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<!doctype html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en-US" xml:lang="en-US">
<head>
<title>Core Accessibility API Mappings 1.2</title>
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<section id="abstract">
<p>
This document describes how [=user agents=] should expose semantics of web content languages to <a class="termref">accessibility <abbr title="Application Programming Interfaces">APIs</abbr></a
>. This helps users with disabilities to obtain and interact with information using <a class="termref">assistive technologies</a>. Documenting these mappings promotes interoperable exposure of
roles, states, properties, and events implemented by accessibility APIs and helps to ensure that this information appears in a manner consistent with author intent.
</p>
<p>
This Core Accessibility API Mappings specification defines support that applies across multiple content technologies, including general keyboard navigation support and mapping of
general-purpose <a class="termref">roles</a>, states, and properties provided in Web content via
<cite
><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-1.2/"><abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr></a></cite
>
[[WAI-ARIA-1.2]]. Other Accessibility API Mappings specifications depend on and extend this Core specification for specific technologies, including native technology features and WAI-ARIA
extensions. This document updates and will eventually supersede the guidance in the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/core-aam-1.1/">Core Accessibility API Mappings 1.1</a> [[CORE-AAM-1.1]] W3C
Recommendation. It is part of the <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> suite described in the
<a href="http://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/aria.php"><abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> Overview</a>.
</p>
</section>
<section id="sotd">
<p>
The Accessible Rich Internet Applications Working Group seeks feedback on any aspect of the specification. When submitting feedback, please consider issues in the context of the companion
documents. To comment, <a href="https://github.com/w3c/core-aam/issues/new">file an issue in the <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> core-aam GitHub repository</a>. If this is
not feasible, send email to <a href="mailto:public-aria@w3.org?subject=Comment%20on%20Core-AAM%201.2">public-aria@w3.org</a> (<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-aria/"
>comment archive</a
>). In-progress updates to the document may be viewed in the <a href="http://w3c.github.io/core-aam/">publicly visible editors' draft</a>.
</p>
</section>
<section id="intro" class="informative">
<h2>Introduction</h2>
<p>
The Core Accessibility API Mappings specifies how <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> <a class="termref">roles</a>, <a class="termref">states</a>, and
[=ARIA/properties=] are expected to be exposed by user agents via platform accessibility <abbr title="Application Programming Interfaces">APIs</abbr>. It is part of a set of resources that
define and support the <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> specification which includes the following documents:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<cite><a class="specref" href="">Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) 1.2</a></cite> [[WAI-ARIA-1.2]], a <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> recommendation,
defines the <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> standard.
</li>
<li>
<cite
><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-practices/"><abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> Authoring Practices Guide</a></cite
>
[[WAI-ARIA-PRACTICES-1.2]], describes how web content developers can develop accessible rich internet applications using <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr>.
It provides detailed advice and examples directed primarily to web application developers, yet also useful to user agent and developers of assistive technologies.
</li>
<li>
<cite
><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-roadmap/">Roadmap for Accessible Rich Internet Applications (<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> Roadmap)</a></cite
>
[[WAI-ARIA-ROADMAP]], defines the path to make rich web content accessible, including steps already taken, remaining future steps, and a time line.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
For an introduction to <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr>, see the
<a href="http://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/aria.php"><abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> Overview</a>.
</p>
<section id="intro_aapi">
<h3>Accessibility <abbr title="Application Programming Interfaces">APIs</abbr></h3>
<p>
<a class="termref">Accessibility <abbr title="Application Programming Interfaces">APIs</abbr></a> make it possible to communicate accessibility information about user interfaces to assistive
technologies. This information includes:
</p>
<ol>
<li>Descriptive properties (role, name, value, position, etc.)</li>
<li>Transient states (pressed, focused, etc.)</li>
<li>Events (text changed, button was clicked, checkbox was toggled)</li>
<li>Actions the user might take (click, check/toggle, drag, etc.)</li>
<li>Relationships (parent/child, description/described object, previous object/next object, etc.)</li>
<li>Textual content</li>
</ol>
<p>Accessibility <abbr title="Application Programming Interfaces">APIs</abbr> covered by this specification are:</p>
<ul>
<li><abbr title="Microsoft Active Accessibility">MSAA</abbr> with <cite>IAccessible2 1.3</cite> [[IAccessible2]]</li>
<li><cite>User Interface Automation</cite> [[UI-AUTOMATION]]</li>
<li><cite>ATK - Accessibility Toolkit</cite> [[ATK]] and <cite>Assistive Technology Service Provider Interface</cite> [[AT-SPI]], referred to hereafter as "ATK/AT-SPI"</li>
<li><cite>macOS Accessibility Protocol</cite> [[AXAPI]]</li>
</ul>
<p>
The <cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/wai-aria-implementation/">WAI-ARIA 1.0 User Agent Implementation Guide</a></cite> included mappings for [[UIA-EXPRESS]], also known as IAccessibleEx,
which was implemented in Microsoft Internet Explorer 8.0 - 11. New implementations are strongly encouraged to use [[[UI-AUTOMATION]]] instead.
