diff --git a/node/pkg/node/node.go b/node/pkg/node/node.go
index b94e094a03..9dddc4a01e 100644
--- a/node/pkg/node/node.go
+++ b/node/pkg/node/node.go
@@ -33,6 +33,11 @@ const (
 	// One observation takes roughly 0.1ms to process on one core, so the whole queue could be processed in 1s
 	inboundObservationBufferSize = 10000
 
+	// inboundBatchObservationBufferSize configures the size of the batchObsvC channel that contains batches of observations from other Guardians.
+	// Since a batch contains many observations, the guardians should not be publishing too many of these, so we can keep the channel small. With
+	// 19 guardians, we would expect 19 messages per second during normal operations. This gives us plenty of extra room.
+	inboundBatchObservationBufferSize = 100
+
 	// inboundSignedVaaBufferSize configures the size of the signedInC channel that contains VAAs from other Guardians.
 	// One VAA takes roughly 0.01ms to process if we already have one in the database and 2ms if we don't.
 	// So in the worst case the entire queue can be processed in 2s.
@@ -81,6 +86,8 @@ type G struct {
 	gossipVaaSendC         chan []byte
 	// Inbound observations. This is read/write because the processor also writes to it as a fast-path when handling locally made observations.
 	obsvC chan *common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1.SignedObservation]
+	// Inbound observation batches.
+	batchObsvC channelPair[*common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1.SignedObservationBatch]]
 	// Finalized guardian observations aggregated across all chains
 	msgC channelPair[*common.MessagePublication]
 	// Ethereum incoming guardian set updates
@@ -121,6 +128,7 @@ func (g *G) initializeBasic(rootCtxCancel context.CancelFunc) {
 	g.gossipAttestationSendC = make(chan []byte, gossipAttestationSendBufferSize)
 	g.gossipVaaSendC = make(chan []byte, gossipVaaSendBufferSize)
 	g.obsvC = make(chan *common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1.SignedObservation], inboundObservationBufferSize)
+	g.batchObsvC = makeChannelPair[*common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1.SignedObservationBatch]](inboundBatchObservationBufferSize)
 	g.msgC = makeChannelPair[*common.MessagePublication](0)
 	g.setC = makeChannelPair[*common.GuardianSet](1) // This needs to be a buffered channel because of a circular dependency between processor and accountant during startup.
 	g.signedInC = makeChannelPair[*gossipv1.SignedVAAWithQuorum](inboundSignedVaaBufferSize)
diff --git a/node/pkg/node/options.go b/node/pkg/node/options.go
index f97ba053e5..9350036d99 100644
--- a/node/pkg/node/options.go
+++ b/node/pkg/node/options.go
@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ func GuardianOptionP2P(
 					nodeName,
 					g.gk,
 					g.obsvC,
+					g.batchObsvC.writeC,
 					signedInC,
 					g.obsvReqC.writeC,
 					g.gossipControlSendC,
@@ -588,6 +589,7 @@ func GuardianOptionProcessor() *GuardianOption {
 				g.gossipAttestationSendC,
 				g.gossipVaaSendC,
 				g.obsvC,
+				g.batchObsvC.readC,
 				g.obsvReqSendC.writeC,
 				g.signedInC.readC,
 				g.gk,
diff --git a/node/pkg/p2p/p2p.go b/node/pkg/p2p/p2p.go
index bf3cdfe3a2..7f24d6515a 100644
--- a/node/pkg/p2p/p2p.go
+++ b/node/pkg/p2p/p2p.go
@@ -48,6 +48,12 @@ const P2P_SUBSCRIPTION_BUFFER_SIZE = 1024
 // TESTNET_BOOTSTRAP_DHI configures how many nodes may connect to the testnet bootstrap node. This number should not exceed HighWaterMark.
 const TESTNET_BOOTSTRAP_DHI = 350
 
+// MaxObservationBatchSize is the maximum number of observations that will fit in a single `SignedObservationBatch` message.
+const MaxObservationBatchSize = 4000
+
+// MaxObservationBatchDelay is the longest we will wait before publishing any queued up observations.
+const MaxObservationBatchDelay = time.Second
+
 var (
 	p2pHeartbeatsSent = promauto.NewCounter(
 		prometheus.CounterOpts{
@@ -74,11 +80,6 @@ var (
 			Name: "wormhole_p2p_drops",
 			Help: "Total number of messages that were dropped by libp2p",
 		})
-	p2pReject = promauto.NewCounter(
-		prometheus.CounterOpts{
-			Name: "wormhole_p2p_rejects",
-			Help: "Total number of messages rejected by libp2p",
-		})
 )
 
 var heartbeatMessagePrefix = []byte("heartbeat|")
@@ -173,8 +174,6 @@ func (*traceHandler) Trace(evt *libp2ppb.TraceEvent) {
 	if evt.Type != nil {
 		if *evt.Type == libp2ppb.TraceEvent_DROP_RPC {
 			p2pDrop.Inc()
-		} else if *evt.Type == libp2ppb.TraceEvent_REJECT_MESSAGE {
-			p2pReject.Inc()
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -306,6 +305,7 @@ func Run(params *RunParams) func(ctx context.Context) error {
 		p2pMessagesSent.WithLabelValues("attestation").Add(0)
 		p2pMessagesSent.WithLabelValues("vaa").Add(0)
 		p2pReceiveChannelOverflow.WithLabelValues("observation").Add(0)
+		p2pReceiveChannelOverflow.WithLabelValues("batch_observation").Add(0)
 		p2pReceiveChannelOverflow.WithLabelValues("signed_vaa_with_quorum").Add(0)
 		p2pReceiveChannelOverflow.WithLabelValues("signed_observation_request").Add(0)
 
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ func Run(params *RunParams) func(ctx context.Context) error {
 		}
 
 		// Set up the attestation channel. ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-		if params.gossipAttestationSendC != nil || params.obsvRecvC != nil {
+		if params.gossipAttestationSendC != nil || params.obsvRecvC != nil || params.batchObsvRecvC != nil {
 			attestationTopic := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", params.networkID, "attestation")
 			logger.Info("joining the attestation topic", zap.String("topic", attestationTopic))
 			attestationPubsubTopic, err = ps.Join(attestationTopic)
@@ -918,6 +918,17 @@ func Run(params *RunParams) func(ctx context.Context) error {
 								p2pReceiveChannelOverflow.WithLabelValues("observation").Inc()
 							}
 						}
+					case *gossipv1.GossipMessage_SignedObservationBatch:
+						if params.batchObsvRecvC != nil {
+							if err := common.PostMsgWithTimestamp(m.SignedObservationBatch, params.batchObsvRecvC); err == nil {
+								p2pMessagesReceived.WithLabelValues("batch_observation").Inc()
+							} else {
+								if params.components.WarnChannelOverflow {
+									logger.Warn("Ignoring SignedObservationBatch because batchObsvRecvC is full", zap.String("addr", hex.EncodeToString(m.SignedObservationBatch.Addr)))
+								}
+								p2pReceiveChannelOverflow.WithLabelValues("batch_observation").Inc()
+							}
+						}
 					default:
 						p2pMessagesReceived.WithLabelValues("unknown").Inc()
 						logger.Warn("received unknown message type on attestation topic (running outdated software?)",
@@ -1039,6 +1050,17 @@ func Run(params *RunParams) func(ctx context.Context) error {
 								p2pReceiveChannelOverflow.WithLabelValues("observation").Inc()
 							}
 						}
+					case *gossipv1.GossipMessage_SignedObservationBatch: // TODO: Get rid of this after the cutover.
+						if params.batchObsvRecvC != nil {
+							if err := common.PostMsgWithTimestamp(m.SignedObservationBatch, params.batchObsvRecvC); err == nil {
+								p2pMessagesReceived.WithLabelValues("batch_observation").Inc()
+							} else {
+								if params.components.WarnChannelOverflow {
+									logger.Warn("Ignoring SignedObservationBatch because obsvRecvC is full")
+								}
+								p2pReceiveChannelOverflow.WithLabelValues("batch_observation").Inc()
+							}
+						}
 					case *gossipv1.GossipMessage_SignedVaaWithQuorum:
 						if params.signedIncomingVaaRecvC != nil {
 							select {
diff --git a/node/pkg/p2p/run_params.go b/node/pkg/p2p/run_params.go
index d4a0c0b0b5..3d468f65f2 100644
--- a/node/pkg/p2p/run_params.go
+++ b/node/pkg/p2p/run_params.go
@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ type (
 		// obsvRecvC is optional and can be set with `WithSignedObservationListener`.
 		obsvRecvC chan<- *common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1.SignedObservation]
 
