explanation: s.Explanation,
 		}
 		return json.Marshal(res)
 	case model.ValMatrix.String():
 		res := struct {
-			ResultType string                   `json:"resultType"`
-			Data       []*SampleStream          `json:"result"`
-			Stats      *PrometheusResponseStats `json:"stats,omitempty"`
+			ResultType  string                   `json:"resultType"`
+			Data        []*SampleStream          `json:"result"`
+			Stats       *PrometheusResponseStats `json:"stats,omitempty"`
+			Explanation *Explanation             `json:"explanation,omitempty"`
 		}{
-			ResultType: s.ResultType,
-			Data:       s.Result.GetMatrix().SampleStreams,
-			Stats:      s.Stats,
+			ResultType:  s.ResultType,
+			Data:        s.Result.GetMatrix().SampleStreams,
+			Stats:       s.Stats,
+			Explanation: s.Explanation,
 		}
 		return json.Marshal(res)
 	case model.ValScalar.String():
 		res := struct {
-			ResultType string                   `json:"resultType"`
-			Data       *cortexpb.Sample         `json:"result"`
-			Stats      *PrometheusResponseStats `json:"stats,omitempty"`
+			ResultType  string                   `json:"resultType"`
+			Data        *cortexpb.Sample         `json:"result"`
+			Stats       *PrometheusResponseStats `json:"stats,omitempty"`
+			Explanation *Explanation             `json:"explanation,omitempty"`
 		}{
-			ResultType: s.ResultType,
-			Data:       s.Result.GetScalar(),
-			Stats:      s.Stats,
+			ResultType:  s.ResultType,
+			Data:        s.Result.GetScalar(),
+			Stats:       s.Stats,
+			Explanation: s.Explanation,
 		}
 		return json.Marshal(res)
 	case model.ValString.String():
 		res := struct {
-			ResultType string                   `json:"resultType"`
-			Data       *StringSample            `json:"result"`
-			Stats      *PrometheusResponseStats `json:"stats,omitempty"`
+			ResultType  string                   `json:"resultType"`
+			Data        *StringSample            `json:"result"`
+			Stats       *PrometheusResponseStats `json:"stats,omitempty"`
+			Explanation *Explanation             `json:"explanation,omitempty"`
 		}{
-			ResultType: s.ResultType,
-			Data:       s.Result.GetStringSample(),
-			Stats:      s.Stats,
+			ResultType:  s.ResultType,
+			Data:        s.Result.GetStringSample(),
+			Stats:       s.Stats,
+			Explanation: s.Explanation,
 		}
 		return json.Marshal(res)
 	default:
diff --git a/internal/cortex/querier/queryrange/query_range_test.go b/internal/cortex/querier/queryrange/query_range_test.go
index 1a8597151a..fbef87361f 100644
--- a/internal/cortex/querier/queryrange/query_range_test.go
+++ b/internal/cortex/querier/queryrange/query_range_test.go
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ func TestResponseWithStats(t *testing.T) {
 		expected *PrometheusResponse
 	}{
 		{
-			body: `{"status":"success","data":{"resultType":"matrix","result":[{"metric":{"foo":"bar"},"values":[[1536673680,"137"],[1536673780,"137"]]}],"stats":{"samples":{"totalQueryableSamples":10,"totalQueryableSamplesPerStep":[[1536673680,5],[1536673780,5]]}}}}`,
+			body: `{"status":"success","data":{"resultType":"matrix","result":[{"metric":{"foo":"bar"},"values":[[1536673680,"137"],[1536673780,"137"]]}],"stats":{"samples":{"totalQueryableSamples":10,"totalQueryableSamplesPerStep":[[1536673680,5],[1536673780,5]]}},"explanation":null}}`,
 			expected: &PrometheusResponse{
 				Status: "success",
 				Data: PrometheusData{
diff --git a/internal/cortex/querier/queryrange/queryrange.pb.go b/internal/cortex/querier/queryrange/queryrange.pb.go
index 1b57e8f3c2..0b97731181 100644
--- a/internal/cortex/querier/queryrange/queryrange.pb.go
+++ b/internal/cortex/querier/queryrange/queryrange.pb.go
@@ -336,6 +336,7 @@ type PrometheusData struct {
 	ResultType           string                   `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=ResultType,proto3" json:"resultType"`
 	Result               []SampleStream           `protobuf:"bytes,2,rep,name=Result,proto3" json:"result"`
 	Stats                *PrometheusResponseStats `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=stats,proto3" json:"stats,omitempty"`
+	Explanation          *Explanation             `protobuf:"bytes,4,opt,name=Explanation,proto3" json:"explanation"`
 	XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{}                 `json:"-"`
 	XXX_unrecognized     []byte                   `json:"-"`
 	XXX_sizecache        int32                    `json:"-"`
@@ -395,6 +396,13 @@ func (m *PrometheusData) GetStats() *PrometheusResponseStats {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (m *PrometheusData) GetExplanation() *Explanation {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.Explanation
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 type PrometheusInstantQueryResponse struct {
 	Status               string                      `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=Status,proto3" json:"status"`
 	Data                 PrometheusInstantQueryData  `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=Data,proto3" json:"data,omitempty"`
@@ -478,6 +486,7 @@ type PrometheusInstantQueryData struct {
 	ResultType           string                       `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=ResultType,proto3" json:"resultType"`
 	Result               PrometheusInstantQueryResult `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=Result,proto3" json:"result"`
 	Stats                *PrometheusResponseStats     `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=stats,proto3" json:"stats,omitempty"`
+	Explanation          *Explanation                 `protobuf:"bytes,4,opt,name=Explanation,proto3" json:"explanation"`
 	XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{}                     `json:"-"`
 	XXX_unrecognized     []byte                       `json:"-"`
 	XXX_sizecache        int32                        `json:"-"`
@@ -537,6 +546,13 @@ func (m *PrometheusInstantQueryData) GetStats() *PrometheusResponseStats {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (m *PrometheusInstantQueryData) GetExplanation() *Explanation {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.Explanation
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 type PrometheusInstantQueryResult struct {
 	// Types that are valid to be assigned to Result:
 	//
@@ -1445,6 +1461,61 @@ func (m *CachingOptions) GetDisabled() bool {
 	return false
 }
 
+type Explanation struct {
+	Name                 string         `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=name,proto3" json:"name"`
+	Children             []*Explanation `protobuf:"bytes,2,rep,name=children,proto3" json:"children"`
+	XXX_NoUnkeyedLiteral struct{}       `json:"-"`
+	XXX_unrecognized     []byte         `json:"-"`
+	XXX_sizecache        int32          `json:"-"`
+}
+
+func (m *Explanation) Reset()         { *m = Explanation{} }
+func (m *Explanation) String() string { return proto.CompactTextString(m) }
+func (*Explanation) ProtoMessage()    {}
+func (*Explanation) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return fileDescriptor_9af7607b46ac39b7, []int{22}
+}
+func (m *Explanation) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
+	return m.Unmarshal(b)
+}
+func (m *Explanation) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
+	if deterministic {
+		return xxx_messageInfo_Explanation.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
+	} else {
+		b = b[:cap(b)]
+		n, err := m.MarshalToSizedBuffer(b)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return b[:n], nil
+	}
+}
+func (m *Explanation) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
+	xxx_messageInfo_Explanation.Merge(m, src)
+}
+func (m *Explanation) XXX_Size() int {
+	return m.Size()
+}
+func (m *Explanation) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
+	xxx_messageInfo_Explanation.DiscardUnknown(m)
+}
+
+var xxx_messageInfo_Explanation proto.InternalMessageInfo
+
+func (m *Explanation) GetName() string {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.Name
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (m *Explanation) GetChildren() []*Explanation {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.Children
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func init() {
 	proto.RegisterType((*PrometheusRequestHeader)(nil), "queryrange.PrometheusRequestHeader")
 	proto.RegisterType((*PrometheusRequest)(nil), "queryrange.PrometheusRequest")
@@ -1468,6 +1539,7 @@ func init() {
 	proto.RegisterType((*CachedResponse)(nil), "queryrange.CachedResponse")
 	proto.RegisterType((*Extent)(nil), "queryrange.Extent")
 	proto.RegisterType((*CachingOptions)(nil), "queryrange.CachingOptions")
+	proto.RegisterType((*Explanation)(nil), "queryrange.Explanation")
 }
 