</p>
<p>
If user agent developers need to expose information using other accessibility <abbr title="Application Programming Interfaces">APIs</abbr>, it is recommended that they work closely with the
developer of the platform where the <abbr title="application programming interface">API</abbr> runs, and assistive technology developers on that platform.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h4>Comparing Accessibility APIs</h4>
<p>
For various technological and historical reasons, accessibility APIs do not all work in the same way. In many cases, there is no simple one-to-one relationship between how each of them names
or exposes roles, states, and properties to assistive technologies. The following subsections describe a few of the distinguishing characteristics of some of the APIs.
</p>
<section>
<h5>ATK/AT-SPI</h5>
<p>
MSAA, IAccessible2, UIA, and AX API each define an API that is shared by both the software application exposing information about its content and interactive components, and the assistive
technology consuming that information. Conversely, Linux/GNOME separates that shared interface into its two aspects, each represented by a different accessibility API: ATK or AT-SPI.
</p>
<p>
ATK defines an interface that is implemented by software in order to expose accessibility information, whereas AT-SPI is a desktop service that gathers accessibility information from
active applications and relays it to other interested applications, usually assistive technologies.
</p>
<p>
For example, the GNOME GUI toolkit [GTK], implements the relevant aspects of ATK for each widget (menu, combobox, checkbox, etc.) in order that GTK widgets expose accessibility information
about themselves. AT-SPI then acquires the information from applications built with GTK and makes it available to interested parties.
</p>
<p>
ATK is most relevant to implementors, whereas AT-SPI is relevant to consumers. In the context of mapping WAI-ARIA roles, states and properties, user agents are implementors and use ATK.
Assistive Technologies are consumers, and use AT-SPI.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h5>UIA (UI Automation)</h5>
<p>
UI Automation expresses every element of the application user interface as an automation element. Automation elements form the nodes of the application accessibility tree, that can be
queried, traversed and interacted with by automation clients.
</p>
<p>There are several concepts central to UI Automation:</p>
<ul>
<li>Automation element - controls and some application content are presented as automation elements.</li>
<li>
Element properties - Automation elements have several common properties describing native framework element characteristics in an agnostic way that all automation clients can understand.
There are several ways to access element property values, described below.
</li>
<li>
Control Patterns - Some common interactivity in different frameworks is expressed as control patterns in UIA, allowing different automation clients to interact with controls using common
programmatic interfaces.
</li>
<li>Events - Similar to other accessibility APIs, automation elements support various events that allow automation providers to notify clients on important state changes.</li>
</ul>
<p>
All automation elements inherit from the <code>IUIAutomationElement</code> interface and all properties that are not specific to a particular control pattern can be queried through that
interface. There are several ways to access UI Automation element properties:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Direct property accessors to the current values - <code>Current{PropertyName}</code>, e.g. <code>IUIAutomationElement::CurrentName</code> for the <code>Name</code> property</li>
<li>
Cached property accessors - <code>Cached{PropertyName}</code>, e.g. <code>IUIAutomationElement::CachedName</code> for the <code>Name</code> property. Using cached values is preferred
when providers and clients are used in remote environments.
</li>
<li>
<code>GetCurrentPropertyValue</code> and passing the UIA Property ID enumeration value corresponding to that property to get the current value, e.g.
<code>IUIAutomationElement::GetCurrentPropertyValue(UIA_NamePropertyId)</code> for the <code>Name</code> property.
</li>
<li>
<code>GetCachedPropertyValue</code> and passing the UIA Property ID enumeration value corresponding to that property to get the cached value, e.g.
<code>IUIAutomationElement::GetCachedPropertyValue(UIA_NamePropertyId)</code> for the <code>Name</code> property.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Properties for specific UIA control patterns are queried the same way using relevant control pattern interfaces. Taking Toggle Pattern as an example, to query the ToggleState property
clients can use IUIAutomationTogglePattern::CurrentToggleState or IUIAutomationTogglePattern::GetCurrentPropertyValue(UIA_ToggleToggleStatePropertyId) to get the current value.
</p>
<p>
The property mappings in this specification provide the <code>{PropertyName}</code> and do not specify all specific ways to access the property value. Automation clients can access current
or cached values using conventions described above, depending on specific needs and coding style conventions.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h5>Accessible Names and Descriptions</h5>
<p>
Each platform accessibility API includes a way to assign and retrieve <a class="termref" data-cite="accname-1.2#dfn-accessible-name">accessible name</a> and
<a class="termref" data-cite="accname-1.2#dfn-accessible-description">accessible description</a> properties for each <a class="termref">accessible object</a> created in the
<a class="termref">accessibility tree</a>. How these properties are implemented and what they are called vary depending on the API.
