chore(config): basic integration of Configurable into the main vector crate

[tobz]

(This issue is a task related to #12141: Implement configuration schema RFC)

Once #12221 yields a minimum viable design/implementation of the Configurable trait, we'll next want to begin integrating it into vector proper. This is important as most of the design will be more completely tested/exercised by using real configuration types.

List of outcomes/acceptance criteria:

• the vector crate will have a single high-level type that transitively represents the sum of all possible configurable options and components in Vector
• the aforementioned type, and all transitive type dependencies, will use #[configurable_component] to derive Configurable
• any necessary support for using Configurable with the existing configuration types will be added, but no additional #[configurable(..)] usages will be applied to the existing configuration types