 func init() {
@@ -1475,92 +1547,97 @@ func init() {
 }
 
 var fileDescriptor_9af7607b46ac39b7 = []byte{
-	// 1357 bytes of a gzipped FileDescriptorProto
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+	0x46, 0x8c, 0x86, 0x1a, 0xc9, 0x13, 0x87, 0x22, 0xe9, 0x63, 0x21, 0x8c, 0x67, 0x2b, 0xaf, 0xf3,
+	0xf2, 0xd5, 0xa6, 0xf5, 0xf3, 0xab, 0x4d, 0xeb, 0xb7, 0x57, 0x9b, 0xd6, 0x27, 0xc6, 0x7f, 0x1c,
+	0x06, 0xb6, 0x8c, 0xf1, 0x9d, 0x3f, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0x6b, 0x8e, 0x21, 0xfd, 0xb2,
+	0x10, 0x00, 0x00,
 }
 
 func (m *PrometheusRequestHeader) Marshal() (dAtA []byte, err error) {
@@ -1840,6 +1917,18 @@ func (m *PrometheusData) MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA []byte) (int, error) {
 		i -= len(m.XXX_unrecognized)
 		copy(dAtA[i:], m.XXX_unrecognized)
 	}
+	if m.Explanation != nil {
+		{
+			size, err := m.Explanation.MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA[:i])
+			if err != nil {
+				return 0, err
+			}
+			i -= size
+			i = encodeVarintQueryrange(dAtA, i, uint64(size))
+		}
+		i--
+		dAtA[i] = 0x22
+	}
 	if m.Stats != nil {
 		{
 			size, err := m.Stats.MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA[:i])
@@ -1972,6 +2061,18 @@ func (m *PrometheusInstantQueryData) MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA []byte) (int, err
 		i -= len(m.XXX_unrecognized)
 		copy(dAtA[i:], m.XXX_unrecognized)
 	}
+	if m.Explanation != nil {
+		{
+			size, err := m.Explanation.MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA[:i])
+			if err != nil {
+				return 0, err
+			}
+			i -= size
+			i = encodeVarintQueryrange(dAtA, i, uint64(size))
+		}
+		i--
+		dAtA[i] = 0x22
+	}
 	if m.Stats != nil {
 		{
 			size, err := m.Stats.MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA[:i])
@@ -2786,6 +2887,54 @@ func (m *CachingOptions) MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA []byte) (int, error) {
 	return len(dAtA) - i, nil
 }
 
+func (m *Explanation) Marshal() (dAtA []byte, err error) {
+	size := m.Size()
+	dAtA = make([]byte, size)
+	n, err := m.MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA[:size])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return dAtA[:n], nil
+}
+
+func (m *Explanation) MarshalTo(dAtA []byte) (int, error) {
+	size := m.Size()
+	return m.MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA[:size])
+}
+
+func (m *Explanation) MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA []byte) (int, error) {
+	i := len(dAtA)
+	_ = i
+	var l int
+	_ = l
+	if m.XXX_unrecognized != nil {
+		i -= len(m.XXX_unrecognized)
+		copy(dAtA[i:], m.XXX_unrecognized)
+	}
+	if len(m.Children) > 0 {
+		for iNdEx := len(m.Children) - 1; iNdEx >= 0; iNdEx-- {
+			{
+				size, err := m.Children[iNdEx].MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA[:i])
+				if err != nil {
+					return 0, err
+				}
+				i -= size
+				i = encodeVarintQueryrange(dAtA, i, uint64(size))
+			}
+			i--
+			dAtA[i] = 0x12
+		}
+	}
+	if len(m.Name) > 0 {
+		i -= len(m.Name)
+		copy(dAtA[i:], m.Name)
+		i = encodeVarintQueryrange(dAtA, i, uint64(len(m.Name)))
+		i--
+		dAtA[i] = 0xa
+	}
+	return len(dAtA) - i, nil
+}
+
 func encodeVarintQueryrange(dAtA []byte, offset int, v uint64) int {
 	offset -= sovQueryrange(v)
 	base := offset
@@ -2936,6 +3085,10 @@ func (m *PrometheusData) Size() (n int) {
 		l = m.Stats.Size()
 		n += 1 + l + sovQueryrange(uint64(l))
 	}
+	if m.Explanation != nil {
+		l = m.Explanation.Size()
+		n += 1 + l + sovQueryrange(uint64(l))
+	}
 	if m.XXX_unrecognized != nil {
 		n += len(m.XXX_unrecognized)
 	}
@@ -2990,6 +3143,10 @@ func (m *PrometheusInstantQueryData) Size() (n int) {
 		l = m.Stats.Size()
 		n += 1 + l + sovQueryrange(uint64(l))
 	}
+	if m.Explanation != nil {
+		l = m.Explanation.Size()
+		n += 1 + l + sovQueryrange(uint64(l))
+	}
 	if m.XXX_unrecognized != nil {
 		n += len(m.XXX_unrecognized)
 	}
@@ -3355,6 +3512,28 @@ func (m *CachingOptions) Size() (n int) {
 	return n
 }
 
