A new game update, 1.15.1, has been released for Dark Souls III on 2022/08/25, along with the restoration of online services. This update fixed both CVE-2022-24125 and CVE-2022-24126, along with a wide variety of other potential security vulnerabilities present in the game's P2P networking (OOB reads/writes). Furthermore, all known exploits allowing one to corrupt the save of other players have been fixed. Many common petty cheats (e.g. "curse knife") which could be encountered often during online multiplayer have also been patched.
This repository contains proof of concept code and documentation for the most recent RCE exploit affecting FROM SOFTWARE games, CVE-2022-24126. While theoretically possible in other games, focus is on Dark Souls III as this is the game my research has been conducted on. As of now proof of concept code only exists for Dark Souls III, the vulnerability has been confirmed to be present in:
- Dark Souls 1 PTDE (credit: LukeYui)
- Dark Souls Remastered (credit: metal-crow)
- Dark Souls 2 (including Scholar) (credit: LukeYui)
- Dark Souls 3 (up to 1.15.0) (credit: tremwil)
The vulnerable code is also present in Sekiro (credit: LukeYui), although there is no way to trigger it. Presence in Demon's Souls has not been confirmed but is very likely. While the closed network test was affected by this, the release version of Elden Ring is not. In fact, a huge list of network crashes, out-of-bounds reads/writes and exploits allowing players to modify the game data of peers which were present in Dark Souls III have been patched in Elden Ring. Kudos to LukeYui for compiling this list and to FROM SOFTWARE for acting swiftly! I'm happy to say that Elden Ring is undisputably the safest FROM SOFTWARE title when it comes to the extent of the damage hackers can inflict.
Contrary to popular belief, this is NOT a peer-to-peer networking exploit. It is related to the matchmaking server and thus much more severe, since you do not need to partake in any multiplayer activity to be vulnerable due to another matchmaking server vulnerability (CVE-2022-24125).
In Dark Souls III, A malicious attacker abusing this would have been able to reliably execute a payload of up to 1.3MiB1 of shellcode on every online player's machine within seconds.
With the game having an average concurrent playerbase of about 20,000 players in the months preceding the server shutdown, it was clearly an issue that needed fixing immediately, especially with the possibility of it being in Elden Ring. Since FROM SOFTWARE had not yet acted over 40 days after my initial report with proof of concept videos and detailed exploit documentation (which a large part of this readme is based on), I decided to demonstrate the existence of the exploit puclicly in a benign manner in the hopes of raising attention to have it addressed by the developers, and it worked.
- Exploit Summary (CVE-2022-24126)
- Distribtution Vectors (CVE-2022-24125)
- The General Exploitation Tactic for All Games
- Dark Souls III Proof of Concept Code
Improper bounds checking on a stack buffer and data size field during the parsing of NRSessionSearchResult matchmaking data allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code. The stack overflow allows one to overwrite the lower two bytes vftable_ptr of the DLMemoryInputStream object used internally by the stream reader, redirecting execution to carefully chosen neighboring code. Clever exploitation of the DLMemoryInputStream object's structure and data size field then allows one to achieve arbitrary code redirection, with RCX pointing to the address of our packet. From there a series of code redirections via virtual calls with different offsets (which will now jump at whatever addresses we wrote into the packet buffer) can be used to achieve arbitrary code execution.
The distribution vectors are what make this particular RCE particularly serious (beyond already being an RCE). The exploit is transmitted through matchmaking push requests containing NRSessionSearchResult information. This means that the attacker can target anyone who joins their online session. In particular, for DS3:
- summons (
PushRequestSummonSign) - dark spirit invaders (
PushRequestAllowBreakInTarget) - players joining via covenant (
PushRequestVisit) - arena combattants (
PushRequestAcceptQuickMatch)
This is already pretty bad, but the real potential is unlocked by the RequestSendMessageToPlayers request:
message RequestSendMessageToPlayers {
repeated uint32 player_ids = 1;
required bytes push_message = 2;
}The host uses this request to directly send the PushRequestAllowBreakInTarget push message to invaders so that they can obtain spawn coordinates and join their P2P session. That's it. That's the only way this request is used by the game.
Yet it allows any client to send arbitrary push messages to hundreds of thousands of specific players.
I cannot stress how horribly unsafe this is. Any player can basically impersonnate the matchmaking server. By using this request to send the exploit through a PushRequestVisit, any online player can be remotely targeted by the attacker as long as their player ID is known. The attacker can also send the exploit to the entire online playerbase very quickly by sending multiple requests, each containing a large slice of possible player IDs.
