diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-custom-formats-write-fail.tentative.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-custom-formats-write-fail.tentative.https.html
index 305222a58ff34b..c129ee5cfe4fe9 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-custom-formats-write-fail.tentative.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-custom-formats-write-fail.tentative.https.html
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
     customFormatMap[customFormatArray[i]] = blobInput;
   }
   const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem(customFormatMap);
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await promise_rejects_dom(t, 'NotAllowedError',
       navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]));
 }, 'navigator.clipboard.write() fails for more than 100 custom formats');
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
   const blobInput2 = new Blob(['input data 2'], {type: format2});
   const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem(
       {[format1]: blobInput1, [format2]: blobInput2});
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await promise_rejects_dom(t, 'NotAllowedError',
       navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]));
 }, 'navigator.clipboard.write() fails for custom formats without web prefix');
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
   const blobInput2 = new Blob(['input data 2'], {type: format2});
   const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem(
       {[format1]: blobInput1, [format2]: blobInput2});
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await promise_rejects_dom(t, 'NotAllowedError',
       navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]));
 }, 'navigator.clipboard.write() fails for custom formats with web prefix, but invalid MIME types');
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
   const blobInput1 = new Blob(['input data 1'], {type: format2});
   const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem(
       {[format1]: blobInput1});
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await promise_rejects_dom(t, 'NotAllowedError',
       navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]));
 }, 'navigator.clipboard.write() fails for custom format with web prefix, but different Blob type');
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@
   const blobInput1 = new Blob(['input data 1'], {type: format2});
   const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem(
       {[format1]: blobInput1});
-      await waitForUserActivation();
+      await test_driver.bless();
   await promise_rejects_dom(t, 'NotAllowedError',
       navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]));
 }, 'navigator.clipboard.write() fails for custom format with different case than the Blob type');
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@
   const blobInput1 = new Blob(['input data 1'], {type: format1});
   const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem(
       {[format2]: blobInput1});
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await promise_rejects_dom(t, 'NotAllowedError',
       navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]));
 }, 'navigator.clipboard.write() fails for invalid mime type that is different than the Blob type');
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@
   const blobInput1 = new Blob(['input data 1'], {type: format2});
   const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem(
       {[format1]: blobInput1});
-      await waitForUserActivation();
+      await test_driver.bless();
   await promise_rejects_dom(t, 'NotAllowedError',
       navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]));
 }, 'navigator.clipboard.write() fails for invalid mime type with web prefix and the Blob type');
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
   const blobInput1 = new Blob(['input data 1'], {type: format2});
   const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem(
       {[format1]: blobInput1});
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await promise_rejects_dom(t, 'NotAllowedError',
       navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]));
 }, 'navigator.clipboard.write() fails for custom format and Blob type with different case');
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-custom-formats-write-read-web-prefix.tentative.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-custom-formats-write-read-web-prefix.tentative.https.html
index a5ee7c5bf0edd2..c96a2966ae2c9e 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-custom-formats-write-read-web-prefix.tentative.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-custom-formats-write-read-web-prefix.tentative.https.html
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@
   const blobInput1 = new Blob(['input data 1'], {type: format2});
   const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem(
       {[format1]: blobInput1});
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]);
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   const clipboardItems = await navigator.clipboard.read();
   assert_equals(clipboardItems.length, 1);
   const clipboardItem = clipboardItems[0];
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-custom-formats-write-read-without-web-prefix.tentative.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-custom-formats-write-read-without-web-prefix.tentative.https.html
index e20b66b55182ec..8e897e5c2566cf 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-custom-formats-write-read-without-web-prefix.tentative.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-custom-formats-write-read-without-web-prefix.tentative.https.html
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@
   const blobInput1 = new Blob(['input data 1'], {type: format2});
   const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem(
       {[format1]: blobInput1});
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]);
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   const clipboardItems = await navigator.clipboard.read();
   assert_equals(clipboardItems.length, 1);
   const clipboardItem = clipboardItems[0];
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-custom-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-custom-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html
index d174df67498dd9..25990962756284 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-custom-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-custom-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@
   const blobInput2 = new Blob(['input data 2'], {type: format2});
   const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem(
       {[format1]: blobInput1, [format2]: blobInput2});
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]);
 
