references.bib

@article{Millard2014,
	title = {Conventions for Reporting Radiocarbon Determinations},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {0033-8222},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/conventions-for-reporting-radiocarbon-determinations/E4077EC6F1EE1C90C5170309E2C0CF9B},
	doi = {10.2458/56.17455},
	abstract = {Current conventions for reporting radiocarbon determinations do not cover the reporting of calibrated dates. This article proposes revised conventions that have been endorsed by many 14C scientists. For every determination included in a scientific paper, the following should apply: (1) the laboratory measurement should be reported as a conventional radiocarbon age in 14C yr {BP} or a fractionation-corrected fraction modern (F14C) value; (2) the laboratory code for the determination should be included; and (3) the sample material dated, the pretreatment method applied, and quality control measurements should be reported. In addition, for every calibrated determination or modeled date, the following should be reported: (4) the calibration curve and any reservoir offset used; (5) the software used for calibration, including version number, the options and/or models used, and wherever possible a citation of a published description of the software; and (6) the calibrated date given as a range (or ranges) with an associated probability on a clearly identifiable calendar timescale.},
	pages = {555--559},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {Radiocarbon},
	author = {Millard, Andrew R},
	urldate = {2018-02-02},
	date = {2014},
}

@article{SchmidEtAl2019,
	title = {{c14bazAAR}: An R package for downloading and preparing C14 dates from different source databases},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2475-9066},
	url = {https://joss.theoj.org/papers/10.21105/joss.01914},
	doi = {10.21105/joss.01914},
	abstract = {Software archive},
	pages = {1914},
	number = {43},
	journaltitle = {{Journal of Open Source Software}},
	author = {Schmid, Clemens and Seidensticker, Dirk and Hinz, Martin},
	date = {2019-11-25},
}

@article{BronkRamseyEtAl2019,
	title = {The Importance of Open Access to Chronological Information: The {IntChron} Initiative},
	volume = {61},
	issn = {0033-8222},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/importance-of-open-access-to-chronological-information-the-intchron-initiative/5D76092C90DED5500B2512E0AC287398},
	doi = {10.1017/RDC.2019.21},
	abstract = {The development of chronologies relies on integrating information from a
number of different sources. In addition to direct dating evidence, such
as radiocarbon dates, researchers will have contextual information which
might be an environmental sequence or the context in an archaeological
site. This information can be combined through Bayesian or other types of
age-model. Once a chronology has been developed, this information can be
used to estimate, for example, chronological uncertainties, rates of
change, or the age of material which has not been directly dated.Dealing
with the information associated with chronology building is complicated
and re-evaluation of chronologies often requires structured information
which is hard to access. Although there are many databases with primary
dating information, these often do not contain all of the information
needed for a chronology. The Chronological Query Language ({CQL}) developed
for {OxCal} was intended to be a convenient way of pulling such information
together for Bayesian analysis. However, even this does not include much
of the associated information required for reusing data in other
analyses.The {IntChron} initiative builds on the framework set up for the
{INTIMATE} (Integrating Ice core, Marine and Terrestrial Records)
chronological database (Bronk Ramsey et al. 2014) and is primarily an
information exchange format and data visualization tool which enables
users to pull together the types of information needed for chronological
analysis. It is intended for use with multiple dating methodologies and
while it will be integrated with {OxCal}, is intended to be an open format
suitable for use with other software tools. The file format is {JSON} which
is easily readable in software such as R, Python and {MatLab}. {IntChron} is
not primarily intended to be a data depository but rather an index of
sites where information is stored in the relevant format. As an initial
step, databases of radiocarbon dates from the Oxford Radiocarbon
Accelerator Unit (including those for the {NERC} radiocarbon facility), the
{RESET} tephra database, the {INTIMATE} chronological database and regional
radiocarbon databases for Egypt and Southern Africa are all linked. The
intention is that users of {OxCal} will also be able to make published data
accessible to others and to store working data, visible only to the user,
to be used with the associated analysis tools. The {IntChron} site allows
data from third party sources to be accessed through a representational
state transfer ({REST}) application programming interface ({API}) in a number
of different formats ({JSON}, csv, txt, oxcal) and associated bibliographic
information in {BibTeX} format.The aim of the {IntChron} initiative is to make
it easy for users to provide data (in the single {JSON} format with limited
minimum requirements) as well as to access data and tools, while promoting
robust chronologies including realistic estimates of uncertainties. It is
hoped that this will help to bring the chronological research communities
to a point where data access is as easy as it is in some other fields.
This is particularly important for Early Career Researchers and for those
seeking to use large datasets in novel ways.},
	pages = {1--11},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Radiocarbon},
	author = {Bronk Ramsey, Christopher and Blaauw, Maarten and Kearney, Rebecca and Staff, Richard A Staff},
	urldate = {2019-04-20},
	date = {2019},
}