</p>
<p>
For instance, in MSAA, all <a class="termref">accessible objects</a> support the <code>accName</code> property, which stores the object's
<a class="termref" data-cite="accname-1.2#dfn-accessible-name">accessible name</a>. Where the object also supports having an
<a class="termref" data-cite="accname-1.2#dfn-accessible-description">accessible description</a>, MSAA stores this property in the object's <code>accDescription</code> property.
</p>
<p>
Software using ATK can read and write to an object's <code>accessible-name</code> and <code>accessible-description</code> properties. In turn, AT-SPI can query the values of those
properties through its <code>atspi_accessible_get_name</code> and <code>atspi_accessible_get_description</code> functions.
</p>
<p>
Automation elements in the UIA accessibility tree have a <code>Name</code> property. Where the object also supports having an
<a class="termref" data-cite="accname-1.2#dfn-accessible-description">accessible description</a>, UIA stores this property in the object's <code>FullDescription</code> property.
</p>
<p>
The approach to <a class="termref" data-cite="accname-1.2#dfn-accessible-name">accessible names</a> and
<a class="termref" data-lt="accessible description" data-cite="accname-1.2#dfn-accessible-description">accessible descriptions</a> in AX API is somewhat different to the other platform
APIs. <a class="termref" data-cite="accname-1.2#dfn-accessible-name">Accessible names</a> are exposed using the <code>AXTitle</code> property when the name is visually rendered, while the
<code>AXDescription</code> property is used when the object's name is not rendered visually. An object's
<a class="termref" data-cite="accname-1.2#dfn-accessible-description">accessible description</a>, where provided by
<a class="state-reference" href="#aria-description"><code>aria-description</code></a> or <a class="state-reference" href="#aria-describedby"><code>aria-describedby</code></a
>, should be exposed in the <code>accessibilityCustomContent</code> API. Otherwise, it should be exposed as <code>AXHelp</code>.
</p>
<p>For more detail, see the <a class="accname" href="">Accessible Name and Description Computation</a> specification.</p>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="conformance">
<section>
<h3>RFC-2119 Keywords</h3>
<p>
RFC-2119 keywords are formatted in uppercase and contained in a <code>strong</code> element with <code>class="rfc2119"</code>. When the keywords shown above are used, but do not share this
format, they do not convey formal information in the RFC 2119 sense, and are merely explanatory, i.e., informative. As much as possible, such usages are avoided in this specification.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Normative and Informative Sections</h3>
<p>The indication whether a section is normative or non-normative (informative) applies to the entire section including sub-sections.</p>
<p>
Informative sections provide information useful to understanding the specification. Such sections may contain examples of recommended practice, but it is not required to follow such
recommendations in order to conform to this specification.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Features Deprecated in WAI-ARIA</h3>
<p>
The WAI-ARIA specification <a href="#deprecated" class="specref">lists some features as deprecated</a>. Although this means authors are encouraged not to use such features, it is expected
that the features could still be used in legacy content. Therefore, it is important that user agents continue to map these features to accessibility APIs, and doing so is part of conformance
to this specification. When future versions of the WAI-ARIA specification change such features from deprecated to removed, they will be removed from the mappings as well and user agents will
no longer be asked to continue support for those features.
</p>
</section>
</section>
<section class="informative" id="glossary">
<h2>Important Terms</h2>
<div>
<p>While some terms are defined in place, the following definitions are used throughout this document.</p>
<dl class="termlist">
<dt><dfn data-export="">Accessibility Subtree</dfn></dt>
<dd>
<p>
An [=accessible object=] in the <a>accessibility tree</a> and its descendants in that tree. It does not include objects which have relationships other than parent-child in that tree. For
example, it does not include objects linked via <a class="specref" href="#aria-flowto">aria-flowto</a> unless those objects are also descendants in the <a>accessibility tree</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><dfn data-export="">Activation behavior</dfn></dt>
<dd>
<p>
The action taken when an <a>event</a>, typically initiated by users through an input device, causes an element to fulfill a defined role. The role may be defined for that element by the
host language, or by author-defined variables, or both. The role for any given element may be a generic action, or may be unique to that element. For example, the activation behavior of
an <abbr title="Hypertext Markup Language">HTML</abbr> or <abbr title="Scalable Vector Graphics">SVG</abbr> <code><a></code> element shall be to cause the user agent to traverse
the link specified in the <code>href</code> attribute, with the further optional parameter of specifying the browsing context for the traversal (such as the current window or tab, a
named window, or a new window); the activation behavior of an <abbr title="Hypertext Markup Language">HTML</abbr> <code><input></code> element with the <code>type</code> attribute
value <code>submit</code> shall be to send the values of the form elements to an author-defined <abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifiers">IRI</abbr> by the author-defined
<abbr title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</abbr> method.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</section>
<section id="mapping">
<h2>Mapping <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> to Accessibility <abbr title="Application Programming Interfaces">APIs</abbr></h2>
<section id="mapping_general">
<h3>General rules for exposing <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> semantics</h3>
<p>
Where supported by the platform <a class="termref">Accessibility API</a>, [=user agents=] expose <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr>
<a class="termref">semantics</a> through the standard mechanisms of the desktop accessibility <abbr title="application programming interface">API</abbr>. For example, for
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> <a class="termref">widgets</a>, compare how the widget is exposed in a similar desktop widget. In general most
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> widget capabilities are exposed through the <a class="termref">role</a>, value, Boolean <a class="termref">states</a>, and
relations of the accessibility <abbr title="application programming interface">API</abbr>.