   // Items should be readable on a custom format clipboard after custom format
   // write.
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   const clipboardItems = await navigator.clipboard.read();
   assert_equals(clipboardItems.length, 1);
   const clipboardItem = clipboardItems[0];
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-html-script-removal.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-html-script-removal.https.html
index 9ec9a3735642c7..2e9bba34a7b1fb 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-html-script-removal.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-html-script-removal.https.html
@@ -38,9 +38,9 @@
   await tryGrantWritePermission();
   const blobInput = new Blob([html_with_script], {type: 'text/html'});
   const clipboardItem = new ClipboardItem({'text/html': blobInput});
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItem]);
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   const clipboardItems = await navigator.clipboard.read();
 
   const html = clipboardItems[0];
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-navigator-clipboard-basics.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-navigator-clipboard-basics.https.html
index 5d6f701bdb7516..b3d28fcfc31c6f 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-navigator-clipboard-basics.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-navigator-clipboard-basics.https.html
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 async function getPermissions() {
   await tryGrantReadPermission();
   await tryGrantWritePermission();
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
 }
 
 test(() => {
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-navigator-clipboard-read-resource-load.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-navigator-clipboard-read-resource-load.https.html
index 25a90a2d082250..973b16dae6f4e3 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-navigator-clipboard-read-resource-load.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-navigator-clipboard-read-resource-load.https.html
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
   await tryGrantReadPermission();
   await test_driver.click(button);
 
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   const items = await navigator.clipboard.read();
   const htmlBlob = await items[0].getType("text/html");
   const html = await htmlBlob.text();
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-navigator-clipboard-read-sanitize.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-navigator-clipboard-read-sanitize.https.html
index 4f8463cd7cc78c..5ad7f2ac41c5d3 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-navigator-clipboard-read-sanitize.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-navigator-clipboard-read-sanitize.https.html
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
   await tryGrantReadPermission();
   await test_driver.click(button);
 
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   const items = await navigator.clipboard.read();
   const htmlBlob = await items[0].getType("text/html");
   const html = await htmlBlob.text();
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-navigator-clipboard-write-multiple.tentative.https.sub.html b/clipboard-apis/async-navigator-clipboard-write-multiple.tentative.https.sub.html
index c310203503f353..73e741ef2b7c80 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-navigator-clipboard-write-multiple.tentative.https.sub.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-navigator-clipboard-write-multiple.tentative.https.sub.html
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 async function getPermissions() {
   await tryGrantReadPermission();
   await tryGrantWritePermission()
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
 }
 
 function waitForMessage(msg) {
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-promise-write-blobs-read-blobs.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-promise-write-blobs-read-blobs.https.html
index 6b798931600219..c13401f188bcde 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-promise-write-blobs-read-blobs.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-promise-write-blobs-read-blobs.https.html
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@
 
   const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem(
         {'text/plain' : blobText, 'image/png' : promise1});
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]);
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   const clipboardItems = await navigator.clipboard.read();
 
   assert_equals(clipboardItems.length, 1);
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-unsanitized-html-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-unsanitized-html-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html
index 848900830f136d..aed3f1c8e65004 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-unsanitized-html-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-unsanitized-html-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html
@@ -38,11 +38,11 @@
   const blobInput2 = new Blob([textInput], {type: format2});
   const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem(
       {[format1]: blobInput1, [format2]: blobInput2});
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]);
 
   // Read unsanitized version of HTML format.
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   const clipboardItems = await navigator.clipboard.read();
 
   assert_equals(clipboardItems.length, 1);
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-unsanitized-plaintext-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-unsanitized-plaintext-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html
index dea91b41d7eb1a..34945ee8c25ed2 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-unsanitized-plaintext-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-unsanitized-plaintext-formats-write-read.tentative.https.html
@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@
   assert_equals(blobInput2.type, format2.toLowerCase());
   const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem(
       {[format1]: blobInput1, [format2]: blobInput2});
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]);
 
   // Items should be readable on a system clipboard after custom format write.
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   const clipboardItems = await navigator.clipboard.read();
   assert_equals(clipboardItems.length, 1);
   const clipboardItem = clipboardItems[0];
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
 