+		// batchObsvRecvC is optional and can be set with `WithSignedObservationBatchListener`.
+		batchObsvRecvC chan<- *common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1.SignedObservationBatch]
+
 		// obsvReqRecvC is optional and can be set with `WithObservationRequestListener`.
 		obsvReqRecvC chan<- *gossipv1.ObservationRequest
 
@@ -97,7 +100,7 @@ func NewRunParams(
 	return p, nil
 }
 
-// WithSignedObservationListener is used to set the channel to receive `SignedObservation“ messages.
+// WithSignedObservationListener is used to set the channel to receive `SignedObservation` messages.
 func WithSignedObservationListener(obsvRecvC chan<- *common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1.SignedObservation]) RunOpt {
 	return func(p *RunParams) error {
 		p.obsvRecvC = obsvRecvC
@@ -105,7 +108,15 @@ func WithSignedObservationListener(obsvRecvC chan<- *common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gos
 	}
 }
 
-// WithSignedVAAListener is used to set the channel to receive `SignedVAAWithQuorum messages.
+// WithSignedObservationBatchListener is used to set the channel to receive `SignedObservationBatch` messages.
+func WithSignedObservationBatchListener(batchObsvC chan<- *common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1.SignedObservationBatch]) RunOpt {
+	return func(p *RunParams) error {
+		p.batchObsvRecvC = batchObsvC
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+// WithSignedVAAListener is used to set the channel to receive `SignedVAAWithQuorum messages`.
 func WithSignedVAAListener(signedIncomingVaaRecvC chan<- *gossipv1.SignedVAAWithQuorum) RunOpt {
 	return func(p *RunParams) error {
 		p.signedIncomingVaaRecvC = signedIncomingVaaRecvC
@@ -113,7 +124,7 @@ func WithSignedVAAListener(signedIncomingVaaRecvC chan<- *gossipv1.SignedVAAWith
 	}
 }
 
-// WithObservationRequestListener is used to set the channel to receive `ObservationRequest messages.
+// WithObservationRequestListener is used to set the channel to receive `ObservationRequest` messages.
 func WithObservationRequestListener(obsvReqRecvC chan<- *gossipv1.ObservationRequest) RunOpt {
 	return func(p *RunParams) error {
 		p.obsvReqRecvC = obsvReqRecvC
@@ -121,7 +132,7 @@ func WithObservationRequestListener(obsvReqRecvC chan<- *gossipv1.ObservationReq
 	}
 }
 
-// WithChainGovernorConfigListener is used to set the channel to receive `SignedChainGovernorConfig messages.
+// WithChainGovernorConfigListener is used to set the channel to receive `SignedChainGovernorConfig` messages.
 func WithChainGovernorConfigListener(signedGovCfgRecvC chan *gossipv1.SignedChainGovernorConfig) RunOpt {
 	return func(p *RunParams) error {
 		p.signedGovCfgRecvC = signedGovCfgRecvC
@@ -129,7 +140,7 @@ func WithChainGovernorConfigListener(signedGovCfgRecvC chan *gossipv1.SignedChai
 	}
 }
 
-// WithChainGovernorStatusListener is used to set the channel to receive `SignedChainGovernorStatus messages.
+// WithChainGovernorStatusListener is used to set the channel to receive `SignedChainGovernorStatus` messages.
 func WithChainGovernorStatusListener(signedGovStatusRecvC chan *gossipv1.SignedChainGovernorStatus) RunOpt {
 	return func(p *RunParams) error {
 		p.signedGovStatusRecvC = signedGovStatusRecvC
@@ -150,6 +161,7 @@ func WithGuardianOptions(
 	nodeName string,
 	gk *ecdsa.PrivateKey,
 	obsvRecvC chan<- *common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1.SignedObservation],
+	batchObsvRecvC chan<- *common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1.SignedObservationBatch],
 	signedIncomingVaaRecvC chan<- *gossipv1.SignedVAAWithQuorum,
 	obsvReqRecvC chan<- *gossipv1.ObservationRequest,
 	gossipControlSendC chan []byte,
@@ -173,6 +185,7 @@ func WithGuardianOptions(
 		p.nodeName = nodeName
 		p.gk = gk
 		p.obsvRecvC = obsvRecvC
+		p.batchObsvRecvC = batchObsvRecvC
 		p.signedIncomingVaaRecvC = signedIncomingVaaRecvC
 		p.obsvReqRecvC = obsvReqRecvC
 		p.gossipControlSendC = gossipControlSendC
diff --git a/node/pkg/p2p/run_params_test.go b/node/pkg/p2p/run_params_test.go
index a1fd98cab7..46ff215419 100644
--- a/node/pkg/p2p/run_params_test.go
+++ b/node/pkg/p2p/run_params_test.go
@@ -141,6 +141,7 @@ func TestRunParamsWithGuardianOptions(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NotNil(t, gk)
 
 	obsvC := make(chan<- *common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1.SignedObservation], 42)
+	batchObsvC := make(chan<- *common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1.SignedObservationBatch], 42)
 	signedInC := make(chan<- *gossipv1.SignedVAAWithQuorum, 42)
 	obsvReqC := make(chan<- *gossipv1.ObservationRequest, 42)
 	gossipControlSendC := make(chan []byte, 42)
@@ -172,6 +173,7 @@ func TestRunParamsWithGuardianOptions(t *testing.T) {
 			nodeName,
 			gk,
 			obsvC,
+			batchObsvC,
 			signedInC,
 			obsvReqC,
 			gossipControlSendC,
diff --git a/node/pkg/p2p/watermark_test.go b/node/pkg/p2p/watermark_test.go
index c8e8c98286..5ca92e38fc 100644
--- a/node/pkg/p2p/watermark_test.go
+++ b/node/pkg/p2p/watermark_test.go
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ const LOCAL_P2P_PORTRANGE_START = 11000
 type G struct {
 	// arguments passed to p2p.New
 	obsvC                  chan *node_common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1.SignedObservation]
+	batchObsvC             chan *node_common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1.SignedObservationBatch]
 	obsvReqC               chan *gossipv1.ObservationRequest
 	obsvReqSendC           chan *gossipv1.ObservationRequest
 	controlSendC           chan []byte
@@ -67,6 +68,7 @@ func NewG(t *testing.T, nodeName string) *G {
 