</p>
<p>
With respect to <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> 1.0 and 1.1, accessibility <abbr title="application programming interfaces">APIs</abbr> operate in one
direction only. User agents publish <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> information (roles, states, and properties) via an accessibility
<abbr title="application programming interface">API</abbr>, and an <abbr title="assistive technology">AT</abbr> can acquire that information using the same
<abbr title="application programming interface">API</abbr>. However, the other direction is not supported. <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> 1.0 and 1.1 do
not define mechanisms for assistive technologies to directly modify <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> information.
</p>
<p>
The terms "exposing", "mapping", and "including" refer to the creation of <a class="termref">accessible object</a> <a class="termref" data-lt="node">nodes</a> within the
<a class="termref">accessibility tree</a>, and populating these objects with <a class="termref">Accessibility API</a> specific <a class="termref">states</a> and [=ARIA/properties=].
</p>
</section>
<section id="mapping_conflicts">
<h3>Conflicts between native markup semantics and <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr></h3>
<p>
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> roles, states, and properties are intended to add <a class="termref">semantic</a> information when native host language
<a class="termref">elements</a> with these semantics are not available, and are generally used on elements that have no native semantics of their own. They can also be used on elements that
have similar but not identical semantics to the intended object (for instance, a nested list could be used to represent a tree structure). This method can be part of a fallback strategy for
older browsers that have no <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> implementation, or because native presentation of the repurposed element reduces the amount of
style and/or script needed. Except for the cases outlined below, [=user agents=] MUST always use the <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> semantics to define
how it exposes the element to <a class="termref">accessibility APIs</a>, rather than using the host language semantics.
</p>
<p>
Host languages can have features that have implicit <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> semantics corresponding to <a class="termref">roles</a>. When a
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> role is provided that has a corresponding role in the accessibility
<abbr title="Application Programming Interface">API</abbr>, user agents MUST use the semantic of the <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> role for processing,
not the native semantic, unless the role requires <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> states and properties whose attributes are explicitly forbidden on the
native element by the host language. Values for roles do not conflict in the same way as values for states and properties, and because authors are expected to have a valid reason to provide
a <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> role even on elements that would not normally be repurposed. For example, spin buttons are typically constructed from
text fields (<code><input type="text"></code>) in order to get most of the default keyboard support. But, the native role, "text field", is not correct because it
does not properly communicate the additional features of a spin button. The author adds the <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> role of
<code>spinbutton</code> (<code><input type="text" role="spinbutton" ...></code>) so that the control is properly mapped in the accessibility
<abbr title="Application Programming Interface">API</abbr>. When a <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> role is provided that does not have a corresponding role
in the accessibility <abbr title="Application Programming Interface">API</abbr>, user agents MAY expose the native semantic in addition to the
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> role. If the host language element is overridden by a
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> role whose semantics or structure is not equivalent to the native host language semantics or to a subclass of those
semantics, then treat any child elements having roles specified as Allowed Accessibility Child Roles as having <a href="#role-map-presentation">presentation</a> or
<a href="#role-map-none">none</a>.
</p>
<p class="note">
The above text differs slightly from the <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> specification. The requirement for user agents to expose the
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> role instead of the native role was intended to only apply in cases where there is a direct mapping from the
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> role to a corresponding role in the accessibility <abbr title="Application Programming Interface">API</abbr>. The wording
of the requirement is not clear in the <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> specification, however, and has been interpreted differently by implementers. The
requirement has been clarified here and an additional statement added to indicate that user agents may expose native semantics if there is not a direct mapping to a role in the accessibility
<abbr title="Application Programming Interface">API</abbr>. Because there are differing implementations, authors will be advised against adding such
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> roles to native elements that have their own semantics in the
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> Authoring Practices Guide.