While the RCE does not port exactly to every game, the core idea of the exploit which gives the attacker arbitrary code redirection is the same. If this can be achieved, it is very likely that a game-specific virtual call chain or ROP chain can then be found. This "first step" uses the following vulnerabilities:
Matchmaking push requests containing session join information store said information in a custom binary format which consists of a chain of length-deliminted data entries. Each entry has the following format:
struct Entry
{
uint32_t type_or_id; // not sure, but probably a type (fixed length = 2, variable length = 1 ?)
uint32_t size;
uint8_t data[size];
}The game function responsible for copying the data of these entries blindly trusts the size field, which creates an out-of-bounds read. This can be abused by a malicious client by setting the size field to values like 0x7FFFFFFF, causing the memory allocation to fail and the victim's game to crash. Later, this size is also passed to the constructor of a DLMemoryInputSteam, which is an instrumental part of the exploit.
One of the entries in the data structure described above is a serialized NRSessionSearchResult object. The parser for this data first parses a list of properties. These properties can be 4 byte ints, 8 byte ints or null-terminated wide strings. This property list is followed by the host Steam persona name as a null-terminated wide string and some additional data not important for the exploit. Both this function and the property list parser use a fixed-size stack buffer to read strings, and in both cases no bounds check is performed on the buffer. Here is the game code responsible for copying the host name (produced using the Ghidra decompiler and then cleaned up):
size_t idx = 0;
wchar_t wchr = 0;
do {
// read_wchar() function at vftable index 17 of DLEndianStreamReader
wchr = stream_reader->read_wchar();
player_name_buff[idx] = wchr;
idx++;
} while (wchr != 0);This leads to a buffer overrun exploit, allowing the attacker to corrupt the stack.
To achieve arbitrary code redirection, we use this and the memory layout of a DLMemoryInputStream object instantiated on the stack by the function calling the parser, which is used internally by the stream reader:
struct DLMemoryInputStream {
uintptr_t* vftable_ptr; // Offset 0
size_t data_size; // Offset 4 (32bit) / 8 (64bit)
uint8_t* data_buffer; // Offset 8 (32bit) / 16 (64bit)
// Entries after the buffer are not important for the exploit
}Since we control the data_size field (Bug #1), it can be set to the stack memory address of the data_buffer field. This will succeed provided the address is constant and not too large (DS3 satisfies those requirements). Since the compiler places the stack buffer at the top of the frame, the attacker can then use Bug #2 to overwrite the lower two bytes of the DLMemoryInputStream's vftable_ptr. Hence when the next character is read by the DLEndianStreamReader, it will call the DLMemoryInputStream internally and code will be redirected. The 2 bytes give enough leeway to jump to the 22nd function in the DLEndianStreamReader vftable, which calls the 6th virtual method of the object pointed at by its first field. In a 64-bit process (i.e. Dark Souls III), the following instructions would be executed:
MOV RCX,qword ptr [RCX + 0x8]
MOV RAX,qword ptr [RCX]
JMP qword ptr [RAX + 0x40]Since RCX is a pointer to the DLMemoryInputStream object, the first instruction writes the data_size field, which has been set to a stack address pointing to the data_buffer field by the attacker using Bug #1, into RCX. The two next instructions will thus redirect execution to the memory address the attacker has written at offset 0x40 in the data buffer. Arbitrary code redirection has now been achieved! From there the attacker can set up a chain of code redirection that copies their payload into a suitable memory region and executes it by chosing code close to virtual calls with different offsets, since the buffer now acts as a virtual method table. For the Dark Souls III proof of concept I found a setup which only requires 3 gadgets to achieve RCE:
- 0x18:
140e97700 - 0x40:
1422be020 - 0x68:
140e40f15
See here for more details on these 3 gadgets. If for some other game this virtual call method is not a feasible approach, the arbitrary code redirection may still be used to setup more traditional ROP exploit.
To run the proof of concept code, you must first have a server to connect to. While the official servers have been disabled due to the exploit, you can setup a private one using ds3os. ds3os is designed to mimic the retail server behaviour as close as possible, but security patches have already been deployed to this project to fix this exploit. However you can still setup a testing environment by building the project yourself with the SEND_MESSAGE_TO_PLAYERS_SANITY_CHECKS and NRSSR_SANITY_CHECKS constants set to false in BuildConfig.h. This mimics the unsafe retail server behaviour. Follow the instructions provided by ds3os to start the game and connect to your server.
Once this is done and your game is connected to the servers, build the PoC code and start the Injector.exe executable. It will inject a DLL containing the exploit code in the Dark Souls III process. This DLL will then use the game function that sends FRPG messages to the server in order to deliver the exploit to your own client.