+func (m *Explanation) Size() (n int) {
+	if m == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	var l int
+	_ = l
+	l = len(m.Name)
+	if l > 0 {
+		n += 1 + l + sovQueryrange(uint64(l))
+	}
+	if len(m.Children) > 0 {
+		for _, e := range m.Children {
+			l = e.Size()
+			n += 1 + l + sovQueryrange(uint64(l))
+		}
+	}
+	if m.XXX_unrecognized != nil {
+		n += len(m.XXX_unrecognized)
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
 func sovQueryrange(x uint64) (n int) {
 	return (math_bits.Len64(x|1) + 6) / 7
 }
@@ -4240,6 +4419,42 @@ func (m *PrometheusData) Unmarshal(dAtA []byte) error {
 				return err
 			}
 			iNdEx = postIndex
+		case 4:
+			if wireType != 2 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("proto: wrong wireType = %d for field Explanation", wireType)
+			}
+			var msglen int
+			for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+				if shift >= 64 {
+					return ErrIntOverflowQueryrange
+				}
+				if iNdEx >= l {
+					return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+				}
+				b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+				iNdEx++
+				msglen |= int(b&0x7F) << shift
+				if b < 0x80 {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if msglen < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthQueryrange
+			}
+			postIndex := iNdEx + msglen
+			if postIndex < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthQueryrange
+			}
+			if postIndex > l {
+				return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			if m.Explanation == nil {
+				m.Explanation = &Explanation{}
+			}
+			if err := m.Explanation.Unmarshal(dAtA[iNdEx:postIndex]); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			iNdEx = postIndex
 		default:
 			iNdEx = preIndex
 			skippy, err := skipQueryrange(dAtA[iNdEx:])
@@ -4606,6 +4821,42 @@ func (m *PrometheusInstantQueryData) Unmarshal(dAtA []byte) error {
 				return err
 			}
 			iNdEx = postIndex
+		case 4:
+			if wireType != 2 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("proto: wrong wireType = %d for field Explanation", wireType)
+			}
+			var msglen int
+			for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+				if shift >= 64 {
+					return ErrIntOverflowQueryrange
+				}
+				if iNdEx >= l {
+					return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+				}
+				b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+				iNdEx++
+				msglen |= int(b&0x7F) << shift
+				if b < 0x80 {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if msglen < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthQueryrange
+			}
+			postIndex := iNdEx + msglen
+			if postIndex < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthQueryrange
+			}
+			if postIndex > l {
+				return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			if m.Explanation == nil {
+				m.Explanation = &Explanation{}
+			}
+			if err := m.Explanation.Unmarshal(dAtA[iNdEx:postIndex]); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			iNdEx = postIndex
 		default:
 			iNdEx = preIndex
 			skippy, err := skipQueryrange(dAtA[iNdEx:])
@@ -6333,6 +6584,123 @@ func (m *CachingOptions) Unmarshal(dAtA []byte) error {
 	}
 	return nil
 }
+func (m *Explanation) Unmarshal(dAtA []byte) error {
+	l := len(dAtA)
+	iNdEx := 0
+	for iNdEx < l {
+		preIndex := iNdEx
+		var wire uint64
+		for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+			if shift >= 64 {
+				return ErrIntOverflowQueryrange
+			}
+			if iNdEx >= l {
+				return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+			iNdEx++
+			wire |= uint64(b&0x7F) << shift
+			if b < 0x80 {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		fieldNum := int32(wire >> 3)
+		wireType := int(wire & 0x7)
+		if wireType == 4 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("proto: Explanation: wiretype end group for non-group")
+		}
+		if fieldNum <= 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("proto: Explanation: illegal tag %d (wire type %d)", fieldNum, wire)
+		}
+		switch fieldNum {
+		case 1:
+			if wireType != 2 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("proto: wrong wireType = %d for field Name", wireType)
+			}
+			var stringLen uint64
+			for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+				if shift >= 64 {
+					return ErrIntOverflowQueryrange
+				}
+				if iNdEx >= l {
+					return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+				}
+				b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+				iNdEx++
+				stringLen |= uint64(b&0x7F) << shift
+				if b < 0x80 {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			intStringLen := int(stringLen)
+			if intStringLen < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthQueryrange
+			}
+			postIndex := iNdEx + intStringLen
+			if postIndex < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthQueryrange
+			}
+			if postIndex > l {
+				return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			m.Name = string(dAtA[iNdEx:postIndex])
+			iNdEx = postIndex
+		case 2:
+			if wireType != 2 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("proto: wrong wireType = %d for field Children", wireType)
+			}
+			var msglen int
+			for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+				if shift >= 64 {
+					return ErrIntOverflowQueryrange
+				}
+				if iNdEx >= l {
+					return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+				}
+				b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+				iNdEx++
+				msglen |= int(b&0x7F) << shift
+				if b < 0x80 {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if msglen < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthQueryrange
+			}
+			postIndex := iNdEx + msglen
+			if postIndex < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthQueryrange
+			}
+			if postIndex > l {
+				return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			m.Children = append(m.Children, &Explanation{})
+			if err := m.Children[len(m.Children)-1].Unmarshal(dAtA[iNdEx:postIndex]); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			iNdEx = postIndex
+		default:
+			iNdEx = preIndex
+			skippy, err := skipQueryrange(dAtA[iNdEx:])
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if (skippy < 0) || (iNdEx+skippy) < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthQueryrange
+			}
+			if (iNdEx + skippy) > l {
+				return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			m.XXX_unrecognized = append(m.XXX_unrecognized, dAtA[iNdEx:iNdEx+skippy]...)
+			iNdEx += skippy
+		}
+	}
+
+	if iNdEx > l {
+		return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+	}
+	return nil
+}
 func skipQueryrange(dAtA []byte) (n int, err error) {
 	l := len(dAtA)
 	iNdEx := 0
diff --git a/internal/cortex/querier/queryrange/queryrange.proto b/internal/cortex/querier/queryrange/queryrange.proto
index 6f05fc1670..77e3bbdc55 100644
--- a/internal/cortex/querier/queryrange/queryrange.proto
+++ b/internal/cortex/querier/queryrange/queryrange.proto
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ message PrometheusData {
   string ResultType = 1 [(gogoproto.jsontag) = "resultType"];
   repeated SampleStream Result = 2 [(gogoproto.nullable) = false, (gogoproto.jsontag) = "result"];
   PrometheusResponseStats stats = 3 [(gogoproto.jsontag) = "stats,omitempty"];
+  Explanation Explanation = 4 [(gogoproto.jsontag) = "explanation"];
 }
 
 message PrometheusInstantQueryResponse {
@@ -62,6 +63,7 @@ message PrometheusInstantQueryData {
   string ResultType = 1 [(gogoproto.jsontag) = "resultType"];
   PrometheusInstantQueryResult Result = 2 [(gogoproto.nullable) = false, (gogoproto.jsontag) = "result"];
   PrometheusResponseStats stats = 3 [(gogoproto.jsontag) = "stats,omitempty"];
+  Explanation Explanation = 4 [(gogoproto.jsontag) = "explanation"];
 }
 
 message PrometheusInstantQueryResult {
@@ -150,3 +152,8 @@ message Extent  {
 message CachingOptions {
   bool disabled = 1;
 }
+
+message Explanation {
+  string name = 1 [(gogoproto.jsontag) = "name"];
+  repeated Explanation children = 2 [(gogoproto.jsontag) = "children"];
+}
diff --git a/internal/cortex/querier/queryrange/results_cache_test.go b/internal/cortex/querier/queryrange/results_cache_test.go
index 6f2fca05dd..cb7d04fc95 100644
--- a/internal/cortex/querier/queryrange/results_cache_test.go
+++ b/internal/cortex/querier/queryrange/results_cache_test.go
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ import (
 
 const (
 	query                 = "/api/v1/query_range?end=1536716898&query=sum%28container_memory_rss%29+by+%28namespace%29&start=1536673680&stats=all&step=120"
-	responseBody          = `{"status":"success","data":{"resultType":"matrix","result":[{"metric":{"foo":"bar"},"values":[[1536673680,"137"],[1536673780,"137"]]}]}}`
-	histogramResponseBody = `{"status":"success","data":{"resultType":"matrix","result":[{"metric":{"fake":"histogram"},"histograms":[[1536673680,{"count":"5","sum":"18.4","buckets":[[3,"-0.001","0.001","2"],[0,"0.7071067811865475","1","1"],[0,"1","1.414213562373095","2"],[0,"2","2.82842712474619","1"],[0,"2.82842712474619","4","1"]]}]]}]}}`
+	responseBody          = `{"status":"success","data":{"resultType":"matrix","result":[{"metric":{"foo":"bar"},"values":[[1536673680,"137"],[1536673780,"137"]]}],"explanation":null}}`
+	histogramResponseBody = `{"status":"success","data":{"resultType":"matrix","result":[{"metric":{"fake":"histogram"},"histograms":[[1536673680,{"count":"5","sum":"18.4","buckets":[[3,"-0.001","0.001","2"],[0,"0.7071067811865475","1","1"],[0,"1","1.414213562373095","2"],[0,"2","2.82842712474619","1"],[0,"2.82842712474619","4","1"]]}]]}],"explanation":null}}`
 )
 
 var (
diff --git a/pkg/promclient/promclient.go b/pkg/promclient/promclient.go
index 430264471d..ebfdf38ac1 100644
--- a/pkg/promclient/promclient.go
+++ b/pkg/promclient/promclient.go
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ import (
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
 	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
 
+	"github.com/thanos-io/thanos/internal/cortex/querier/queryrange"
 	"github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/exemplars/exemplarspb"
 	"github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/httpconfig"
 	"github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/metadata/metadatapb"
@@ -360,6 +361,8 @@ type QueryOptions struct {
 	PartialResponseStrategy storepb.PartialResponseStrategy
 	Method                  string
 	MaxSourceResolution     string
+	Engine                  string
+	Explain                 bool
 }
 
 func (p *QueryOptions) AddTo(values url.Values) error {
@@ -368,6 +371,9 @@ func (p *QueryOptions) AddTo(values url.Values) error {
 		values.Add("max_source_resolution", p.MaxSourceResolution)
 	}
 
+	values.Add("explain", fmt.Sprintf("%v", p.Explain))
+	values.Add("engine", p.Engine)
+
 	var partialResponseValue string
 	switch p.PartialResponseStrategy {
 	case storepb.PartialResponseStrategy_WARN:
@@ -385,15 +391,15 @@ func (p *QueryOptions) AddTo(values url.Values) error {
 }
 