   // These examples use native text formats, so these formats should be
   // accessible as text.
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   const textOutput = await navigator.clipboard.readText();
   assert_equals(textOutput, dataToWrite);
 }, 'Verify write and read unsanitized content to the clipboard given standard and custom formats as input');
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-unsanitized-standard-html-read-fail.tentative.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-unsanitized-standard-html-read-fail.tentative.https.html
index f0884d6c20cbe3..edf3b5e52b67ab 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-unsanitized-standard-html-read-fail.tentative.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-unsanitized-standard-html-read-fail.tentative.https.html
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 promise_test(async t => {
   await tryGrantReadPermission();
 
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await promise_rejects_dom(t, 'NotAllowedError',
       navigator.clipboard.read({unsanitized: ['text/html', 'text/plain']}));
 }, 'navigator.clipboard.read() fails for multiple unsanitized formats requested.');
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 promise_test(async t => {
   await tryGrantReadPermission();
 
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await promise_rejects_dom(t, 'NotAllowedError',
       navigator.clipboard.read({unsanitized: ['text/plain']}));
 }, 'navigator.clipboard.read() fails for unsanitized text/plain requested.');
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 promise_test(async t => {
   await tryGrantReadPermission();
 
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await promise_rejects_dom(t, 'NotAllowedError',
       navigator.clipboard.read({unsanitized: ['image/png']}));
 }, 'navigator.clipboard.read() fails for unsanitized image/png requested.');
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 promise_test(async t => {
   await tryGrantReadPermission();
 
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await promise_rejects_dom(t, 'NotAllowedError',
       navigator.clipboard.read({unsanitized: ['image/svg+xml']}));
 }, 'navigator.clipboard.read() fails for unsanitized image/svg+xml requested.');
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-write-blobs-read-blobs.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-write-blobs-read-blobs.https.html
index d89640d58a034b..df8b7eea2f155a 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-write-blobs-read-blobs.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-write-blobs-read-blobs.https.html
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@
   const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem(
         {'text/plain' : blobText, 'image/png' : blobImage});
 
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]);
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   const clipboardItems = await navigator.clipboard.read();
 
   assert_equals(clipboardItems.length, 1);
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-write-html-read-html.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-write-html-read-html.https.html
index 2573916bd6af25..6429742883cd4c 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-write-html-read-html.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-write-html-read-html.https.html
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@
   await tryGrantWritePermission();
   const blobInput = new Blob([textInput], {type: 'text/html'});
   const clipboardItem = new ClipboardItem({'text/html': blobInput});
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItem]);
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   const clipboardItems = await navigator.clipboard.read({type: 'text/html'});
 
   const html = clipboardItems[0];
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/async-write-image-read-image.https.html b/clipboard-apis/async-write-image-read-image.https.html
index a8aa7d457cbaf1..2413f28300297f 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/async-write-image-read-image.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/async-write-image-read-image.https.html
@@ -49,9 +49,9 @@
 
   assert_equals(blobInput.type, 'image/png');
   const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem({'image/png' : blobInput});
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]);
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   const clipboardItems = await navigator.clipboard.read();
 
   assert_equals(clipboardItems.length, 1);
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@
   const invalidPngBlob = new Blob(['this text is not a valid png image'],
       {type: 'image/png'});
   const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem({'image/png' : invalidPngBlob});
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await promise_rejects_dom(t, 'DataError',
       navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]));
 }, 'Verify write error on malformed data [image/png ClipboardItem]');
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/detached-iframe/write-read-on-detached-iframe.https.html b/clipboard-apis/detached-iframe/write-read-on-detached-iframe.https.html
index 155f9d004aee2a..063ad261b3850e 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/detached-iframe/write-read-on-detached-iframe.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/detached-iframe/write-read-on-detached-iframe.https.html
@@ -19,10 +19,15 @@
   await tryGrantWritePermission();
 
   const iframe = document.getElementById('iframe');
+  await new Promise(resolve => {
+    iframe.onload = resolve;
+    iframe.src = 'about:blank';
+  });
   const iframeClipboard = iframe.contentWindow.navigator.clipboard;
   const blobInput = new Blob(['test string'], {type: 'text/plain'});
   const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem({'text/plain': blobInput});
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless("clipboard", null, iframe.contentWindow);
+
   // Clipboard API must only be available in focused documents.
   // reference: https://www.w3.org/TR/clipboard-apis/#privacy-async
   iframe.focus();
@@ -34,7 +39,7 @@
   assert_equals(readResultAttached.length, 1,
       'attached iframes should be able to read and write normally');
 