For the proof of concept I decided to use a PushRequestVisit message sent using RequestSendMessageToPlayers. This is the most potent version of the exploit in the sense that the target's game will immediately parse the vulnerable data after recieving it in all situations (even in the main menu).
LEA RAX,[DAT_144786150]
RETThis gadget is used in the one at 0x68. We need to put an address lower but fairly close to 144786998 into RAX; this is the closest one.
MOV RDX,RAX
MOV R8,qword ptr [RCX]
CALL qword ptr [R8 + 0x68]To be able to use the gadget at offset 0x68 we need the data buffer address to be stored in RDX and RCX to stay the same. This achieves precisely that.
; Jumping here from the gadget at offset 0x40
MOV RBX,RDX
CMP R9,R8
; Never jumps, R9 != R8
JZ LAB_140e40f7a
MOV RAX,qword ptr [RCX]
MOV R8,qword ptr [RSP + 0x50]
MOV RDX,R9
MOV qword ptr [RSP + 0x30],RSI
; Call gadget at offset 18 (140e97700). Loads 144786150 into RAX
CALL qword ptr [RAX + 0x18]
MOV RSI,RAX
TEST RAX,RAX
; Never jumps, RAX is the data buffer addr.
JZ LAB_140e40f4d
CMP RBP,RDI
MOV RDX,RBX
MOV RCX,RAX
CMOVC RDI,RBP
MOV R8,RDI ; RDI is a stack address close to 14F3B0, so the memcpy succeeds
CALL memcpy
LAB_140e40f4d:
TEST RBX,RBX
; Never jumps as RBX == RDX == data buffer addr, nonzero.
JZ LAB_140e40f62
; We have our now fully control this RWE memory region due to the memcpy at 144786150. RCE has been achieved!
MOV RCX,qword ptr [DAT_144786998]
MOV RDX,RBX
MOV RAX,qword ptr [RCX]
CALL qword ptr [RAX + 0x68]This gadget does almost everything for us. It calls offset 0x18 to get a memcpy destination pointer, copies our packet there and then calls the virtual function at offset 0x68 on static object at 144786998, which we now fully control because of the memcpy call. Since the amount of memory corrupted by the memcpy is large and some regions are constantly being written to by other game threads, the exploit first loads a "setup" payload that is copied into a safe location, suspends all other threads and recopies our actual payload before jumping to it. See rce.h for more info.
I recommend checking out the source code of the proof of concept code as it has many comments detailing the structure of the packet. If you do want to see what happens at each step in real time (you should, it's pretty cool!), you can inject the proof of concept DLL while running the game under a debugger with breakpoints at the following addresses of interest:
Essentially where the exploit begins. This function is responsible for parsing the size-delimited entry list data of the PushRequestVisit message. It first extracts each entry of the list into different vectors:
0x140ca59f8:
player_data_cpy_ptr = (std_vector *)VectorCopy2_140ca4ef0(&player_data_cpy,player_data);
FUN_140ca5010(player_data_cpy_ptr,&spawn_data,0x1c);
FUN_140ca5010(player_data_cpy_ptr,&unk,4);
FUN_140ca4fa0(player_data_cpy_ptr,&nrssr_data);The function 140ca5010 check entry sizes, but 140ca4fa0 is for variable size entries and does not perform sanity checks on the size field (Bug #1). To achieve the arbitrary code redirection exploit described above we need to set it to 14F3B0. This will cause an out-of-bounds read of approx. 1.3MiB but the memory page should be large enough to avoid access violations.
This function is called by the previous one with nrssr_data as an argument. Creates the DLMemoryInputStream object on the stack which is then passed as an argument to the NRSSR parser.
The NRSessionSearchResult parser. Verifies NRSSR signature and version numbers (14196a0f0), parses the property list (14196a260), host name (14195603a) and some more info (see rce.h)
Loop in the above function that unsafely copies the host name (Bug #2). Here are some addresses that may help keeping track of what is happening during the buffer overflow:
- Parser stack buffer address:
14F128 DLMemoryInputStreamstack address:14F3A0DLMemoryInputStreamvtable pointer after the overwrite:1439e8b30- Offset of the virtual function in the
DLMemoryInputStreamused by theDLInputStreamReader:0x18
MOV RCX,qword ptr [RCX + 0x8]
MOV RAX,qword ptr [RCX]
JMP qword ptr [RAX + 0x40]Where we end up after the first code redirection caused by the overwritten memory stream vftable. This is where the chain of virtual call redirections begin.
Footnotes
-
For Dark Souls III Ver. 1.15. The maximum theoretical payload size depends on the stack layout and as such will vary by game and version. ↩