 // QueryInstant performs an instant query using a default HTTP client and returns results in model.Vector type.
-func (c *Client) QueryInstant(ctx context.Context, base *url.URL, query string, t time.Time, opts QueryOptions) (model.Vector, []string, error) {
+func (c *Client) QueryInstant(ctx context.Context, base *url.URL, query string, t time.Time, opts QueryOptions) (model.Vector, []string, *queryrange.Explanation, error) {
 	params, err := url.ParseQuery(base.RawQuery)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "parse raw query %s", base.RawQuery)
+		return nil, nil, nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "parse raw query %s", base.RawQuery)
 	}
 	params.Add("query", query)
 	params.Add("time", t.Format(time.RFC3339Nano))
 	if err := opts.AddTo(params); err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "add thanos opts query params")
+		return nil, nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "add thanos opts query params")
 	}
 
 	u := *base
@@ -412,25 +418,26 @@ func (c *Client) QueryInstant(ctx context.Context, base *url.URL, query string,
 
 	body, _, err := c.req2xx(ctx, &u, method)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "read query instant response")
+		return nil, nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "read query instant response")
 	}
 
 	// Decode only ResultType and load Result only as RawJson since we don't know
 	// structure of the Result yet.
 	var m struct {
 		Data struct {
-			ResultType string          `json:"resultType"`
-			Result     json.RawMessage `json:"result"`
+			ResultType  string                  `json:"resultType"`
+			Result      json.RawMessage         `json:"result"`
+			Explanation *queryrange.Explanation `json:"explanation"`
 		} `json:"data"`
 
 		Error     string `json:"error,omitempty"`
 		ErrorType string `json:"errorType,omitempty"`
-		// Extra field supported by Thanos Querier.
+		// Extra fields supported by Thanos Querier.
 		Warnings []string `json:"warnings"`
 	}
 
 	if err = json.Unmarshal(body, &m); err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "unmarshal query instant response")
+		return nil, nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "unmarshal query instant response")
 	}
 
 	var vectorResult model.Vector
@@ -440,29 +447,29 @@ func (c *Client) QueryInstant(ctx context.Context, base *url.URL, query string,
 	switch m.Data.ResultType {
 	case string(parser.ValueTypeVector):
 		if err = json.Unmarshal(m.Data.Result, &vectorResult); err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "decode result into ValueTypeVector")
+			return nil, nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "decode result into ValueTypeVector")
 		}
 	case string(parser.ValueTypeScalar):
 		vectorResult, err = convertScalarJSONToVector(m.Data.Result)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "decode result into ValueTypeScalar")
+			return nil, nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "decode result into ValueTypeScalar")
 		}
 	default:
 		if m.Warnings != nil {
-			return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("error: %s, type: %s, warning: %s", m.Error, m.ErrorType, strings.Join(m.Warnings, ", "))
+			return nil, nil, nil, errors.Errorf("error: %s, type: %s, warning: %s", m.Error, m.ErrorType, strings.Join(m.Warnings, ", "))
 		}
 		if m.Error != "" {
-			return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("error: %s, type: %s", m.Error, m.ErrorType)
+			return nil, nil, nil, errors.Errorf("error: %s, type: %s", m.Error, m.ErrorType)
 		}
-		return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("received status code: 200, unknown response type: '%q'", m.Data.ResultType)
+		return nil, nil, nil, errors.Errorf("received status code: 200, unknown response type: '%q'", m.Data.ResultType)
 	}
 
-	return vectorResult, m.Warnings, nil
+	return vectorResult, m.Warnings, m.Data.Explanation, nil
 }
 
 // PromqlQueryInstant performs instant query and returns results in promql.Vector type that is compatible with promql package.
 func (c *Client) PromqlQueryInstant(ctx context.Context, base *url.URL, query string, t time.Time, opts QueryOptions) (promql.Vector, []string, error) {
-	vectorResult, warnings, err := c.QueryInstant(ctx, base, query, t, opts)
+	vectorResult, warnings, _, err := c.QueryInstant(ctx, base, query, t, opts)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, err
 	}
@@ -491,17 +498,17 @@ func (c *Client) PromqlQueryInstant(ctx context.Context, base *url.URL, query st
 }
 
 // QueryRange performs a range query using a default HTTP client and returns results in model.Matrix type.
-func (c *Client) QueryRange(ctx context.Context, base *url.URL, query string, startTime, endTime, step int64, opts QueryOptions) (model.Matrix, []string, error) {
+func (c *Client) QueryRange(ctx context.Context, base *url.URL, query string, startTime, endTime, step int64, opts QueryOptions) (model.Matrix, []string, *queryrange.Explanation, error) {
 	params, err := url.ParseQuery(base.RawQuery)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "parse raw query %s", base.RawQuery)
+		return nil, nil, nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "parse raw query %s", base.RawQuery)
 	}
 	params.Add("query", query)
 	params.Add("start", formatTime(timestamp.Time(startTime)))
 	params.Add("end", formatTime(timestamp.Time(endTime)))
 	params.Add("step", strconv.FormatInt(step, 10))
 	if err := opts.AddTo(params); err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "add thanos opts query params")
+		return nil, nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "add thanos opts query params")
 	}
 
 	u := *base
@@ -515,25 +522,26 @@ func (c *Client) QueryRange(ctx context.Context, base *url.URL, query string, st
 
 	body, _, err := c.req2xx(ctx, &u, http.MethodGet)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "read query range response")
+		return nil, nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "read query range response")
 	}
 
 	// Decode only ResultType and load Result only as RawJson since we don't know
 	// structure of the Result yet.
 	var m struct {
 		Data struct {
-			ResultType string          `json:"resultType"`
-			Result     json.RawMessage `json:"result"`
+			ResultType  string                  `json:"resultType"`
+			Result      json.RawMessage         `json:"result"`
+			Explanation *queryrange.Explanation `json:"explanation"`
 		} `json:"data"`
 
 		Error     string `json:"error,omitempty"`
 		ErrorType string `json:"errorType,omitempty"`
-		// Extra field supported by Thanos Querier.
+		// Extra fields supported by Thanos Querier.
 		Warnings []string `json:"warnings"`
 	}
 
 	if err = json.Unmarshal(body, &m); err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "unmarshal query range response")
+		return nil, nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "unmarshal query range response")
 	}
 
 	var matrixResult model.Matrix
@@ -542,19 +550,19 @@ func (c *Client) QueryRange(ctx context.Context, base *url.URL, query string, st
 	switch m.Data.ResultType {
 	case string(parser.ValueTypeMatrix):
 		if err = json.Unmarshal(m.Data.Result, &matrixResult); err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "decode result into ValueTypeMatrix")
+			return nil, nil, nil, errors.Wrap(err, "decode result into ValueTypeMatrix")
 		}
 	default:
 		if m.Warnings != nil {
-			return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("error: %s, type: %s, warning: %s", m.Error, m.ErrorType, strings.Join(m.Warnings, ", "))
+			return nil, nil, nil, errors.Errorf("error: %s, type: %s, warning: %s", m.Error, m.ErrorType, strings.Join(m.Warnings, ", "))
 		}
 		if m.Error != "" {
-			return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("error: %s, type: %s", m.Error, m.ErrorType)
+			return nil, nil, nil, errors.Errorf("error: %s, type: %s", m.Error, m.ErrorType)
 		}
 
-		return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("received status code: 200, unknown response type: '%q'", m.Data.ResultType)
+		return nil, nil, nil, errors.Errorf("received status code: 200, unknown response type: '%q'", m.Data.ResultType)
 	}
-	return matrixResult, m.Warnings, nil
+	return matrixResult, m.Warnings, m.Data.Explanation, nil
 }
 
 // Scalar response consists of array with mixed types so it needs to be
diff --git a/pkg/promclient/promclient_e2e_test.go b/pkg/promclient/promclient_e2e_test.go
index 7a5aaec003..19511c69f1 100644
--- a/pkg/promclient/promclient_e2e_test.go
+++ b/pkg/promclient/promclient_e2e_test.go
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ func TestQueryRange_e2e(t *testing.T) {
 		u, err := url.Parse(fmt.Sprintf("http://%s", p.Addr()))
 		testutil.Ok(t, err)
 