</p>
<p>
When <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> states and properties correspond to host language features that have the same implicit
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> semantic, it can be problematic if the values become out of sync. For example, the
<abbr title="Hypertext Markup Language">HTML</abbr> <code>checked</code> attribute and the <code>aria-checked</code> attribute could have conflicting values. Therefore to prevent providing
conflicting states and properties to assistive technologies, host languages will explicitly declare where the use of
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> attributes on a host language element conflict with native attributes for that element. When a host language declares a
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> <a class="termref">attribute</a> to be in direct semantic conflict with a native attribute for a given element, user
agents MUST ignore the <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> attribute and instead use the host language attribute with the same implicit semantic.
</p>
<p>
Host languages might also document features that cannot be overridden with <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> (these are called "strong native
semantics"). These can be features that have implicit <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> semantics as well as features where the processing would be
uncertain if the semantics were changed with <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr>. While conformance checkers might signal an error or warning when a
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> role is used on elements with strong native semantics, user agents MUST still use the value of the semantic of the
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> role when exposing the element to accessibility <abbr title="Application Programming Interfaces">APIs</abbr>.
</p>
</section>
<section id="mapping_nodirect">
<h3>Exposing attributes that do not directly map to accessibility <abbr title="application programming interface">API</abbr> properties</h3>
<p>
Platform <a class="termref">accessibility APIs</a> might have features that are not in <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr>. Likewise,
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> exposes capabilities that are not supported by accessibility
<abbr title="Application Programming Interfaces">APIs</abbr> at the time of publication. There typically is not a one to one relationship between all
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> <a class="termref">attributes</a> and platform accessibility <abbr title="application programming interfaces">APIs</abbr>.
When <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> <a class="termref">roles</a>, <a class="termref">states</a> and [=ARIA/properties=] do not directly map to an
accessibility <abbr title="application programming interface">API</abbr>, and there is a mechanism in the <abbr title="application programming interface">API</abbr> to expose the
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> role, states, and properties and their values, [=user agents=] MUST expose the
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> data using that mechanism as follows:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
In IAccessible2 and <abbr title="Accessibility Toolkit">ATK</abbr>/<abbr title="Assistive Technology - Service Provider Interface">AT-SPI</abbr>, use object attributes to expose
<a class="termref">semantics</a> that are not directly supported in the <abbr title="application programming interfaces">APIs</abbr>. Object attributes are name-value pairs that are
loosely specified, and very flexible for exposing things where there is no specific interface in an accessibility <abbr title="application programming interface">API</abbr>. For example,
at this time, the <a class="property-reference" href="#aria-live"><code>aria-live</code></a> attribute can be exposed via an object attribute because accessibility
<abbr title="application programming interfaces">APIs</abbr> have no such property available. Specific rules for exposing object attribute name-value pairs are described throughout this
document, and rules for the general cases are in <a href="#mapping_state-property">State and Property Mapping</a>.
</li>
<li>
In Microsoft <abbr title="User Interface Automation">UIA</abbr>, use the <code>AriaRole</code> and <code>AriaProperties</code> properties to expose semantics that are not directly
supported in the control type.
</li>
</ul>
<p class="note">
MSAA does not provide a mechanism for exposing attributes that do not map directly to the <abbr title="application programming interface">API</abbr> and among implementers, there is no
agreement on how to do it.
</p>
<p>
User agents MUST also expose the entire role string through this mechanism and MAY also expose <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Applications">WAI-ARIA</abbr> attributes and values
through this mechanism even when there is a direct mapping to an accessibility <abbr title="application programming interface">API</abbr>.
</p>
<p>
Browser implementers are advised to publicly document their <abbr title="application programming interface">API</abbr> methods for exposing any relevant information, so that
<a class="termref">assistive technology</a> developers can use the <abbr title="application programming interface">API</abbr> to support user features.
</p>
</section>
<section id="mapping_role">
<h2>Role mapping</h2>
<p>
Platform <a class="termref">accessibility APIs</a> traditionally have had a finite set of predefined <a class="termref">roles</a> that are expected by
<a class="termref">assistive technologies</a> on that platform and only one or two roles may be exposed. In contrast,
<abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> allows multiple roles to be specified as an ordered set of space-separated valid role tokens. The additional roles are
fallback roles similar to the concept of specifying multiple fonts in case the first choice font type is not supported.
</p>
<section id="roleMappingGeneralRules">
<h2>General rules</h2>
<p id="exposeRoleString">
User agents MUST expose the <abbr title="Accessible Rich Internet Application">WAI-ARIA</abbr> role string if the <abbr title="application programming interface">API</abbr> supports a
mechanism to do so. This allows assistive technologies to do their own additional processing of roles.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<abbr title="Microsoft Active Accessibility">MSAA</abbr>:
<a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/dd373608(v=vs.85).aspx" title="Object Roles (Windows)">not supported</a>. User agents SHOULD NOT expose a custom role in
MSAA's <code>accRole</code> property.