@article{BirdEtAl2022,
	title = {{p3k14c}, a synthetic global database of archaeological radiocarbon dates},
	issn = {2052-4463},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-022-01118-7},
	doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01118-7},
	abstract = {Archaeologists increasingly use large radiocarbon databases to model prehistoric human demography (also termed paleo-demography). Numerous independent projects, funded over the past decade, have assembled such databases from multiple regions of the world. These data provide unprecedented potential for comparative research on human population ecology and the evolution of social-ecological systems across the Earth. However, these databases have been developed using different sample selection criteria, which has resulted in interoperability issues for global-scale, comparative paleo-demographic research and integration with paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental data. We present a synthetic, global-scale archaeological radiocarbon database composed of 180,070 radiocarbon dates that have been cleaned according to a standardized sample selection criteria. This database increases the reusability of archaeological radiocarbon data and streamlines quality control assessments for various types of paleo-demographic research. As part of an assessment of data quality, we conduct two analyses of sampling bias in the global database at multiple scales. This database is ideal for paleo-demographic research focused on dates-as-data, bayesian modeling, or summed probability distribution methodologies.},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	pages = {27},
	journaltitle = {Scientific Data},
	shortjournal = {Sci Data},
	author = {Bird, Darcy and Miranda, Lux and Vander Linden, Marc and Robinson, Erick and Bocinsky, R. Kyle and Nicholson, Chris and Capriles, José M. and Finley, Judson Byrd and Gayo, Eugenia M. and Gil, Adolfo and d’Alpoim Guedes, Jade and Hoggarth, Julie A. and Kay, Andrea and Loftus, Emma and Lombardo, Umberto and Mackie, Madeline and Palmisano, Alessio and Solheim, Steinar and Kelly, Robert L. and Freeman, Jacob},
	date = {2022-01-27},
	langid = {english},
}

@article{Kintigh2006,
	title = {The Promise and Challenge of Archaeological Data Integration},
	volume = {71},
	issn = {0002-7316},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-antiquity/article/promise-and-challenge-of-archaeological-data-integration/037763619B121990D59B585523826A03},
	doi = {10.1017/S0002731600039810},
	abstract = {This forum reports the results of a National Science Foundation—funded
workshop that focused on the integration and preservation of digital
databases and other structured data derived from archaeological contexts.
The workshop concluded that for archaeology to achieve its potential to
advance long-term, scientific understandings of human history, there is a
pressing need for an archaeological information infrastructure that will
allow us to archive, access, integrate, and mine disparate data sets. This
report provides an assessment of the informatics needs of archaeology,
articulates an ambitious vision for a distributed disciplinary information
infrastructure (cyberinfrastructure), discusses the challenges posed by
its development, and outlines initial steps toward its realization.
Finally, it argues that such a cyberinfrastructure has enormous potential
to contribute to anthropology and science more generally. Concept-oriented
archaeological data integration will enable the use of existing data to
answer compelling new questions and permit syntheses of archaeological
data that rely not on other investigators' conclusions but on analyses of
meaningfully integrated new and legacy data sets.},
	pages = {567--578},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Am. Antiq.},
	author = {Kintigh, Keith},
	urldate = {2019-08-15},
	date = {2006-07},
}

@article{Kristiansen2014,
	author = {Kristiansen, Kristian},
	date = {2014},
	title = {Towards a New Paradigm? The Third Science Revolution and its Possible Consequences in Archaeology},
	pages = {11--34},
	journaltitle = {Current Swedish Archaeology},
	volume = {22},
}