 	g := &G{
 		obsvC:                  make(chan *node_common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1.SignedObservation], cs),
+		batchObsvC:             make(chan *node_common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1.SignedObservationBatch], cs),
 		obsvReqC:               make(chan *gossipv1.ObservationRequest, cs),
 		obsvReqSendC:           make(chan *gossipv1.ObservationRequest, cs),
 		controlSendC:           make(chan []byte, cs),
@@ -182,6 +184,7 @@ func startGuardian(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, g *G) {
 			g.nodeName,
 			g.gk,
 			g.obsvC,
+			g.batchObsvC,
 			g.signedInC,
 			g.obsvReqC,
 			g.controlSendC,
diff --git a/node/pkg/processor/batch_obs.go b/node/pkg/processor/batch_obs.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2bf728ce85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/node/pkg/processor/batch_obs.go
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+package processor
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/certusone/wormhole/node/pkg/common"
+	"github.com/certusone/wormhole/node/pkg/p2p"
+	gossipv1 "github.com/certusone/wormhole/node/pkg/proto/gossip/v1"
+	"github.com/wormhole-foundation/wormhole/sdk/vaa"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+)
+
+// postObservationToBatch posts an individual observation to the batch processor.
+func (p *Processor) postObservationToBatch(obs *gossipv1.Observation) {
+	select {
+	case p.batchObsvPubC <- obs:
+	default:
+		batchObservationChannelOverflow.WithLabelValues("batchObsvPub").Inc()
+	}
+}
+
+// batchProcessor is the entry point for the batch processor, which is responsible for taking individual
+// observations and publishing them as batches. It limits the size of a batch and the delay before publishing.
+func (p *Processor) batchProcessor(ctx context.Context) error {
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return nil
+		default:
+			if err := p.handleBatch(ctx); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// handleBatch reads observations from the channel, either until a timeout occurs or the batch is full.
+// Then it builds a `SendObservationBatch` gossip message and posts it to p2p.
+func (p *Processor) handleBatch(ctx context.Context) error {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, p2p.MaxObservationBatchDelay)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	observations, err := common.ReadFromChannelWithTimeout(ctx, p.batchObsvPubC, p2p.MaxObservationBatchSize)
+	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to read observations from the internal observation batch channel: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(observations) != 0 {
+		_ = p.publishBatch(observations)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// publishBatch formats the set of observations into a gossip message, publishes it, and returns the message bytes.
+func (p *Processor) publishBatch(observations []*gossipv1.Observation) []byte {
+	batchMsg := gossipv1.SignedObservationBatch{
+		Addr:         p.ourAddr.Bytes(),
+		Observations: observations,
+	}
+
+	gossipMsg := gossipv1.GossipMessage{Message: &gossipv1.GossipMessage_SignedObservationBatch{SignedObservationBatch: &batchMsg}}
+	msg, err := proto.Marshal(&gossipMsg)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	select {
+	case p.gossipAttestationSendC <- msg:
+	default:
+		batchObservationChannelOverflow.WithLabelValues("gossipSend").Inc()
+	}
+
+	return msg
+}
+
+// shouldPublishImmediately returns true if the observation should be published immediately, rather than waiting for the next batch.
+func (p *Processor) shouldPublishImmediately(v *vaa.VAA) bool {
+	return v.EmitterChain == vaa.ChainIDPythNet
+}
+
+// publishImmediately formats a single observation into a `SignedObservationBatch` gossip message and publishes it. It the returns the message bytes.
+func (p *Processor) publishImmediately(obs *gossipv1.Observation) []byte {
+	return p.publishBatch([]*gossipv1.Observation{obs})
+}
diff --git a/node/pkg/processor/batch_obs_test.go b/node/pkg/processor/batch_obs_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..381fd985ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/node/pkg/processor/batch_obs_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+package processor
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/certusone/wormhole/node/pkg/devnet"
+	"github.com/certusone/wormhole/node/pkg/p2p"
+	gossipv1 "github.com/certusone/wormhole/node/pkg/proto/gossip/v1"
+	ethcommon "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+	pubsub "github.com/libp2p/go-libp2p-pubsub"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"github.com/wormhole-foundation/wormhole/sdk/vaa"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+)
+
+func getUniqueVAA(seqNo uint64) vaa.VAA {
+	var payload = []byte{97, 97, 97, 97, 97, 97}
+	var governanceEmitter = vaa.Address{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4}
+
+	vaa := vaa.VAA{
+		Version:          uint8(1),
+		GuardianSetIndex: uint32(1),
+		Signatures:       nil,
+		Timestamp:        time.Unix(0, 0),
+		Nonce:            uint32(1),
+		Sequence:         seqNo,
+		ConsistencyLevel: uint8(32),
+		EmitterChain:     vaa.ChainIDSolana,
+		EmitterAddress:   governanceEmitter,
+		Payload:          payload,
+	}
+
+	return vaa
+}
+
+func TestMarshalSignedObservationBatch(t *testing.T) {
+	gk := devnet.InsecureDeterministicEcdsaKeyByIndex(crypto.S256(), uint64(0))
+	require.NotNil(t, gk)
+
+	NumObservations := uint64(p2p.MaxObservationBatchSize)
+	observations := make([]*gossipv1.Observation, 0, NumObservations)
+	for seqNo := uint64(1); seqNo <= NumObservations; seqNo++ {
+		vaa := getUniqueVAA(seqNo)
+		digest := vaa.SigningDigest()
+		sig, err := crypto.Sign(digest.Bytes(), gk)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		observations = append(observations, &gossipv1.Observation{
+			Hash:      digest.Bytes(),
+			Signature: sig,
+			TxHash:    ethcommon.HexToHash("0x06f541f5ecfc43407c31587aa6ac3a689e8960f36dc23c332db5510dfc6a4063").Bytes(),
+			MessageId: vaa.MessageID(),
+		})
+	}
+
+	obsBuf, err := proto.Marshal(observations[0])
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, 205, len(obsBuf))
+
+	batch := gossipv1.SignedObservationBatch{
+		Addr:         crypto.PubkeyToAddress(gk.PublicKey).Bytes(),
+		Observations: observations,
+	}
+
+	buf, err := proto.Marshal((&batch))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Greater(t, pubsub.DefaultMaxMessageSize, len(buf))
+
+	var batch2 gossipv1.SignedObservationBatch
+	err = proto.Unmarshal(buf, &batch2)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.True(t, bytes.Equal(batch.Addr, batch2.Addr))
+	assert.Equal(t, len(batch.Observations), len(batch2.Observations))
+	for idx := range batch2.Observations {
+		assert.True(t, bytes.Equal(batch.Observations[idx].Hash, batch2.Observations[idx].Hash))
+		assert.True(t, bytes.Equal(batch.Observations[idx].Signature, batch2.Observations[idx].Signature))
+		assert.True(t, bytes.Equal(batch.Observations[idx].TxHash, batch2.Observations[idx].TxHash))
+		assert.Equal(t, batch.Observations[idx].MessageId, batch2.Observations[idx].MessageId)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/node/pkg/processor/broadcast.go b/node/pkg/processor/broadcast.go
index c401212d2d..db7966d8a9 100644
--- a/node/pkg/processor/broadcast.go
+++ b/node/pkg/processor/broadcast.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	ethCommon "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
 