-		res, _, err := NewDefaultClient().QueryRange(
+		res, _, _, err := NewDefaultClient().QueryRange(
 			ctx,
 			u,
 			`{a="b"}`,
diff --git a/pkg/queryfrontend/cache.go b/pkg/queryfrontend/cache.go
index 4d11667490..156d26b5c3 100644
--- a/pkg/queryfrontend/cache.go
+++ b/pkg/queryfrontend/cache.go
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ func (t thanosCacheKeyGenerator) GenerateCacheKey(userID string, r queryrange.Re
 		for ; i < len(t.resolutions) && t.resolutions[i] > tr.MaxSourceResolution; i++ {
 		}
 		shardInfoKey := generateShardInfoKey(tr)
-		return fmt.Sprintf("fe:%s:%s:%d:%d:%d:%s:%d", userID, tr.Query, tr.Step, currentInterval, i, shardInfoKey, tr.LookbackDelta)
+		return fmt.Sprintf("fe:%s:%s:%d:%d:%d:%s:%d:%s", userID, tr.Query, tr.Step, currentInterval, i, shardInfoKey, tr.LookbackDelta, tr.Engine)
 	case *ThanosLabelsRequest:
 		return fmt.Sprintf("fe:%s:%s:%s:%d", userID, tr.Label, tr.Matchers, currentInterval)
 	case *ThanosSeriesRequest:
diff --git a/pkg/queryfrontend/cache_test.go b/pkg/queryfrontend/cache_test.go
index 6f2baca2bc..9cd14ff2b8 100644
--- a/pkg/queryfrontend/cache_test.go
+++ b/pkg/queryfrontend/cache_test.go
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ func TestGenerateCacheKey(t *testing.T) {
 				Start: 0,
 				Step:  60 * seconds,
 			},
-			expected: "fe::up:60000:0:2:-:0",
+			expected: "fe::up:60000:0:2:-:0:",
 		},
 		{
 			name: "10s step",
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ func TestGenerateCacheKey(t *testing.T) {
 				Start: 0,
 				Step:  10 * seconds,
 			},
-			expected: "fe::up:10000:0:2:-:0",
+			expected: "fe::up:10000:0:2:-:0:",
 		},
 		{
 			name: "1m downsampling resolution",
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ func TestGenerateCacheKey(t *testing.T) {
 				Step:                10 * seconds,
 				MaxSourceResolution: 60 * seconds,
 			},
-			expected: "fe::up:10000:0:2:-:0",
+			expected: "fe::up:10000:0:2:-:0:",
 		},
 		{
 			name: "5m downsampling resolution, different cache key",
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ func TestGenerateCacheKey(t *testing.T) {
 				Step:                10 * seconds,
 				MaxSourceResolution: 300 * seconds,
 			},
-			expected: "fe::up:10000:0:1:-:0",
+			expected: "fe::up:10000:0:1:-:0:",
 		},
 		{
 			name: "1h downsampling resolution, different cache key",
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ func TestGenerateCacheKey(t *testing.T) {
 				Step:                10 * seconds,
 				MaxSourceResolution: hour,
 			},
-			expected: "fe::up:10000:0:0:-:0",
+			expected: "fe::up:10000:0:0:-:0:",
 		},
 		{
 			name: "1h downsampling resolution with lookback delta",
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ func TestGenerateCacheKey(t *testing.T) {
 				MaxSourceResolution: hour,
 				LookbackDelta:       1000,
 			},
-			expected: "fe::up:10000:0:0:-:1000",
+			expected: "fe::up:10000:0:0:-:1000:",
 		},
 		{
 			name: "label names, no matcher",
diff --git a/pkg/queryfrontend/queryinstant_codec.go b/pkg/queryfrontend/queryinstant_codec.go
index 1eec030996..67e51f0471 100644
--- a/pkg/queryfrontend/queryinstant_codec.go
+++ b/pkg/queryfrontend/queryinstant_codec.go
@@ -54,6 +54,15 @@ func (c queryInstantCodec) MergeResponse(req queryrange.Request, responses ...qu
 	for _, resp := range responses {
 		promResponses = append(promResponses, resp.(*queryrange.PrometheusInstantQueryResponse))
 	}
+
+	var explanation *queryrange.Explanation
+	for i := range promResponses {
+		if promResponses[i].Data.GetExplanation() != nil {
+			explanation = promResponses[i].Data.GetExplanation()
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
 	var res queryrange.Response
 	switch promResponses[0].Data.ResultType {
 	case model.ValMatrix.String():
@@ -66,7 +75,8 @@ func (c queryInstantCodec) MergeResponse(req queryrange.Request, responses ...qu
 						Matrix: matrixMerge(promResponses),
 					},
 				},
-				Stats: queryrange.StatsMerge(responses),
+				Stats:       queryrange.StatsMerge(responses),
+				Explanation: explanation,
 			},
 		}
 	default:
@@ -83,7 +93,8 @@ func (c queryInstantCodec) MergeResponse(req queryrange.Request, responses ...qu
 						Vector: v,
 					},
 				},
-				Stats: queryrange.StatsMerge(responses),
+				Stats:       queryrange.StatsMerge(responses),
+				Explanation: explanation,
 			},
 		}
 	}
@@ -143,6 +154,8 @@ func (c queryInstantCodec) DecodeRequest(_ context.Context, r *http.Request, for
 
 	result.Query = r.FormValue("query")
 	result.Path = r.URL.Path
+	result.Explain = r.FormValue("explain")
+	result.Engine = r.FormValue("engine")
 
 	for _, header := range forwardHeaders {
 		for h, hv := range r.Header {
@@ -164,6 +177,8 @@ func (c queryInstantCodec) EncodeRequest(ctx context.Context, r queryrange.Reque
 		"query":                      []string{thanosReq.Query},
 		queryv1.DedupParam:           []string{strconv.FormatBool(thanosReq.Dedup)},
 		queryv1.PartialResponseParam: []string{strconv.FormatBool(thanosReq.PartialResponse)},
+		queryv1.QueryExplainParam:    []string{thanosReq.Explain},
+		queryv1.EngineParam:          []string{thanosReq.Engine},
 		queryv1.ReplicaLabelsParam:   thanosReq.ReplicaLabels,
 	}
 
diff --git a/pkg/queryfrontend/queryinstant_codec_test.go b/pkg/queryfrontend/queryinstant_codec_test.go
index 57d7dbd71b..b525bc85e6 100644
--- a/pkg/queryfrontend/queryinstant_codec_test.go
+++ b/pkg/queryfrontend/queryinstant_codec_test.go
@@ -896,6 +896,43 @@ func TestDecodeResponse(t *testing.T) {
 		expectedResponse queryrange.Response
 		expectedErr      error
 	}{
+		{
+			name: "with explanation",
+			body: `{
+  "status":"success",
+  "data":{
+	"resultType":"vector",
+	"result":[],
+	"explanation": {
+		"name":"[*concurrencyOperator(buff=2)]",
+		"children":[{"name":"[*aggregate] sum by ([])", "children": []}]
+    }
+}
+}`,
+			expectedResponse: &queryrange.PrometheusInstantQueryResponse{
+				Status:  queryrange.StatusSuccess,
+				Headers: headers,
+				Data: queryrange.PrometheusInstantQueryData{
+					Explanation: &queryrange.Explanation{
+						Name: "[*concurrencyOperator(buff=2)]",
+						Children: []*queryrange.Explanation{
+							{
+								Name:     "[*aggregate] sum by ([])",
+								Children: []*queryrange.Explanation{},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+					ResultType: model.ValVector.String(),
+					Result: queryrange.PrometheusInstantQueryResult{
+						Result: &queryrange.PrometheusInstantQueryResult_Vector{
+							Vector: &queryrange.Vector{
+								Samples: []*queryrange.Sample{},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
 		{
 			name: "empty vector",
 			body: `{
diff --git a/pkg/queryfrontend/queryrange_codec.go b/pkg/queryfrontend/queryrange_codec.go
index 0c3718c140..8b58efc090 100644
--- a/pkg/queryfrontend/queryrange_codec.go
+++ b/pkg/queryfrontend/queryrange_codec.go
@@ -129,6 +129,8 @@ func (c queryRangeCodec) DecodeRequest(_ context.Context, r *http.Request, forwa
 	}
 