-  iframe.parentNode.removeChild(iframe);
+  iframe.remove();
   // Writing onto a detached iframe's clipboard should fail, but not crash.
   await iframeClipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]);
   const readResultDetached = await iframeClipboard.read();
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/detached-iframe/writeText-readText-on-detached-iframe.https.html b/clipboard-apis/detached-iframe/writeText-readText-on-detached-iframe.https.html
index 8c6448d5cc9e4c..efe24891d71430 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/detached-iframe/writeText-readText-on-detached-iframe.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/detached-iframe/writeText-readText-on-detached-iframe.https.html
@@ -16,7 +16,11 @@
   await tryGrantWritePermission();
 
   const iframe = document.getElementById('iframe');
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await new Promise(resolve => {
+    iframe.onload = resolve;
+    iframe.src = 'about:blank';
+  });
+  await test_driver.bless("clipboard", null, iframe.contentWindow);
   // Clipboard API must only be available in focused documents.
   // reference: https://www.w3.org/TR/clipboard-apis/#privacy-async
   iframe.focus();
@@ -29,7 +33,7 @@
   assert_equals(attachedWriteResult, attachedWriteText,
       'attached iframes should be able to readText and writeText normally');
 
-  iframe.parentNode.removeChild(iframe);
+  iframe.remove();
   // Writing onto a detached iframe's clipboard should fail, but not crash.
   const detachedWriteText = 'detached write text';
   await iframeClipboard.writeText(detachedWriteText);
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html
index 2998e058b3d09f..d07d42234fccd9 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 // only, cross-origin focus is asynchronous. Implement WPT support for
 // cross-origin focus.
 promise_test(async t => {
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   test_feature_availability(
     'navigator.clipboard.readText()',
     t,
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-tentative.https.sub.html b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-tentative.https.sub.html
index e812854b4c7505..0b3ac836b1aca6 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-tentative.https.sub.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-tentative.https.sub.html
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
   '/feature-policy/resources/feature-policy-clipboard-read.html';
 
 promise_test(async t => {
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   test_feature_availability(
     'navigator.clipboard.readText()',
     t,
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html
index 88c8d845b26e45..253841991267d6 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 // only, cross-origin focus is asynchronous. Implement WPT support for
 // cross-origin focus.
 promise_test(async t => {
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   test_feature_availability(
     'navigator.clipboard.readText()',
     t,
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html
index e392def5e9076a..a58ade63067b54 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@
 
 promise_test(async t => {
   await tryGrantReadPermission();
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await navigator.clipboard.readText('test text');
 }, 'Feature-Policy header clipboard-read "*" allows the top-level document.');
 
 promise_test(async t => {
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   test_feature_availability(
     'navigator.clipboard.readText()',
     t,
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-on-self-origin-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-on-self-origin-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html
index e9df891d4bd51d..015b969884e793 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-on-self-origin-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-read/clipboard-read-enabled-on-self-origin-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@
 
 promise_test(async t => {
   await tryGrantReadPermission();
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await navigator.clipboard.readText('test text');
 }, 'Feature-Policy header clipboard-read "self" allows the top-level document.');
 
 promise_test(async t => {
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   test_feature_availability(
     'navigator.clipboard.readText()',
     t,
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html
index 45bba1b8d35ec2..c463e7169fa9f2 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 // only, cross-origin focus is asynchronous. Implement WPT support for
 // cross-origin focus.
 promise_test(async t => {
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   test_feature_availability(
     'navigator.clipboard.writeText("test text")',
     t,
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-tentative.https.sub.html b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-tentative.https.sub.html
index b57dfe3dd2888d..1668ec88435393 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-tentative.https.sub.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy-attribute-tentative.https.sub.html
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
   '/feature-policy/resources/feature-policy-clipboard-write.html';
 