</li>
<li>IAccessible2: expose as an object attribute pair (<code>xml-roles:"string"</code>)</li>
<li>
<abbr title="User Interface Automation">UIA</abbr>: expose as <code>AriaRole</code> property. The <code>AriaRole property</code> can also support secondary roles using a space as a
separator.
</li>
<li>
<abbr title="Accessibility Toolkit">ATK</abbr>/<abbr title="Assistive Technology - Service Provider Interface">AT-SPI</abbr>: expose as an object attribute pair
(<code>xml-roles:"string"</code>)
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="roleMappingComputedRole">
<h2>Computed Role</h2>
<p>
The `computedrole` of an element is a string that represents the role of the element as computed by the browser engine. The `computedrole` is used primarily for the purposes of developer
tools and specification comformance and interoperability testing.
</p>
<p class="note">
User agents provide this role string, for example, in developer tools, and in response to the WebDriver function
<a href="https://w3c.github.io/webdriver/#get-computed-role">`getComputedRole`</a>, which is used for
<a href="https://github.com/w3c/aria/blob/main/documentation/tests.md">interoperability testing of ARIA, HTML-AAM, and other specifications</a>.
</p>
<aside class="example">
<!-- ReSpec needs these examples to be unindented. -->
<pre>
<button> <!-- computedrole returns "button" -->
<a href="#" role="button"> <!-- computedrole returns "button" --></pre
>
</aside>
<p>
When an element has a role but is not contained in the required context (for example, an orphaned `listitem` without the required accessible parent of role `list`), User Agents MUST ignore
the role token, and return the `computedrole` as if the ignored role token had not been included.
</p>
<aside class="example">
<!-- ReSpec needs these examples to be unindented. -->
<pre>
<div role="listitem"> <!-- Author error: orphaned listitem. computedrole returns "generic" -->
<div role="list"> <!-- computedrole returns "list" -->
<div role="listitem"> <!-- computedrole returns "listitem" in the required context. --></pre
>
</aside>
<p>
When host language elements do not have an exact or equivalent mapping to a valid, non-abstract role, the related Accessibilty API Mapping extension specification MAY specify a unique
`computedrole` string as the return value for interoperability testing purposes, such as `<video> -> "html-video"` in [[HTML-AAM]]. However, authors MUST NOT use any
host-language-prefixed `computedrole` string in the `role` attribute (such as `html-video`), unless the token also matches valid, defined role (such as `dpub-chapter`). User Agents MUST
ignore any abstract or invalid role token.
</p>
<aside class="example">
<!-- ReSpec needs these examples to be unindented. -->
<pre>
<video> <!-- computedrole returns "html-video" -->
<main role="html-video"> <!-- Author error. computedrole returns "main" --></pre
>
</aside>
</section>
<section id="mapping_role_table">
<h3>Role Mapping Tables</h3>
<h4 id="role-map-alert"><code>alert</code></h4>
<table aria-labelledby="role-map-alert">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>ARIA Specification</th>
<td>
<a class="role-reference" href="#alert"><code>alert</code></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Computed Role</th>
<td>
<p><code>alert</code></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>MSAA + IAccessible2</th>
<td>
<span class="property">Role: <code>ROLE_SYSTEM_ALERT</code></span
><br />
<span class="event"
>Event: The user agent SHOULD fire <code>EVENT_SYSTEM_ALERT</code>. <sup>[<a href="#ftn.note2">Note 2</a>]</sup></span
>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><abbr title="User Interface Automation">UIA</abbr></th>
<td>
<span class="property">Control Type: <code>Group</code></span
><br />
<span class="property">Localized Control Type: <code>alert</code></span
><br />
<span class="property">LiveSetting: <code>Assertive (2)</code></span
><br />
<span class="event"
>Event: The user agent SHOULD fire a system alert <a class="termref">event</a>. <sup>[<a href="#ftn.note2">Note 2</a>]</sup></span
>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><abbr title="Accessibility Toolkit">ATK</abbr>/<abbr title="Assistive Technology - Service Provider Interface">AT-SPI</abbr></th>
<td>
<span class="property">Role: <code>ROLE_NOTIFICATION</code></span
><br />
<span class="event"
>Event: The user agent SHOULD fire a system alert <a class="termref">event</a>. <sup>[<a href="#ftn.note2">Note 2</a>]</sup></span
>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
<abbr title="macOS Accessibility Protocol">AX API</abbr><sup>[<a href="#ftn.note1">Note 1</a>]</sup>
</th>
<td>
<span class="property">AXRole: <code>AXGroup</code></span
><br />
<span class="property">AXSubrole: <code>AXApplicationAlert</code></span
><br />
<span class="event"
>Event: The user agent SHOULD fire a system alert <a class="termref">event</a>. <sup>[<a href="#ftn.note2">Note 2</a>]</sup></span
>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="role-map-alertdialog"><code>alertdialog</code></h4>
<table aria-labelledby="role-map-alertdialog">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>ARIA Specification</th>
<td>