 	result.Query = r.FormValue("query")
+	result.Explain = r.FormValue(queryv1.QueryExplainParam)
+	result.Engine = r.FormValue(queryv1.EngineParam)
 	result.Path = r.URL.Path
 
 	for _, value := range r.Header.Values(cacheControlHeader) {
@@ -159,6 +161,8 @@ func (c queryRangeCodec) EncodeRequest(ctx context.Context, r queryrange.Request
 		"end":                        []string{encodeTime(thanosReq.End)},
 		"step":                       []string{encodeDurationMillis(thanosReq.Step)},
 		"query":                      []string{thanosReq.Query},
+		queryv1.QueryExplainParam:    []string{thanosReq.Explain},
+		queryv1.EngineParam:          []string{thanosReq.Engine},
 		queryv1.DedupParam:           []string{strconv.FormatBool(thanosReq.Dedup)},
 		queryv1.PartialResponseParam: []string{strconv.FormatBool(thanosReq.PartialResponse)},
 		queryv1.ReplicaLabelsParam:   thanosReq.ReplicaLabels,
diff --git a/pkg/queryfrontend/request.go b/pkg/queryfrontend/request.go
index 5cda2cc8e1..7c1f1f6f19 100644
--- a/pkg/queryfrontend/request.go
+++ b/pkg/queryfrontend/request.go
@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@ type ThanosQueryRangeRequest struct {
 	Stats               string
 	ShardInfo           *storepb.ShardInfo
 	LookbackDelta       int64
+	Explain             string
+	Engine              string
 }
 
 // IsDedupEnabled returns true if deduplication is enabled.
@@ -154,6 +156,8 @@ type ThanosQueryInstantRequest struct {
 	Stats               string
 	ShardInfo           *storepb.ShardInfo
 	LookbackDelta       int64 // in milliseconds.
+	Explain             string
+	Engine              string
 }
 
 // IsDedupEnabled returns true if deduplication is enabled.
diff --git a/pkg/receive/head_series_limiter.go b/pkg/receive/head_series_limiter.go
index f0e4512386..994221c2f6 100644
--- a/pkg/receive/head_series_limiter.go
+++ b/pkg/receive/head_series_limiter.go
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ func NewHeadSeriesLimit(w WriteLimitsConfig, registerer prometheus.Registerer, l
 func (h *headSeriesLimit) QueryMetaMonitoring(ctx context.Context) error {
 	c := promclient.NewWithTracingClient(h.logger, h.metaMonitoringClient, httpconfig.ThanosUserAgent)
 
-	vectorRes, _, err := c.QueryInstant(ctx, h.metaMonitoringURL, h.metaMonitoringQuery, time.Now(), promclient.QueryOptions{Deduplicate: true})
+	vectorRes, _, _, err := c.QueryInstant(ctx, h.metaMonitoringURL, h.metaMonitoringQuery, time.Now(), promclient.QueryOptions{Deduplicate: true})
 	if err != nil {
 		h.metaMonitoringErr.Inc()
 		return err
diff --git a/pkg/rules/queryable.go b/pkg/rules/queryable.go
index ccfc727b75..399a27cd25 100644
--- a/pkg/rules/queryable.go
+++ b/pkg/rules/queryable.go
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ func (q *promClientsQuerier) Select(_ bool, _ *storage.SelectHints, matchers ...
 		promClient := q.promClients[i]
 		endpoints := RemoveDuplicateQueryEndpoints(q.logger, q.duplicatedQuery, q.queryClients[i].Endpoints())
 		for _, i := range rand.Perm(len(endpoints)) {
-			m, warns, err := promClient.QueryRange(q.ctx, endpoints[i], query, q.mint, q.maxt, q.step, promclient.QueryOptions{
+			m, warns, _, err := promClient.QueryRange(q.ctx, endpoints[i], query, q.mint, q.maxt, q.step, promclient.QueryOptions{
 				Deduplicate: true,
 				Method:      q.httpMethod,
 			})
diff --git a/pkg/store/prometheus.go b/pkg/store/prometheus.go
index 20746fa0bc..928c7536bb 100644
--- a/pkg/store/prometheus.go
+++ b/pkg/store/prometheus.go
@@ -261,13 +261,13 @@ func (p *PrometheusStore) queryPrometheus(
 	opts := promclient.QueryOptions{}
 	step := r.QueryHints.StepMillis / 1000
 	if step != 0 {
-		result, _, err := p.client.QueryRange(s.Context(), p.base, r.ToPromQL(), r.MinTime, r.MaxTime, step, opts)
+		result, _, _, err := p.client.QueryRange(s.Context(), p.base, r.ToPromQL(), r.MinTime, r.MaxTime, step, opts)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 		matrix = result
 	} else {
-		vector, _, err := p.client.QueryInstant(s.Context(), p.base, r.ToPromQL(), timestamp.Time(r.MaxTime), opts)
+		vector, _, _, err := p.client.QueryInstant(s.Context(), p.base, r.ToPromQL(), timestamp.Time(r.MaxTime), opts)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
diff --git a/test/e2e/native_histograms_test.go b/test/e2e/native_histograms_test.go
index 33810354fd..799974a5be 100644
--- a/test/e2e/native_histograms_test.go
+++ b/test/e2e/native_histograms_test.go
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ func TestQueryNativeHistograms(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("query histogram rate and compare to Prometheus result", func(t *testing.T) {
 		query := func() string { return fmt.Sprintf("rate(%v[1m])", testHistogramMetricName) }
-		expected := instantQuery(t, ctx, prom1.Endpoint("http"), query, ts, promclient.QueryOptions{}, 1)
+		expected, _ := instantQuery(t, ctx, prom1.Endpoint("http"), query, ts, promclient.QueryOptions{}, 1)
 		expected[0].Metric["prometheus"] = "prom-ha"
 		expected[0].Timestamp = 0
 		queryAndAssert(t, ctx, querier.Endpoint("http"), query, ts, promclient.QueryOptions{Deduplicate: true}, expected)
diff --git a/test/e2e/query_frontend_test.go b/test/e2e/query_frontend_test.go
index c3f0b8756c..762eeecea0 100644
--- a/test/e2e/query_frontend_test.go
+++ b/test/e2e/query_frontend_test.go
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ package e2e_test
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
 	"reflect"
 	"sort"
 	"testing"
@@ -23,10 +25,119 @@ import (
 	"github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/cacheutil"
 	"github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/promclient"
 	"github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/queryfrontend"
+	"github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/runutil"
 	"github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/testutil/e2eutil"
 	"github.com/thanos-io/thanos/test/e2e/e2ethanos"
 )
 