 promise_test(async t => {
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   test_feature_availability(
     'navigator.clipboard.writeText("test text")',
     t,
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html
index 8f64fdbe02ebd1..208959ea43747c 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy-cross-origin-tentative.https.sub.html
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 // only, cross-origin focus is asynchronous. Implement WPT support for
 // cross-origin focus.
 promise_test(async t => {
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   test_feature_availability(
     'navigator.clipboard.writeText("test text")',
     t,
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html
index 701759b61c935d..6f4f7355be9286 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@
 
 promise_test(async t => {
   await tryGrantWritePermission();
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await navigator.clipboard.writeText('test text');
 }, 'Feature-Policy header clipboard-write "*" allows the top-level document.');
 
 promise_test(async t => {
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   test_feature_availability(
     'navigator.clipboard.writeText("test text")',
     t,
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-on-self-origin-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-on-self-origin-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html
index b976a17a7cbff6..a277b60814929e 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-on-self-origin-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/feature-policy/clipboard-write/clipboard-write-enabled-on-self-origin-by-feature-policy.tentative.https.sub.html
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@
 
 promise_test(async t => {
   await tryGrantWritePermission();
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await navigator.clipboard.writeText('test text');
 }, 'Feature-Policy header clipboard-write "self" allows the top-level document.');
 
 promise_test(async t => {
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   test_feature_availability(
     'navigator.clipboard.writeText("test text")',
     t,
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/permissions/readText-denied.https.html b/clipboard-apis/permissions/readText-denied.https.html
index 379b0ff18b8b55..bf491ae82091b2 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/permissions/readText-denied.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/permissions/readText-denied.https.html
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 promise_test(async t => {
   await trySetPermission('clipboard-read', 'denied');
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await promise_rejects_dom(t,
       'NotAllowedError', navigator.clipboard.readText());
 }, 'navigator.clipboard.readText() fails when permission denied');
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/permissions/readText-granted.https.html b/clipboard-apis/permissions/readText-granted.https.html
index 0b2d7034df34ff..0127fd4aa54ed8 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/permissions/readText-granted.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/permissions/readText-granted.https.html
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 promise_test(async () => {
   await tryGrantReadPermission();
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await navigator.clipboard.readText();
 }, 'navigator.clipboard.readText() succeeds when permission granted');
 </script>
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/permissions/writeText-denied.https.html b/clipboard-apis/permissions/writeText-denied.https.html
index 3d6b4397a04233..a3d099f3e98538 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/permissions/writeText-denied.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/permissions/writeText-denied.https.html
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 promise_test(async t => {
   await trySetPermission('clipboard-write', 'denied');
-  await waitForUserActivation();
+  await test_driver.bless();
   await promise_rejects_dom(t, 'NotAllowedError',
       navigator.clipboard.writeText('xyz'));
 }, 'navigator.clipboard.writeText() fails when permission denied');
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/permissions/writeText-granted.https.html b/clipboard-apis/permissions/writeText-granted.https.html
index c0307811dcc4ca..05d3a986500a5e 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/permissions/writeText-granted.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/permissions/writeText-granted.https.html
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@
 <script src="/resources/testdriver-vendor.js"></script>
 <script src="../resources/user-activation.js"></script>
 <script>
-'use strict';
+"use strict";
 