<a class="role-reference" href="#alertdialog"><code>alertdialog</code></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Computed Role</th>
<td>
<p><code>alertdialog</code></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>MSAA + IAccessible2</th>
<td>
<span class="property">Role: <code>ROLE_SYSTEM_DIALOG</code></span
><br />
<span class="event"
>Event: The user agent SHOULD fire <code>EVENT_SYSTEM_ALERT</code>. <sup>[<a href="#ftn.note2">Note 2</a>]</sup></span
>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><abbr title="User Interface Automation">UIA</abbr></th>
<td>
<span class="property">Control Type: <code>Pane</code></span
><br />
<span class="event"
>Event: The user agent SHOULD fire a system alert <a class="termref">event</a>. <sup>[<a href="#ftn.note2">Note 2</a>]</sup></span
>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><abbr title="Accessibility Toolkit">ATK</abbr>/<abbr title="Assistive Technology - Service Provider Interface">AT-SPI</abbr></th>
<td>
<span class="property">Role: <code>ROLE_ALERT</code></span
><br />
<span class="property">Interface: <code>Window</code></span
><br />
<span class="event"
>Event: The user agent SHOULD fire a system alert <a class="termref">event</a>. <sup>[<a href="#ftn.note2">Note 2</a>]</sup></span
>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
<abbr title="macOS Accessibility Protocol">AX API</abbr><sup>[<a href="#ftn.note1">Note 1</a>]</sup>
</th>
<td>
<span class="property">AXRole: <code>AXGroup</code></span
><br />
<span class="property">AXSubrole: <code>AXApplicationAlertDialog</code></span
><br />
<span class="event"
>Event: The user agent SHOULD fire a system alert <a class="termref">event</a>. <sup>[<a href="#ftn.note2">Note 2</a>]</sup></span
>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="role-map-application"><code>application</code></h4>
<table aria-labelledby="role-map-application">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>ARIA Specification</th>
<td>
<a class="role-reference" href="#application"><code>application</code></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Computed Role</th>
<td>
<p><code>application</code></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>MSAA + IAccessible2</th>
<td>
<span class="property">Role: <code>ROLE_SYSTEM_APPLICATION</code></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><abbr title="User Interface Automation">UIA</abbr></th>
<td>
<span class="property">Control Type: <code>Pane</code></span
><br />
<span class="property">Localized Control Type: <code>application</code></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><abbr title="Accessibility Toolkit">ATK</abbr>/<abbr title="Assistive Technology - Service Provider Interface">AT-SPI</abbr></th>
<td>
<span class="property">Role: <code>ROLE_EMBEDDED</code></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
<abbr title="macOS Accessibility Protocol">AX API</abbr><sup>[<a href="#ftn.note1">Note 1</a>]</sup>
</th>
<td>
<span class="property">AXRole: <code>AXGroup</code></span
><br />
<span class="property">AXSubrole: <code>AXWebApplication</code></span
><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="role-map-article"><code>article</code></h4>
<table aria-labelledby="role-map-article">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>ARIA Specification</th>
<td>
<a class="role-reference" href="#article"><code>article</code></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Computed Role</th>
<td>
<p><code>article</code></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>MSAA + IAccessible2</th>
<td>
<span class="property">Role: <code>ROLE_SYSTEM_DOCUMENT</code></span
><br />
<span class="property">State: <code>STATE_SYSTEM_READONLY</code></span
><br />
<span class="property">Object Attribute: <code>xml-roles:article</code></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><abbr title="User Interface Automation">UIA</abbr></th>
<td>
<span class="property">Control Type: <code>Group</code></span
><br />
<span class="property">Localized Control Type: <code>article</code></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><abbr title="Accessibility Toolkit">ATK</abbr>/<abbr title="Assistive Technology - Service Provider Interface">AT-SPI</abbr></th>
<td>
<span class="property">Role: <code>ROLE_ARTICLE</code></span
><br />
<span class="property">Object Attribute: <code>xml-roles:article</code></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
<abbr title="macOS Accessibility Protocol">AX API</abbr><sup>[<a href="#ftn.note1">Note 1</a>]</sup>
</th>
<td>
<span class="property">AXRole: <code>AXGroup</code></span
><br />
<span class="property">AXSubrole: <code>AXDocumentArticle</code></span
><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="role-map-banner"><code>banner</code></h4>
<table aria-labelledby="role-map-banner">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>ARIA Specification</th>
<td>
<a class="role-reference" href="#banner"><code>banner</code></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Computed Role</th>
<td>
<p><code>banner</code></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>MSAA + IAccessible2</th>
<td>
<span class="property">Role: <code>IA2_ROLE_LANDMARK</code></span
><br />