+	"github.com/certusone/wormhole/node/pkg/p2p"
 	gossipv1 "github.com/certusone/wormhole/node/pkg/proto/gossip/v1"
 	"github.com/wormhole-foundation/wormhole/sdk/vaa"
 )
@@ -31,26 +32,46 @@ func (p *Processor) broadcastSignature(
 	txhash []byte,
 	digest ethCommon.Hash,
 	signature []byte,
-) (*gossipv1.SignedObservation, []byte) {
-	obsv := gossipv1.SignedObservation{
-		Addr:      p.ourAddr.Bytes(),
+	shouldPublishImmediately bool,
+) (ourObs *gossipv1.Observation, msg []byte) {
+	// Create the observation to either be submitted to the batch processor or published immediately.
+	ourObs = &gossipv1.Observation{
 		Hash:      digest.Bytes(),
 		Signature: signature,
 		TxHash:    txhash,
 		MessageId: messageID,
 	}
 
-	w := gossipv1.GossipMessage{Message: &gossipv1.GossipMessage_SignedObservation{SignedObservation: &obsv}}
+	if p2p.GossipCutoverComplete() {
+		if shouldPublishImmediately {
+			msg = p.publishImmediately(ourObs)
+			observationsBroadcast.Inc()
+		} else {
+			p.postObservationToBatch(ourObs)
+		}
+	} else {
+		// Post the observation in its own gossip message.
+		obsv := gossipv1.SignedObservation{
+			Addr:      p.ourAddr.Bytes(),
+			Hash:      digest.Bytes(),
+			Signature: signature,
+			TxHash:    txhash,
+			MessageId: messageID,
+		}
 
-	msg, err := proto.Marshal(&w)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
+		w := gossipv1.GossipMessage{Message: &gossipv1.GossipMessage_SignedObservation{SignedObservation: &obsv}}
+
+		var err error
+		msg, err = proto.Marshal(&w)
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
 
-	// Broadcast the observation.
-	p.gossipAttestationSendC <- msg
-	observationsBroadcast.Inc()
-	return &obsv, msg
+		// Broadcast the observation.
+		p.gossipAttestationSendC <- msg
+		observationsBroadcast.Inc()
+	}
+	return ourObs, msg
 }
 
 // broadcastSignedVAA broadcasts a VAA to the gossip network.
diff --git a/node/pkg/processor/cleanup.go b/node/pkg/processor/cleanup.go
index d939c3238e..b93b49aa8d 100644
--- a/node/pkg/processor/cleanup.go
+++ b/node/pkg/processor/cleanup.go
@@ -155,13 +155,13 @@ func (p *Processor) handleCleanup(ctx context.Context) {
 			}
 			delete(p.state.signatures, hash)
 			aggregationStateExpiration.Inc()
-		case !s.submitted && ((s.ourMsg != nil && delta > retryLimitOurs) || (s.ourMsg == nil && delta > retryLimitNotOurs)):
+		case !s.submitted && ((s.ourObs != nil && delta > retryLimitOurs) || (s.ourObs == nil && delta > retryLimitNotOurs)):
 			// Clearly, this horse is dead and continued beatings won't bring it closer to quorum.
 			p.logger.Info("expiring unsubmitted observation after exhausting retries",
 				zap.String("message_id", s.LoggingID()),
 				zap.String("digest", hash),
 				zap.Duration("delta", delta),
-				zap.Bool("weObserved", s.ourMsg != nil),
+				zap.Bool("weObserved", s.ourObs != nil),
 			)
 			delete(p.state.signatures, hash)
 			aggregationStateTimeout.Inc()
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ func (p *Processor) handleCleanup(ctx context.Context) {
 			// sig. If we do not have an observation, it means we either never observed it, or it got
 			// revived by a malfunctioning guardian node, in which case, we can't do anything about it
 			// and just delete it to keep our state nice and lean.
-			if s.ourMsg != nil {
+			if s.ourObs != nil {
 				// Unreliable observations cannot be resubmitted and can be considered failed after 5 minutes
 				if !s.ourObservation.IsReliable() {
 					p.logger.Info("expiring unsubmitted unreliable observation",
@@ -228,8 +228,11 @@ func (p *Processor) handleCleanup(ctx context.Context) {
 					if err := common.PostObservationRequest(p.obsvReqSendC, req); err != nil {
 						p.logger.Warn("failed to broadcast re-observation request", zap.String("message_id", s.LoggingID()), zap.Error(err))
 					}
-
-					p.gossipAttestationSendC <- s.ourMsg
+					if s.ourMsg != nil {
+						p.gossipAttestationSendC <- s.ourMsg
+					} else {
+						p.postObservationToBatch(s.ourObs)
+					}
 					s.retryCtr++
 					s.nextRetry = time.Now().Add(nextRetryDuration(s.retryCtr))
 					aggregationStateRetries.Inc()
diff --git a/node/pkg/processor/message.go b/node/pkg/processor/message.go
index c23c0a55e9..65e947678a 100644
--- a/node/pkg/processor/message.go
+++ b/node/pkg/processor/message.go
@@ -75,6 +75,8 @@ func (p *Processor) handleMessage(k *common.MessagePublication) {
 		panic(err)
 	}
 
+	shouldPublishImmediately := p.shouldPublishImmediately(&v.VAA)
+
 	if p.logger.Core().Enabled(zapcore.DebugLevel) {
 		p.logger.Debug("observed and signed confirmed message publication",
 			zap.String("message_id", k.MessageIDString()),
@@ -85,12 +87,13 @@ func (p *Processor) handleMessage(k *common.MessagePublication) {
 			zap.Time("timestamp", k.Timestamp),
 			zap.Uint8("consistency_level", k.ConsistencyLevel),
 			zap.String("signature", hex.EncodeToString(signature)),
+			zap.Bool("shouldPublishImmediately", shouldPublishImmediately),
 			zap.Bool("isReobservation", k.IsReobservation),
 		)
 	}
 
 	// Broadcast the signature.
-	obsv, msg := p.broadcastSignature(v.MessageID(), k.TxHash.Bytes(), digest, signature)
+	ourObs, msg := p.broadcastSignature(v.MessageID(), k.TxHash.Bytes(), digest, signature, shouldPublishImmediately)
 
 	// Get / create our state entry.
 	s := p.state.signatures[hash]
@@ -111,12 +114,13 @@ func (p *Processor) handleMessage(k *common.MessagePublication) {
 	s.source = v.GetEmitterChain().String()
 	s.gs = p.gs // guaranteed to match ourObservation - there's no concurrent access to p.gs
 	s.signatures[p.ourAddr] = signature
+	s.ourObs = ourObs
 	s.ourMsg = msg
 
 	// Fast path for our own signature.
 	if !s.submitted {
 		start := time.Now()
-		p.checkForQuorum(obsv, s, s.gs, hash)
+		p.checkForQuorum(ourObs, s, s.gs, hash)
 		timeToHandleObservation.Observe(float64(time.Since(start).Microseconds()))
 	}
 }
diff --git a/node/pkg/processor/observation.go b/node/pkg/processor/observation.go
index 31a34b98c3..b67574db9b 100644
--- a/node/pkg/processor/observation.go
+++ b/node/pkg/processor/observation.go
@@ -67,9 +67,28 @@ func signaturesToVaaFormat(signatures map[common.Address][]byte, gsKeys []common
 	return sigs
 }
 