+func TestQFEEngineExplanation(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	e, err := e2e.NewDockerEnvironment("qfe-opts")
+	testutil.Ok(t, err)
+	t.Cleanup(e2ethanos.CleanScenario(t, e))
+
+	prom, sidecar := e2ethanos.NewPrometheusWithSidecar(e, "1", e2ethanos.DefaultPromConfig("test", 0, "", "", e2ethanos.LocalPrometheusTarget), "", e2ethanos.DefaultPrometheusImage(), "")
+	testutil.Ok(t, e2e.StartAndWaitReady(prom, sidecar))
+
+	q := e2ethanos.NewQuerierBuilder(e, "1", sidecar.InternalEndpoint("grpc")).Init()
+	testutil.Ok(t, e2e.StartAndWaitReady(q))
+
+	inMemoryCacheConfig := queryfrontend.CacheProviderConfig{
+		Type: queryfrontend.INMEMORY,
+		Config: queryfrontend.InMemoryResponseCacheConfig{
+			MaxSizeItems: 1000,
+			Validity:     time.Hour,
+		},
+	}
+
+	cfg := queryfrontend.Config{}
+	queryFrontend := e2ethanos.NewQueryFrontend(e, "1", "http://"+q.InternalEndpoint("http"), cfg, inMemoryCacheConfig)
+	testutil.Ok(t, e2e.StartAndWaitReady(queryFrontend))
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Minute)
+	t.Cleanup(cancel)
+
+	testutil.Ok(t, q.WaitSumMetricsWithOptions(e2emon.Equals(1), []string{"thanos_store_nodes_grpc_connections"}, e2emon.WaitMissingMetrics()))
+
+	var queriesBeforeUp = 0
+	testutil.Ok(t, runutil.RetryWithLog(e2e.NewLogger(os.Stderr), 5*time.Second, ctx.Done(), func() error {
+		queriesBeforeUp++
+		_, _, err := simpleInstantQuery(t, ctx, queryFrontend.Endpoint("http"), e2ethanos.QueryUpWithoutInstance, time.Now, promclient.QueryOptions{}, 1)
+		return err
+	}))
+
+	t.Logf("queried %d times before prom is up", queriesBeforeUp)
+
+	t.Run("passes query to Thanos engine", func(t *testing.T) {
+		queryAndAssertSeries(t, ctx, queryFrontend.Endpoint("http"), e2ethanos.QueryUpWithoutInstance, time.Now, promclient.QueryOptions{
+			Deduplicate: false,
+			Engine:      "thanos",
+		}, []model.Metric{
+			{
+				"job":        "myself",
+				"prometheus": "test",
+				"replica":    "0",
+			},
+		})
+
+		testutil.Ok(t, q.WaitSumMetricsWithOptions(e2emon.GreaterOrEqual(1), []string{"thanos_engine_queries_total"}, e2emon.WaitMissingMetrics(), e2emon.WithLabelMatchers(matchers.MustNewMatcher(matchers.MatchEqual, "fallback", "false"))))
+
+	})
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	t.Run("passes range query to Thanos engine and returns explanation", func(t *testing.T) {
+		explanation := rangeQuery(t, ctx, queryFrontend.Endpoint("http"), e2ethanos.QueryUpWithoutInstance,
+			timestamp.FromTime(now.Add(-5*time.Minute)),
+			timestamp.FromTime(now), 1, promclient.QueryOptions{
+				Explain: true,
+				Engine:  "thanos",
+			}, func(res model.Matrix) error {
+				if res.Len() == 0 {
+					return fmt.Errorf("expected results")
+				}
+				return nil
+			})
+		testutil.Assert(t, explanation != nil, "expected to have an explanation")
+		testutil.Ok(t, q.WaitSumMetricsWithOptions(e2emon.GreaterOrEqual(2), []string{"thanos_engine_queries_total"}, e2emon.WaitMissingMetrics(), e2emon.WithLabelMatchers(matchers.MustNewMatcher(matchers.MatchEqual, "fallback", "false"))))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("passes query to Prometheus engine", func(t *testing.T) {
+		queryAndAssertSeries(t, ctx, queryFrontend.Endpoint("http"), e2ethanos.QueryUpWithoutInstance, time.Now, promclient.QueryOptions{
+			Deduplicate: false,
+			Engine:      "prometheus",
+		}, []model.Metric{
+			{
+				"job":        "myself",
+				"prometheus": "test",
+				"replica":    "0",
+			},
+		})
+
+		testutil.Ok(t, q.WaitSumMetricsWithOptions(e2emon.GreaterOrEqual(1), []string{"thanos_engine_queries_total"}, e2emon.WaitMissingMetrics(), e2emon.WithLabelMatchers(matchers.MustNewMatcher(matchers.MatchEqual, "fallback", "false"))))
+		testutil.Ok(t, q.WaitSumMetricsWithOptions(e2emon.GreaterOrEqual(float64(queriesBeforeUp)+2), []string{"thanos_query_concurrent_gate_queries_total"}, e2emon.WaitMissingMetrics()))
+
+	})
+
+	t.Run("explanation works with instant query", func(t *testing.T) {
+		_, explanation := instantQuery(t, ctx, queryFrontend.Endpoint("http"), e2ethanos.QueryUpWithoutInstance, time.Now, promclient.QueryOptions{
+			Deduplicate: false,
+			Engine:      "thanos",
+			Explain:     true,
+		}, 1)
+		testutil.Assert(t, explanation != nil, "expected to have an explanation")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("does not return explanation if not needed", func(t *testing.T) {
+		_, explanation := instantQuery(t, ctx, queryFrontend.Endpoint("http"), e2ethanos.QueryUpWithoutInstance, time.Now, promclient.QueryOptions{
+			Deduplicate: false,
+			Engine:      "thanos",
+			Explain:     false,
+		}, 1)
+		testutil.Assert(t, explanation == nil, "expected to have no explanation")
+	})
+}
+
 func TestQueryFrontend(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
@@ -800,10 +911,10 @@ func TestInstantQueryShardingWithRandomData(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	} {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			resultWithoutSharding := instantQuery(t, ctx, q1.Endpoint("http"), tc.qryFunc, func() time.Time {
+			resultWithoutSharding, _ := instantQuery(t, ctx, q1.Endpoint("http"), tc.qryFunc, func() time.Time {
 				return now.Time()
 			}, queryOpts, tc.expectedSeries)
-			resultWithSharding := instantQuery(t, ctx, qfe.Endpoint("http"), tc.qryFunc, func() time.Time {
+			resultWithSharding, _ := instantQuery(t, ctx, qfe.Endpoint("http"), tc.qryFunc, func() time.Time {
 				return now.Time()
 			}, queryOpts, tc.expectedSeries)
 			testutil.Equals(t, resultWithoutSharding, resultWithSharding)
diff --git a/test/e2e/query_test.go b/test/e2e/query_test.go
index 7431138fa2..d74c49cc48 100644
--- a/test/e2e/query_test.go
+++ b/test/e2e/query_test.go
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/thanos-io/objstore/providers/s3"
 
 	"github.com/efficientgo/core/testutil"
+	"github.com/thanos-io/thanos/internal/cortex/querier/queryrange"
 	"github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/api/query/querypb"
 	"github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/block/metadata"
 	"github.com/thanos-io/thanos/pkg/exemplars/exemplarspb"
@@ -1363,7 +1364,7 @@ func urlParse(t testing.TB, addr string) *url.URL {
 	return u
 }
 
-func instantQuery(t testing.TB, ctx context.Context, addr string, q func() string, ts func() time.Time, opts promclient.QueryOptions, expectedSeriesLen int) model.Vector {
+func instantQuery(t testing.TB, ctx context.Context, addr string, q func() string, ts func() time.Time, opts promclient.QueryOptions, expectedSeriesLen int) (model.Vector, *queryrange.Explanation) {
 	t.Helper()
 
 	var result model.Vector
@@ -1374,34 +1375,37 @@ func instantQuery(t testing.TB, ctx context.Context, addr string, q func() strin
 		"caller", "instantQuery",
 		"msg", fmt.Sprintf("Waiting for %d results for query %s", expectedSeriesLen, q()),
 	)
+
+	var explanation *queryrange.Explanation
 	testutil.Ok(t, runutil.RetryWithLog(logger, 5*time.Second, ctx.Done(), func() error {
-		res, err := simpleInstantQuery(t, ctx, addr, q, ts, opts, expectedSeriesLen)
+		res, rexplanation, err := simpleInstantQuery(t, ctx, addr, q, ts, opts, expectedSeriesLen)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 		result = res
+		explanation = rexplanation
 		return nil
 	}))
 	sortResults(result)
-	return result
+	return result, explanation
 }
 