<span class="property">Object Attribute: <code>xml-roles:banner</code></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><abbr title="User Interface Automation">UIA</abbr></th>
<td>
<span class="property">Control Type: <code>Group</code></span
><br />
<span class="property">Localized Control Type: <code>banner</code></span
><br />
<span class="property">Landmark Type: <code>Custom</code></span
><br />
<span class="property">Localized Landmark Type: <code>banner</code></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><abbr title="Accessibility Toolkit">ATK</abbr>/<abbr title="Assistive Technology - Service Provider Interface">AT-SPI</abbr></th>
<td>
<span class="property">Role: <code>ROLE_LANDMARK</code></span
><br />
<span class="property">Object Attribute: <code>xml-roles:banner</code></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
<abbr title="macOS Accessibility Protocol">AX API</abbr><sup>[<a href="#ftn.note1">Note 1</a>]</sup>
</th>
<td>
<span class="property">AXRole: <code>AXGroup</code></span
><br />
<span class="property">AXSubrole: <code>AXLandmarkBanner</code></span
><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="role-map-blockquote"><code>blockquote</code></h4>
<table aria-labelledby="role-map-blockquote">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>ARIA Specification</th>
<td>
<a class="role-reference" href="#blockquote"><code>blockquote</code></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Computed Role</th>
<td>
<p><code>blockquote</code></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>MSAA + IAccessible2</th>
<td>
<span class="property">Role: <code>ROLE_SYSTEM_GROUPING</code></span
><br />
<span class="property">Role: <code>IA2_ROLE_BLOCK_QUOTE</code></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><abbr title="User Interface Automation">UIA</abbr></th>
<td>
<span class="property">Control Type: <code>Group</code></span
><br />
<span class="property">Localized Control Type: <code>blockquote</code></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><abbr title="Accessibility Toolkit">ATK</abbr>/<abbr title="Assistive Technology - Service Provider Interface">AT-SPI</abbr></th>
<td>
<span class="property">Role: <code>ROLE_BLOCK_QUOTE</code></span
><br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
<abbr title="macOS Accessibility Protocol">AX API</abbr><sup>[<a href="#ftn.note1">Note 1</a>]</sup>
</th>
<td>
<span class="property">AXRole: <code>AXGroup</code></span
><br />
<span class="property">AXSubrole: <code><nil></code></span
><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="role-map-button"><code>button</code> with default values for <code>aria-pressed</code> and <code>aria-haspopup</code></h4>
<table aria-labelledby="role-map-button">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>ARIA Specification</th>
<td>
<a class="role-reference" href="#button"><code>button</code></a> with default values for <a class="property-reference" href="#aria-pressed"><code>aria-pressed</code></a> and
<a class="property-reference" href="#aria-haspopup"><code>aria-haspopup</code></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Computed Role</th>
<td>
<p><code>button</code></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>MSAA + IAccessible2</th>
<td>
<span class="property">Role: <code>ROLE_SYSTEM_PUSHBUTTON</code></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><abbr title="User Interface Automation">UIA</abbr></th>
<td>
<span class="property">Control Type: <code>Button</code></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><abbr title="Accessibility Toolkit">ATK</abbr>/<abbr title="Assistive Technology - Service Provider Interface">AT-SPI</abbr></th>
<td>
<span class="property">Role: <code>ROLE_PUSH_BUTTON</code></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
<abbr title="macOS Accessibility Protocol">AX API</abbr><sup>[<a href="#ftn.note1">Note 1</a>]</sup>
</th>
<td>
<span class="property">AXRole: <code>AXButton</code></span
><br />
<span class="property">AXSubrole: <code><nil></code></span
><br />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4 id="role-map-button-haspopup"><code>button</code> with non-<code>false</code> value for <code>aria-haspopup</code></h4>
<table aria-labelledby="role-map-button-haspopup">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>ARIA Specification</th>
<td>
<a class="role-reference" href="#button"><code>button</code></a> with non-<code>false</code> value for <code>aria-haspopup</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Computed Role</th>
<td>
<p><code>button</code></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>MSAA + IAccessible2</th>
<td>
<span class="property">Role: <code>ROLE_SYSTEM_BUTTONMENU</code></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><abbr title="User Interface Automation">UIA</abbr></th>
<td>
<span class="property">Control Type: <code>Button</code></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><abbr title="Accessibility Toolkit">ATK</abbr>/<abbr title="Assistive Technology - Service Provider Interface">AT-SPI</abbr></th>
<td>
<span class="property">Role: <code>ROLE_PUSH_BUTTON</code></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>
<abbr title="macOS Accessibility Protocol">AX API</abbr><sup>[<a href="#ftn.note1">Note 1</a>]</sup>