-// handleObservation processes a remote VAA observation, verifies it, checks whether the VAA has met quorum,
-// and assembles and submits a valid VAA if possible.
-func (p *Processor) handleObservation(obs *node_common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1.SignedObservation]) {
+// handleBatchObservation processes a batch of remote VAA observations.
+func (p *Processor) handleBatchObservation(m *node_common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1.SignedObservationBatch]) {
+	for _, obs := range m.Msg.Observations {
+		p.handleSingleObservation(m.Msg.Addr, obs)
+	}
+	batchObservationTotalDelay.Observe(float64(time.Since(m.Timestamp).Microseconds()))
+}
+
+// handleObservation processes a remote VAA observation.
+func (p *Processor) handleObservation(m *node_common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1.SignedObservation]) {
+	obs := gossipv1.Observation{
+		Hash:      m.Msg.Hash,
+		Signature: m.Msg.Signature,
+		TxHash:    m.Msg.TxHash,
+		MessageId: m.Msg.MessageId,
+	}
+	p.handleSingleObservation(m.Msg.Addr, &obs)
+	observationTotalDelay.Observe(float64(time.Since(m.Timestamp).Microseconds()))
+}
+
+// handleObservation processes a remote VAA observation, verifies it, checks whether the VAA has met quorum, and assembles and submits a valid VAA if possible.
+func (p *Processor) handleSingleObservation(addr []byte, m *gossipv1.Observation) {
 	// SECURITY: at this point, observations received from the p2p network are fully untrusted (all fields!)
 	//
 	// Note that observations are never tied to the (verified) p2p identity key - the p2p network
@@ -78,7 +97,6 @@ func (p *Processor) handleObservation(obs *node_common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1
 	start := time.Now()
 	observationsReceivedTotal.Inc()
 
-	m := obs.Msg
 	hash := hex.EncodeToString(m.Hash)
 	s := p.state.signatures[hash]
 	if s != nil && s.submitted {
@@ -92,7 +110,7 @@ func (p *Processor) handleObservation(obs *node_common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1
 			zap.String("message_id", m.MessageId),
 			zap.String("digest", hash),
 			zap.String("signature", hex.EncodeToString(m.Signature)),
-			zap.String("addr", hex.EncodeToString(m.Addr)),
+			zap.String("addr", hex.EncodeToString(addr)),
 			zap.String("txhash", hex.EncodeToString(m.TxHash)),
 			zap.String("txhash_b58", base58.Encode(m.TxHash)),
 		)
@@ -106,14 +124,14 @@ func (p *Processor) handleObservation(obs *node_common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1
 			zap.String("messageId", m.MessageId),
 			zap.String("digest", hash),
 			zap.String("signature", hex.EncodeToString(m.Signature)),
-			zap.String("addr", hex.EncodeToString(m.Addr)),
+			zap.String("addr", hex.EncodeToString(addr)),
 			zap.Error(err))
 		observationsFailedTotal.WithLabelValues("invalid_signature").Inc()
 		return
 	}
 
-	// Verify that m.Addr matches the public key that signed m.Hash.
-	their_addr := common.BytesToAddress(m.Addr)
+	// Verify that addr matches the public key that signed m.Hash.
+	their_addr := common.BytesToAddress(addr)
 	signer_pk := common.BytesToAddress(crypto.Keccak256(pk[1:])[12:])
 
 	if their_addr != signer_pk {
@@ -121,7 +139,7 @@ func (p *Processor) handleObservation(obs *node_common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1
 			zap.String("messageId", m.MessageId),
 			zap.String("digest", hash),
 			zap.String("signature", hex.EncodeToString(m.Signature)),
-			zap.String("addr", hex.EncodeToString(m.Addr)),
+			zap.String("addr", hex.EncodeToString(addr)),
 			zap.String("pk", signer_pk.Hex()))
 		observationsFailedTotal.WithLabelValues("pubkey_mismatch").Inc()
 		return
@@ -162,7 +180,7 @@ func (p *Processor) handleObservation(obs *node_common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1
 		return
 	}
 
-	// Verify that m.Addr is included in the guardian set. If it's not, drop the message. In case it's us
+	// Verify that addr is included in the guardian set. If it's not, drop the message. In case it's us
 	// who have the outdated guardian set, we'll just wait for the message to be retransmitted eventually.
 	_, ok := gs.KeyIndex(their_addr)
 	if !ok {
@@ -223,12 +241,11 @@ func (p *Processor) handleObservation(obs *node_common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1
 	}
 
 	timeToHandleObservation.Observe(float64(time.Since(start).Microseconds()))
-	observationTotalDelay.Observe(float64(time.Since(obs.Timestamp).Microseconds()))
 }
 
 // checkForQuorum checks for quorum after a valid signature has been added to the observation state. If quorum is met, it broadcasts the signed VAA. This function
 // is called both for local and external observations. It assumes we that we have made the observation ourselves but have not already submitted the VAA.
-func (p *Processor) checkForQuorum(m *gossipv1.SignedObservation, s *state, gs *node_common.GuardianSet, hash string) {
+func (p *Processor) checkForQuorum(m *gossipv1.Observation, s *state, gs *node_common.GuardianSet, hash string) {
 	// Check if we have more signatures than required for quorum.
 	// s.signatures may contain signatures from multiple guardian sets during guardian set updates
 	// Hence, if len(s.signatures) < quorum, then there is definitely no quorum and we can return early to save additional computation,
diff --git a/node/pkg/processor/processor.go b/node/pkg/processor/processor.go
index be9b54fe13..9daadda595 100644
--- a/node/pkg/processor/processor.go
+++ b/node/pkg/processor/processor.go
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/certusone/wormhole/node/pkg/db"
 	"github.com/certusone/wormhole/node/pkg/governor"
+	"github.com/certusone/wormhole/node/pkg/p2p"
 
 	ethcommon "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
@@ -24,7 +25,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promauto"
-	dto "github.com/prometheus/client_model/go"
 )
 
 var GovInterval = time.Minute
@@ -68,6 +68,8 @@ type (
 		settled bool
 		// Human-readable description of the VAA's source, used for metrics.
 		source string
+		// Our observation in case we need to resubmit it to the batch publisher.
+		ourObs *gossipv1.Observation
 		// Copy of the bytes we submitted (ourObservation, but signed and serialized). Used for retransmissions.
 		ourMsg []byte
 		// The hash of the transaction in which the observation was made.  Used for re-observation requests.
@@ -102,6 +104,7 @@ type PythNetVaaEntry struct {
 type Processor struct {
 	// msgC is a channel of observed emitted messages
 	msgC <-chan *common.MessagePublication
+
 	// setC is a channel of guardian set updates
 	setC <-chan *common.GuardianSet
 
@@ -114,6 +117,9 @@ type Processor struct {
 	// obsvC is a channel of inbound decoded observations from p2p
 	obsvC chan *common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1.SignedObservation]
 
+	// batchObsvC is a channel of inbound decoded batches of observations from p2p
+	batchObsvC <-chan *common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1.SignedObservationBatch]
+
 	// obsvReqSendC is a send-only channel of outbound re-observation requests to broadcast on p2p
 	obsvReqSendC chan<- *gossipv1.ObservationRequest
 
@@ -147,6 +153,9 @@ type Processor struct {
 	gatewayRelayer *gwrelayer.GatewayRelayer
 	updateVAALock  sync.Mutex
 	updatedVAAs    map[string]*updateVaaEntry
+
+	// batchObsvPubC is the internal channel used to publish observations to the batch processor for publishing.
+	batchObsvPubC chan *gossipv1.Observation
 }
 