-func simpleInstantQuery(t testing.TB, ctx context.Context, addr string, q func() string, ts func() time.Time, opts promclient.QueryOptions, expectedSeriesLen int) (model.Vector, error) {
-	res, warnings, err := promclient.NewDefaultClient().QueryInstant(ctx, urlParse(t, "http://"+addr), q(), ts(), opts)
+func simpleInstantQuery(t testing.TB, ctx context.Context, addr string, q func() string, ts func() time.Time, opts promclient.QueryOptions, expectedSeriesLen int) (model.Vector, *queryrange.Explanation, error) {
+	res, warnings, explanation, err := promclient.NewDefaultClient().QueryInstant(ctx, urlParse(t, "http://"+addr), q(), ts(), opts)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, nil, err
 	}
 
 	if len(warnings) > 0 {
-		return nil, errors.Errorf("unexpected warnings %s", warnings)
+		return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("unexpected warnings %s", warnings)
 	}
 
 	if len(res) != expectedSeriesLen {
-		return nil, errors.Errorf("unexpected result size, expected %d; result %d: %v", expectedSeriesLen, len(res), res)
+		return nil, nil, errors.Errorf("unexpected result size, expected %d; result %d: %v", expectedSeriesLen, len(res), res)
 	}
 
 	sortResults(res)
-	return res, nil
+	return res, explanation, nil
 }
 
 func queryWaitAndAssert(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, addr string, q func() string, ts func() time.Time, opts promclient.QueryOptions, expected model.Vector) {
@@ -1416,7 +1420,7 @@ func queryWaitAndAssert(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, addr string, q func()
 		"msg", fmt.Sprintf("Waiting for %d results for query %s", len(expected), q()),
 	)
 	testutil.Ok(t, runutil.RetryWithLog(logger, 10*time.Second, ctx.Done(), func() error {
-		res, warnings, err := promclient.NewDefaultClient().QueryInstant(ctx, urlParse(t, "http://"+addr), q(), ts(), opts)
+		res, warnings, _, err := promclient.NewDefaultClient().QueryInstant(ctx, urlParse(t, "http://"+addr), q(), ts(), opts)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -1447,7 +1451,7 @@ func queryWaitAndAssert(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, addr string, q func()
 func queryAndAssertSeries(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, addr string, q func() string, ts func() time.Time, opts promclient.QueryOptions, expected []model.Metric) {
 	t.Helper()
 
-	result := instantQuery(t, ctx, addr, q, ts, opts, len(expected))
+	result, _ := instantQuery(t, ctx, addr, q, ts, opts, len(expected))
 	for i, exp := range expected {
 		testutil.Equals(t, exp, result[i].Metric)
 	}
@@ -1457,7 +1461,7 @@ func queryAndAssert(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, addr string, q func() str
 	t.Helper()
 
 	sortResults(expected)
-	result := instantQuery(t, ctx, addr, q, ts, opts, len(expected))
+	result, _ := instantQuery(t, ctx, addr, q, ts, opts, len(expected))
 	for _, r := range result {
 		r.Timestamp = 0 // Does not matter for us.
 	}
@@ -1520,13 +1524,14 @@ func series(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, addr string, matchers []*labels.M
 }
 
 //nolint:unparam
-func rangeQuery(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, addr string, q func() string, start, end, step int64, opts promclient.QueryOptions, check func(res model.Matrix) error) {
+func rangeQuery(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, addr string, q func() string, start, end, step int64, opts promclient.QueryOptions, check func(res model.Matrix) error) *queryrange.Explanation {
 	t.Helper()
 
 	logger := log.NewLogfmtLogger(os.Stdout)
 	logger = log.With(logger, "ts", log.DefaultTimestampUTC)
+	var retExplanation *queryrange.Explanation
 	testutil.Ok(t, runutil.RetryWithLog(logger, time.Second, ctx.Done(), func() error {
-		res, warnings, err := promclient.NewDefaultClient().QueryRange(ctx, urlParse(t, "http://"+addr), q(), start, end, step, opts)
+		res, warnings, explanation, err := promclient.NewDefaultClient().QueryRange(ctx, urlParse(t, "http://"+addr), q(), start, end, step, opts)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -1539,8 +1544,12 @@ func rangeQuery(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, addr string, q func() string,
 			return errors.Wrap(err, "result check failed")
 		}
 
+		retExplanation = explanation
+
 		return nil
 	}))
+
+	return retExplanation
 }
 
 func queryExemplars(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, addr, q string, start, end int64, check func(data []*exemplarspb.ExemplarData) error) {
@@ -1837,7 +1846,7 @@ func TestSidecarAlignmentPushdown(t *testing.T) {
 
 	var expectedRes model.Matrix
 	testutil.Ok(t, runutil.RetryWithLog(logger, time.Second, ctx.Done(), func() error {
-		res, warnings, err := promclient.NewDefaultClient().QueryRange(ctx, urlParse(t, "http://"+q1.Endpoint("http")), testQuery(),
+		res, warnings, _, err := promclient.NewDefaultClient().QueryRange(ctx, urlParse(t, "http://"+q1.Endpoint("http")), testQuery(),
 			timestamp.FromTime(now.Add(time.Duration(-7*24)*time.Hour)),
 			timestamp.FromTime(now),
 			2419, // Taken from UI.
@@ -2099,7 +2108,7 @@ func TestConnectedQueriesWithLazyProxy(t *testing.T) {
 	testutil.Ok(t, e2e.StartAndWaitReady(prom, sidecar, querier1, querier2))
 	testutil.Ok(t, querier2.WaitSumMetricsWithOptions(e2emon.Equals(1), []string{"thanos_store_nodes_grpc_connections"}, e2emon.WaitMissingMetrics()))
 
-	result := instantQuery(t, context.Background(), querier2.Endpoint("http"), func() string {
+	result, _ := instantQuery(t, context.Background(), querier2.Endpoint("http"), func() string {
 		return "sum(up)"
 	}, time.Now, promclient.QueryOptions{}, 1)
 	testutil.Equals(t, model.SampleValue(1.0), result[0].Value)
diff --git a/test/e2e/store_gateway_test.go b/test/e2e/store_gateway_test.go
index efcf177366..3baf94abdc 100644
--- a/test/e2e/store_gateway_test.go
+++ b/test/e2e/store_gateway_test.go
@@ -865,7 +865,7 @@ config:
 	t.Run("Series() limits", func(t *testing.T) {
 
 		testutil.Ok(t, runutil.RetryWithLog(log.NewLogfmtLogger(os.Stdout), 5*time.Second, ctx.Done(), func() error {
-			if _, _, err := promclient.NewDefaultClient().QueryInstant(ctx, urlParse(t, "http://"+q1.Endpoint("http")), testQuery, time.Now(), opts); err != nil {
+			if _, _, _, err := promclient.NewDefaultClient().QueryInstant(ctx, urlParse(t, "http://"+q1.Endpoint("http")), testQuery, time.Now(), opts); err != nil {
 				e := err.Error()
 				if strings.Contains(e, "expanded matching posting: get postings") && strings.Contains(e, "exceeded bytes limit while fetching postings: limit 1 violated") {
 					return nil
@@ -876,7 +876,7 @@ config:
 		}))
 
 		testutil.Ok(t, runutil.RetryWithLog(log.NewLogfmtLogger(os.Stdout), 5*time.Second, ctx.Done(), func() error {
-			if _, _, err := promclient.NewDefaultClient().QueryInstant(ctx, urlParse(t, "http://"+q2.Endpoint("http")), testQuery, time.Now(), opts); err != nil {
+			if _, _, _, err := promclient.NewDefaultClient().QueryInstant(ctx, urlParse(t, "http://"+q2.Endpoint("http")), testQuery, time.Now(), opts); err != nil {
 				e := err.Error()
 				if strings.Contains(e, "preload series") && strings.Contains(e, "exceeded bytes limit while fetching series: limit 100 violated") {
 					return nil
@@ -887,7 +887,7 @@ config:
 		}))
 
 		testutil.Ok(t, runutil.RetryWithLog(log.NewLogfmtLogger(os.Stdout), 5*time.Second, ctx.Done(), func() error {
-			if _, _, err := promclient.NewDefaultClient().QueryInstant(ctx, urlParse(t, "http://"+q3.Endpoint("http")), testQuery, time.Now(), opts); err != nil {
+			if _, _, _, err := promclient.NewDefaultClient().QueryInstant(ctx, urlParse(t, "http://"+q3.Endpoint("http")), testQuery, time.Now(), opts); err != nil {
 				e := err.Error()
 				if strings.Contains(e, "load chunks") && strings.Contains(e, "exceeded bytes limit while fetching chunks: limit 196627 violated") {
 					return nil