 promise_test(async () => {
   await tryGrantWritePermission();
-  await waitForUserActivation();
-  await navigator.clipboard.writeText('xyz');
-}, 'navigator.clipboard.writeText() succeeds when permission granted');
+  await test_driver.bless();
+  await navigator.clipboard.writeText("xyz");
+}, "navigator.clipboard.writeText() succeeds when permission granted");
 </script>
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/resources/page.html b/clipboard-apis/resources/page.html
index fc8bd895d10012..f47e684ea90c53 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/resources/page.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/resources/page.html
@@ -11,16 +11,18 @@
     test_driver.set_test_context(window.parent);
     await tryGrantReadPermission();
     await tryGrantWritePermission();
-    await waitForUserActivation();
-    await navigator.clipboard.write([
-      new ClipboardItem({
-        "text/plain":  e.data[1],
-      }),
-    ]).catch(() => {
-      assert_true(false, `should not fail`);
-    });
-    window.parent.postMessage("done", "*");
+    await test_driver.bless();
+    try {
+      await navigator.clipboard.write([
+        new ClipboardItem({
+          "text/plain": e.data[1],
+        }),
+      ]);
+    } catch (e) {
+      assert_unreached("should not fail");
+    } finally {
+      window.parent.postMessage("done", "*");
+    }
   }
-});
+  });
 </script>
-</html>
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/resources/user-activation.js b/clipboard-apis/resources/user-activation.js
index 4535f8c6d7446e..9e003a380b8969 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/resources/user-activation.js
+++ b/clipboard-apis/resources/user-activation.js
@@ -1,29 +1,5 @@
 'use strict';
 
-// In order to use this function, please import testdriver.js and
-// testdriver-vendor.js, and include a <body> element.
-async function waitForUserActivation() {
-  if (window.opener) {
-    throw new Error(
-        "waitForUserActivation() only works in the top-level frame");
-  }
-  const loadedPromise = new Promise(resolve => {
-    if(document.readyState == 'complete') {
-      resolve();
-      return;
-    }
-    window.addEventListener('load', resolve, {once: true});
-  });
-  await loadedPromise;
-
-  const clickedPromise = new Promise(resolve => {
-    document.body.addEventListener('click', resolve, {once: true});
-  });
-
-  test_driver.click(document.body);
-  await clickedPromise;
-}
-
 async function trySetPermission(perm, state) {
   try {
     await test_driver.set_permission({ name: perm }, state)
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-write-read.https.html b/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-write-read.https.html
index 516783edaedf85..1605830411a913 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-write-read.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-write-read.https.html
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@
     const blobInput = new Blob([textInput], {type: 'text/plain'});
     const clipboardItemInput = new ClipboardItem({'text/plain': blobInput});
 
-    await waitForUserActivation();
+    await test_driver.bless();
     await navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItemInput]);
-    await waitForUserActivation();
+    await test_driver.bless();
     const clipboardItems = await navigator.clipboard.read();
     assert_equals(clipboardItems.length, 1);
     const clipboardItemOutput = clipboardItems[0];
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-write-readText.https.html b/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-write-readText.https.html
index ab7b619ac99ed4..de231268b07569 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-write-readText.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-write-readText.https.html
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@
     const blobInput = new Blob([textInput], {type: 'text/plain'});
     const clipboardItem = new ClipboardItem({'text/plain': blobInput});
 
-    await waitForUserActivation();
+    await test_driver.bless();
     await navigator.clipboard.write([clipboardItem]);
-    await waitForUserActivation();
+    await test_driver.bless();
     const textOutput = await navigator.clipboard.readText();
 
     assert_equals(textOutput, textInput);
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-writeText-read.https.html b/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-writeText-read.https.html
index 40f26d4786a6b7..5fc4497ae7c8ca 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-writeText-read.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-writeText-read.https.html
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@
     await tryGrantReadPermission();
     await tryGrantWritePermission();
 
-    await waitForUserActivation();
+    await test_driver.bless();
     await navigator.clipboard.writeText(textInput);
-    await waitForUserActivation();
+    await test_driver.bless();
     const clipboardItems = await navigator.clipboard.read();
     assert_equals(clipboardItems.length, 1);
     const clipboardItem = clipboardItems[0];
diff --git a/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-writeText-readText.https.html b/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-writeText-readText.https.html
index 647a00e050b5c0..d309c7a5ff0188 100644
--- a/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-writeText-readText.https.html
+++ b/clipboard-apis/text-write-read/async-writeText-readText.https.html
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@
     await tryGrantReadPermission();
     await tryGrantWritePermission();
 
-    await waitForUserActivation();
+    await test_driver.bless();
     await navigator.clipboard.writeText(textInput);
-    await waitForUserActivation();
+    await test_driver.bless();
     const textOutput = await navigator.clipboard.readText();
 
     assert_equals(textOutput, textInput);