 // updateVaaEntry is used to queue up a VAA to be written to the database.
@@ -170,6 +179,26 @@ var (
 			Buckets: []float64{10.0, 20.0, 50.0, 100.0, 1000.0, 5000.0, 10_000.0, 100_000.0, 1_000_000.0, 10_000_000.0, 100_000_000.0, 1_000_000_000.0},
 		})
 
+	batchObservationChanDelay = promauto.NewHistogram(
+		prometheus.HistogramOpts{
+			Name:    "wormhole_batch_observation_channel_delay_us",
+			Help:    "Latency histogram for delay of batched observations in channel",
+			Buckets: []float64{10.0, 20.0, 50.0, 100.0, 1000.0, 5000.0, 10000.0},
+		})
+
+	batchObservationTotalDelay = promauto.NewHistogram(
+		prometheus.HistogramOpts{
+			Name:    "wormhole_batch_observation_total_delay_us",
+			Help:    "Latency histogram for total time to process batched observations",
+			Buckets: []float64{10.0, 20.0, 50.0, 100.0, 1000.0, 5000.0, 10000.0},
+		})
+
+	batchObservationChannelOverflow = promauto.NewCounterVec(
+		prometheus.CounterOpts{
+			Name: "wormhole_batch_observation_channel_overflow",
+			Help: "Total number of times a write to the batch observation publish channel failed",
+		}, []string{"channel"})
+
 	timeToHandleObservation = promauto.NewHistogram(
 		prometheus.HistogramOpts{
 			Name:    "wormhole_time_to_handle_observation_us",
@@ -185,6 +214,9 @@ var (
 		})
 )
 
+// batchObsvPubChanSize specifies the size of the channel used to publish observation batches. Allow five seconds worth.
+const batchObsvPubChanSize = p2p.MaxObservationBatchSize * 5
+
 func NewProcessor(
 	ctx context.Context,
 	db *db.Database,
@@ -193,6 +225,7 @@ func NewProcessor(
 	gossipAttestationSendC chan<- []byte,
 	gossipVaaSendC chan<- []byte,
 	obsvC chan *common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1.SignedObservation],
+	batchObsvC <-chan *common.MsgWithTimeStamp[gossipv1.SignedObservationBatch],
 	obsvReqSendC chan<- *gossipv1.ObservationRequest,
 	signedInC <-chan *gossipv1.SignedVAAWithQuorum,
 	gk *ecdsa.PrivateKey,
@@ -209,6 +242,7 @@ func NewProcessor(
 		gossipAttestationSendC: gossipAttestationSendC,
 		gossipVaaSendC:         gossipVaaSendC,
 		obsvC:                  obsvC,
+		batchObsvC:             batchObsvC,
 		obsvReqSendC:           obsvReqSendC,
 		signedInC:              signedInC,
 		gk:                     gk,
@@ -223,6 +257,7 @@ func NewProcessor(
 		acctReadC:      acctReadC,
 		pythnetVaas:    make(map[string]PythNetVaaEntry),
 		gatewayRelayer: gatewayRelayer,
+		batchObsvPubC:  make(chan *gossipv1.Observation, batchObsvPubChanSize),
 		updatedVAAs:    make(map[string]*updateVaaEntry),
 	}
 }
@@ -232,6 +267,10 @@ func (p *Processor) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to start vaa writer: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	if err := supervisor.Run(ctx, "batchProcessor", common.WrapWithScissors(p.batchProcessor, "batchProcessor")); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to start batch processor: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	cleanup := time.NewTicker(CleanupInterval)
 
 	// Always initialize the timer so don't have a nil pointer in the case below. It won't get rearmed after that.
@@ -243,16 +282,6 @@ func (p *Processor) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 			if p.acct != nil {
 				p.acct.Close()
 			}
-
-			// Log these as warnings so they show up in the benchmark logs.
-			metric := &dto.Metric{}
-			_ = observationChanDelay.Write(metric)
-			p.logger.Warn("PROCESSOR_METRICS", zap.Any("observationChannelDelay", metric.String()))
-
-			metric = &dto.Metric{}
-			_ = observationTotalDelay.Write(metric)
-			p.logger.Warn("PROCESSOR_METRICS", zap.Any("observationProcessingDelay", metric.String()))
-
 			return ctx.Err()
 		case p.gs = <-p.setC:
 			p.logger.Info("guardian set updated",
@@ -290,6 +319,9 @@ func (p *Processor) Run(ctx context.Context) error {
 		case m := <-p.obsvC:
 			observationChanDelay.Observe(float64(time.Since(m.Timestamp).Microseconds()))
 			p.handleObservation(m)
+		case m := <-p.batchObsvC:
+			batchObservationChanDelay.Observe(float64(time.Since(m.Timestamp).Microseconds()))
+			p.handleBatchObservation(m)
 		case m := <-p.signedInC:
 			p.handleInboundSignedVAAWithQuorum(m)
 		case <-cleanup.C:
diff --git a/node/pkg/proto/gossip/v1/gossip.pb.go b/node/pkg/proto/gossip/v1/gossip.pb.go
index 0fb9ea3d49..f41bcc34e9 100644
--- a/node/pkg/proto/gossip/v1/gossip.pb.go
+++ b/node/pkg/proto/gossip/v1/gossip.pb.go
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ type GossipMessage struct {
 	//	*GossipMessage_SignedChainGovernorStatus
 	//	*GossipMessage_SignedQueryRequest
 	//	*GossipMessage_SignedQueryResponse
+	//	*GossipMessage_SignedObservationBatch
 	Message isGossipMessage_Message `protobuf_oneof:"message"`
 }
 
@@ -133,6 +134,13 @@ func (x *GossipMessage) GetSignedQueryResponse() *SignedQueryResponse {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (x *GossipMessage) GetSignedObservationBatch() *SignedObservationBatch {
+	if x, ok := x.GetMessage().(*GossipMessage_SignedObservationBatch); ok {
+		return x.SignedObservationBatch
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 type isGossipMessage_Message interface {
 	isGossipMessage_Message()
 }
@@ -169,6 +177,10 @@ type GossipMessage_SignedQueryResponse struct {
 	SignedQueryResponse *SignedQueryResponse `protobuf:"bytes,11,opt,name=signed_query_response,json=signedQueryResponse,proto3,oneof"`
 }
 
+type GossipMessage_SignedObservationBatch struct {
+	SignedObservationBatch *SignedObservationBatch `protobuf:"bytes,12,opt,name=signed_observation_batch,json=signedObservationBatch,proto3,oneof"`
+}
+
 func (*GossipMessage_SignedObservation) isGossipMessage_Message() {}
 
 func (*GossipMessage_SignedHeartbeat) isGossipMessage_Message() {}
@@ -185,6 +197,8 @@ func (*GossipMessage_SignedQueryRequest) isGossipMessage_Message() {}
 
 func (*GossipMessage_SignedQueryResponse) isGossipMessage_Message() {}
 
+func (*GossipMessage_SignedObservationBatch) isGossipMessage_Message() {}
+
 type SignedHeartbeat struct {
 	state         protoimpl.MessageState
 	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
@@ -1054,6 +1068,143 @@ func (x *SignedQueryResponse) GetSignature() []byte {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// A SignedObservationBatch is a signed statement by a given guardian node that they observed a number of events.
+type SignedObservationBatch struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	// Guardian pubkey as truncated eth address.
+	Addr []byte `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=addr,proto3" json:"addr,omitempty"`
+	// The set of observations in this batch. Note that the default max message size in libp2p before fragmentation is 1MB.
+	// If we limit this array to 4000 entries, that gives us a marshaled message size of 800K, which is safely below that limit.
+	Observations []*Observation `protobuf:"bytes,2,rep,name=observations,proto3" json:"observations,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *SignedObservationBatch) Reset() {
+	*x = SignedObservationBatch{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[13]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *SignedObservationBatch) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*SignedObservationBatch) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *SignedObservationBatch) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[13]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use SignedObservationBatch.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*SignedObservationBatch) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{13}
+}
+
+func (x *SignedObservationBatch) GetAddr() []byte {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Addr
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *SignedObservationBatch) GetObservations() []*Observation {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Observations
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Observation defines a single observation that is contained in SignedObservationBatch
+type Observation struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	// The observation's deterministic, unique hash.
+	Hash []byte `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=hash,proto3" json:"hash,omitempty"`
+	// ECSDA signature of the hash using the node's guardian key.
+	Signature []byte `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=signature,proto3" json:"signature,omitempty"`
+	// Transaction hash this observation was made from.
+	// Optional, included for observability.
+	TxHash []byte `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=tx_hash,json=txHash,proto3" json:"tx_hash,omitempty"`
+	// Message ID (chain/emitter/seq) for this observation.
+	// Optional, included for observability.
+	MessageId string `protobuf:"bytes,4,opt,name=message_id,json=messageId,proto3" json:"message_id,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *Observation) Reset() {
+	*x = Observation{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[14]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *Observation) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*Observation) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *Observation) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[14]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use Observation.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*Observation) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{14}
+}
+
+func (x *Observation) GetHash() []byte {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Hash
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Observation) GetSignature() []byte {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.Signature
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Observation) GetTxHash() []byte {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.TxHash
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *Observation) GetMessageId() string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.MessageId
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
 type Heartbeat_Network struct {
 	state         protoimpl.MessageState
 	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
@@ -1076,7 +1227,7 @@ type Heartbeat_Network struct {
 func (x *Heartbeat_Network) Reset() {
 	*x = Heartbeat_Network{}
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[13]
+		mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[15]
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
 	}
@@ -1089,7 +1240,7 @@ func (x *Heartbeat_Network) String() string {
 func (*Heartbeat_Network) ProtoMessage() {}
 
 func (x *Heartbeat_Network) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[13]
+	mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[15]
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
@@ -1160,7 +1311,7 @@ type ChainGovernorConfig_Chain struct {
 func (x *ChainGovernorConfig_Chain) Reset() {
 	*x = ChainGovernorConfig_Chain{}
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[14]
+		mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[16]
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
 	}
@@ -1173,7 +1324,7 @@ func (x *ChainGovernorConfig_Chain) String() string {
 func (*ChainGovernorConfig_Chain) ProtoMessage() {}
 
 func (x *ChainGovernorConfig_Chain) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[14]
+	mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[16]
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
@@ -1223,7 +1374,7 @@ type ChainGovernorConfig_Token struct {
 func (x *ChainGovernorConfig_Token) Reset() {
 	*x = ChainGovernorConfig_Token{}
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[15]
+		mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[17]
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
 	}
@@ -1236,7 +1387,7 @@ func (x *ChainGovernorConfig_Token) String() string {
 func (*ChainGovernorConfig_Token) ProtoMessage() {}
 
 func (x *ChainGovernorConfig_Token) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[15]
+	mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[17]
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
@@ -1287,7 +1438,7 @@ type ChainGovernorStatus_EnqueuedVAA struct {
 func (x *ChainGovernorStatus_EnqueuedVAA) Reset() {
 	*x = ChainGovernorStatus_EnqueuedVAA{}
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[16]
+		mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[18]
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
 	}
@@ -1300,7 +1451,7 @@ func (x *ChainGovernorStatus_EnqueuedVAA) String() string {
 func (*ChainGovernorStatus_EnqueuedVAA) ProtoMessage() {}
 
 func (x *ChainGovernorStatus_EnqueuedVAA) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[16]
+	mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[18]
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
@@ -1357,7 +1508,7 @@ type ChainGovernorStatus_Emitter struct {
 func (x *ChainGovernorStatus_Emitter) Reset() {
 	*x = ChainGovernorStatus_Emitter{}
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[17]
+		mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[19]
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
 	}
@@ -1370,7 +1521,7 @@ func (x *ChainGovernorStatus_Emitter) String() string {
 func (*ChainGovernorStatus_Emitter) ProtoMessage() {}
 
 func (x *ChainGovernorStatus_Emitter) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[17]
+	mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[19]
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
@@ -1423,7 +1574,7 @@ type ChainGovernorStatus_Chain struct {
 func (x *ChainGovernorStatus_Chain) Reset() {
 	*x = ChainGovernorStatus_Chain{}
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[18]
+		mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[20]
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
 	}
@@ -1436,7 +1587,7 @@ func (x *ChainGovernorStatus_Chain) String() string {
 func (*ChainGovernorStatus_Chain) ProtoMessage() {}
 
 func (x *ChainGovernorStatus_Chain) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[18]
+	mi := &file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[20]
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
@@ -1499,7 +1650,7 @@ var File_gossip_v1_gossip_proto protoreflect.FileDescriptor
 var file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
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 }
 
 var (
@@ -1743,7 +1914,7 @@ func file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_rawDescGZIP() []byte {
 	return file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_rawDescData
 }
 
-var file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes = make([]protoimpl.MessageInfo, 19)
+var file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes = make([]protoimpl.MessageInfo, 21)
 var file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_goTypes = []interface{}{
 	(*GossipMessage)(nil),                   // 0: gossip.v1.GossipMessage
 	(*SignedHeartbeat)(nil),                 // 1: gossip.v1.SignedHeartbeat
@@ -1758,12 +1929,14 @@ var file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_goTypes = []interface{}{
 	(*ChainGovernorStatus)(nil),             // 10: gossip.v1.ChainGovernorStatus
 	(*SignedQueryRequest)(nil),              // 11: gossip.v1.SignedQueryRequest
 	(*SignedQueryResponse)(nil),             // 12: gossip.v1.SignedQueryResponse
-	(*Heartbeat_Network)(nil),               // 13: gossip.v1.Heartbeat.Network
-	(*ChainGovernorConfig_Chain)(nil),       // 14: gossip.v1.ChainGovernorConfig.Chain
-	(*ChainGovernorConfig_Token)(nil),       // 15: gossip.v1.ChainGovernorConfig.Token
-	(*ChainGovernorStatus_EnqueuedVAA)(nil), // 16: gossip.v1.ChainGovernorStatus.EnqueuedVAA
-	(*ChainGovernorStatus_Emitter)(nil),     // 17: gossip.v1.ChainGovernorStatus.Emitter
-	(*ChainGovernorStatus_Chain)(nil),       // 18: gossip.v1.ChainGovernorStatus.Chain
+	(*SignedObservationBatch)(nil),          // 13: gossip.v1.SignedObservationBatch
+	(*Observation)(nil),                     // 14: gossip.v1.Observation
+	(*Heartbeat_Network)(nil),               // 15: gossip.v1.Heartbeat.Network
+	(*ChainGovernorConfig_Chain)(nil),       // 16: gossip.v1.ChainGovernorConfig.Chain
+	(*ChainGovernorConfig_Token)(nil),       // 17: gossip.v1.ChainGovernorConfig.Token
+	(*ChainGovernorStatus_EnqueuedVAA)(nil), // 18: gossip.v1.ChainGovernorStatus.EnqueuedVAA
+	(*ChainGovernorStatus_Emitter)(nil),     // 19: gossip.v1.ChainGovernorStatus.Emitter
+	(*ChainGovernorStatus_Chain)(nil),       // 20: gossip.v1.ChainGovernorStatus.Chain
 }
 var file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_depIdxs = []int32{
 	3,  // 0: gossip.v1.GossipMessage.signed_observation:type_name -> gossip.v1.SignedObservation
@@ -1774,17 +1947,19 @@ var file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_depIdxs = []int32{
 	9,  // 5: gossip.v1.GossipMessage.signed_chain_governor_status:type_name -> gossip.v1.SignedChainGovernorStatus
 	11, // 6: gossip.v1.GossipMessage.signed_query_request:type_name -> gossip.v1.SignedQueryRequest
 	12, // 7: gossip.v1.GossipMessage.signed_query_response:type_name -> gossip.v1.SignedQueryResponse
-	13, // 8: gossip.v1.Heartbeat.networks:type_name -> gossip.v1.Heartbeat.Network
-	14, // 9: gossip.v1.ChainGovernorConfig.chains:type_name -> gossip.v1.ChainGovernorConfig.Chain
-	15, // 10: gossip.v1.ChainGovernorConfig.tokens:type_name -> gossip.v1.ChainGovernorConfig.Token
-	18, // 11: gossip.v1.ChainGovernorStatus.chains:type_name -> gossip.v1.ChainGovernorStatus.Chain
-	16, // 12: gossip.v1.ChainGovernorStatus.Emitter.enqueued_vaas:type_name -> gossip.v1.ChainGovernorStatus.EnqueuedVAA
-	17, // 13: gossip.v1.ChainGovernorStatus.Chain.emitters:type_name -> gossip.v1.ChainGovernorStatus.Emitter
-	14, // [14:14] is the sub-list for method output_type
-	14, // [14:14] is the sub-list for method input_type
-	14, // [14:14] is the sub-list for extension type_name
-	14, // [14:14] is the sub-list for extension extendee
-	0,  // [0:14] is the sub-list for field type_name
+	13, // 8: gossip.v1.GossipMessage.signed_observation_batch:type_name -> gossip.v1.SignedObservationBatch
+	15, // 9: gossip.v1.Heartbeat.networks:type_name -> gossip.v1.Heartbeat.Network
+	16, // 10: gossip.v1.ChainGovernorConfig.chains:type_name -> gossip.v1.ChainGovernorConfig.Chain
+	17, // 11: gossip.v1.ChainGovernorConfig.tokens:type_name -> gossip.v1.ChainGovernorConfig.Token
+	20, // 12: gossip.v1.ChainGovernorStatus.chains:type_name -> gossip.v1.ChainGovernorStatus.Chain
+	14, // 13: gossip.v1.SignedObservationBatch.observations:type_name -> gossip.v1.Observation
+	18, // 14: gossip.v1.ChainGovernorStatus.Emitter.enqueued_vaas:type_name -> gossip.v1.ChainGovernorStatus.EnqueuedVAA
+	19, // 15: gossip.v1.ChainGovernorStatus.Chain.emitters:type_name -> gossip.v1.ChainGovernorStatus.Emitter
+	16, // [16:16] is the sub-list for method output_type
+	16, // [16:16] is the sub-list for method input_type
+	16, // [16:16] is the sub-list for extension type_name
+	16, // [16:16] is the sub-list for extension extendee
+	0,  // [0:16] is the sub-list for field type_name
 }
 
 func init() { file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_init() }
@@ -1950,7 +2125,7 @@ func file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_init() {
 			}
 		}
 		file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[13].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
-			switch v := v.(*Heartbeat_Network); i {
+			switch v := v.(*SignedObservationBatch); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
 			case 1:
@@ -1962,7 +2137,7 @@ func file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_init() {
 			}
 		}
 		file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[14].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
-			switch v := v.(*ChainGovernorConfig_Chain); i {
+			switch v := v.(*Observation); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
 			case 1:
@@ -1974,7 +2149,7 @@ func file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_init() {
 			}
 		}
 		file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[15].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
-			switch v := v.(*ChainGovernorConfig_Token); i {
+			switch v := v.(*Heartbeat_Network); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
 			case 1:
@@ -1986,7 +2161,7 @@ func file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_init() {
 			}
 		}
 		file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[16].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
-			switch v := v.(*ChainGovernorStatus_EnqueuedVAA); i {
+			switch v := v.(*ChainGovernorConfig_Chain); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
 			case 1:
@@ -1998,7 +2173,7 @@ func file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_init() {
 			}
 		}
 		file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[17].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
-			switch v := v.(*ChainGovernorStatus_Emitter); i {
+			switch v := v.(*ChainGovernorConfig_Token); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
 			case 1:
@@ -2010,6 +2185,30 @@ func file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_init() {
 			}
 		}
 		file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[18].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*ChainGovernorStatus_EnqueuedVAA); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[19].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*ChainGovernorStatus_Emitter); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+		file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_msgTypes[20].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
 			switch v := v.(*ChainGovernorStatus_Chain); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
@@ -2031,6 +2230,7 @@ func file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_init() {
 		(*GossipMessage_SignedChainGovernorStatus)(nil),
 		(*GossipMessage_SignedQueryRequest)(nil),
 		(*GossipMessage_SignedQueryResponse)(nil),
+		(*GossipMessage_SignedObservationBatch)(nil),
 	}
 	type x struct{}
 	out := protoimpl.TypeBuilder{
@@ -2038,7 +2238,7 @@ func file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_init() {
 			GoPackagePath: reflect.TypeOf(x{}).PkgPath(),
 			RawDescriptor: file_gossip_v1_gossip_proto_rawDesc,
 			NumEnums:      0,
-			NumMessages:   19,
+			NumMessages:   21,
 			NumExtensions: 0,
 			NumServices:   0,
 		},
diff --git a/proto/gossip/v1/gossip.proto b/proto/gossip/v1/gossip.proto
index 05564fedfb..b71be47543 100644
--- a/proto/gossip/v1/gossip.proto
+++ b/proto/gossip/v1/gossip.proto
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ message GossipMessage {
     SignedChainGovernorStatus signed_chain_governor_status = 9;
     SignedQueryRequest signed_query_request = 10;
     SignedQueryResponse signed_query_response = 11;
+    SignedObservationBatch signed_observation_batch = 12;
   }
 }
 
@@ -215,3 +216,26 @@ message SignedQueryResponse {
   // ECDSA signature using the node's guardian public key.
   bytes signature = 2;
 }
+
+// A SignedObservationBatch is a signed statement by a given guardian node that they observed a number of events.
+message SignedObservationBatch {
+  // Guardian pubkey as truncated eth address.
+  bytes addr = 1;
+  // The set of observations in this batch. Note that the default max message size in libp2p before fragmentation is 1MB.
+  // If we limit this array to 4000 entries, that gives us a marshaled message size of 800K, which is safely below that limit.
+  repeated Observation observations = 2;
+}
+
+// Observation defines a single observation that is contained in SignedObservationBatch
+message Observation {
+  // The observation's deterministic, unique hash.
+  bytes hash = 1;
+  // ECSDA signature of the hash using the node's guardian key.
+  bytes signature = 2;
+  // Transaction hash this observation was made from.
+  // Optional, included for observability.
+  bytes tx_hash = 3;
+  // Message ID (chain/emitter/seq) for this observation.
+  // Optional, included for observability.
+  string message_id = 4;
+}