@article{Fan2018,
  title = {On the {{Value}} of {{Narratives}} in a {{Reflexive Digital Humanities}}},
  author = {Fan, Lai-Tze},
  date = {2018-03-27},
  journaltitle = {Digital Studies / Le champ numérique},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  publisher = {Open Library of Humanities},
  issn = {1918-3666},
  doi = {10.16995/dscn.285},
  abstract = {This paper returns to the relationship of “narrative versus database” (an argument originally made by Lev Manovich in 2001) as one that can be further addressed. A specific issue persists in text analysis research in the digital humanities: the difficulty of representing the figurative meaning of narratives through digital tools. Towards an accommodation, this paper adopts a narratological framework in order to propose alternative models of content management and organization that more closely resemble figurative meaning making in human language. These alternative models therefore better allow for the computational representation of figurative elements that N. Katherine Hayles describes as “the inexplicable, the unspeakable, the ineffable” of narrative literature. This paper argues that the construction of figurative meaning through paradigmatic substitution (as part of an imaginary vocabulary that is drawn from in the process of meaning making) is difficult to account for in the relational database—arguably still the most culturally prominent database model. By focusing on NoSQL (“no” or “not only” Structured Query Language) databases, this paper explores how layers of figurative meaning can be represented together through these flexible and non-relational models. In particular, the ability of non-relational databases to group together multiple values—encouraging their association, comparison, and juxtaposition—can be analyzed as a computational albeit imprecise counterpart to the formation of paradigmatic and figurative meaning. Thus, towards accounting for a word, image, or idea’s layers of meaning as expressed in literature, this paper offers a study of the limitations of digital tools and their critical negotiation with humanities research and reflection.},
  issue = {1},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Hyvonen2020,
  title = {Using the {{Semantic Web}} in Digital Humanities: {{Shift}} from Data Publishing to Data-Analysis and Serendipitous Knowledge Discovery},
  shorttitle = {Using the {{Semantic Web}} in Digital Humanities},
  author = {Hyvönen, Eero},
  date = {2020-01-01},
  journaltitle = {Semantic Web},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {187--193},
  publisher = {IOS Press},
  issn = {1570-0844},
  doi = {10.3233/SW-190386},
  abstract = {This paper discusses a shift of focus in research on Cultural Heritage semantic portals, based on Linked Data, and envisions and proposes new directions of research. Three generations of portals are identified: Ten years ago the research focus in sem},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{SchloenProsser2023,
  title = {The {{Case}} for a {{Database Approach}}},
  booktitle = {Database {{Computing}} for {{Scholarly Research}}: {{Case Studies Using}} the {{Online Cultural}} and {{Historical Research Environment}}},
  author = {Schloen, Sandra R. and Prosser, Miller C.},
  editor = {Schloen, Sandra R. and Prosser, Miller C.},
  date = {2023},
  pages = {25--73},
  publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
  location = {Cham},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-46696-0_2},
  abstract = {The management of research data in the humanities and social sciences is a genuine, non-trivial challenge from a computational perspective. In this chapter, a case is made for a database approach that allows for the integration of all project data in a way that fits productively into the research program, and which makes the resulting data maximally useful for analysis, sharing and publication. A research database platform should accommodate highly diverse data that is dispersed over space and time, that is characterized by high variability, that is semi-structured, and that contains uncertainty and disagreements. Integration of spatial, temporal, textual, lexical, and multi-media data should be supported naturally and intuitively. In this chapter, an evaluation of traditional options for managing data leads to a discussion of a hybrid model, as implemented by OCHRE using XML, that is inspired by all the major database paradigms—the hierarchical, the relational, and the graph/network—taking advantage of the best features of each. An appropriately generic upper ontology provides an underlying framework for managing data of all kinds.},
  isbn = {978-3-031-46696-0},
  langid = {english}
}
@article{VerborghEtAl2015,
  title = {The Fallacy of the Multi-{{API}} Culture: {{Conceptual}} and Practical Benefits of {{Representational State Transfer}} ({{REST}})},
  shorttitle = {The Fallacy of the Multi-{{API}} Culture},
  author = {Verborgh, Ruben and family=Hooland, given=Seth, prefix=van, useprefix=true and Cope, Aaron Straup and Chan, Sebastian and Mannens, Erik and Van de Walle, Rik},
  date = {2015-01-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Documentation},
  volume = {71},
  number = {2},
  pages = {233--252},
  publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing Limited},
  issn = {0022-0418},
  doi = {10.1108/JD-07-2013-0098},
  abstract = {Purpose The purpose of this paper is to revisit a decade after its conception the Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural style and analyzes its relevance to address current challenges from the Library and Information Science (LIS) discipline. Design/methodology/approach Conceptual aspects of REST are reviewed and a generic architecture to support REST is presented. The relevance of the architecture is demonstrated with the help of a case study based on the collection registration database of the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum. Findings The authors argue that the “resources and representations” model of REST is a sustainable way for the management of web resources in a context of constant technological evolutions. Practical implications When making information resources available on the web, a resource-oriented publishing model can avoid the costs associated with the creation of multiple interfaces. Originality/value This paper re-examines the conceptual merits of REST and translates the architecture into actionable recommendations for institutions that publish resources.}
}

@article{RichterEtAl2017,
  title = {High {{Resolution AMS Dates}} from {{Shubayqa}} 1, Northeast {{Jordan Reveal Complex Origins}} of {{Late Epipalaeolithic Natufian}} in the {{Levant}}},
  author = {Richter, Tobias and Arranz-Otaegui, Amaia and Yeomans, Lisa and Boaretto, Elisabetta},
  date = {2017-12-05},
  journaltitle = {Sci. Rep.},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {17025},
  issn = {2045-2322},
  doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-17096-5},
  abstract = {The Late Epipalaeolithic Natufian (\textasciitilde 14,600 − 11,500 cal BP) is a key period in the prehistory of southwest Asia. Often described as a complex hunting and gathering society with increased sedentism, intensive plant exploitation and associated with an increase in artistic and symbolic material culture, it is positioned between the earlier Upper- and Epi-Palaeolithic and the early Neolithic, when plant cultivation and subsequently animal domestication began. The Natufian has thus often been seen as a necessary pre-adaptation for the emergence of Neolithic economies in southwest Asia. Previous work has pointed to the Mediterranean woodland zone of the southern Levant as the ‘core zone’ of the Early Natufian. Here we present a new sequence of 27 AMS radiocarbon dates from the Natufian site Shubayqa 1 in northeast Jordan. The results suggest that the site was occupied intermittently between \textasciitilde 14,600 − 12,000 cal BP. The dates indicate the Natufian emerged just as early in eastern Jordan as it did in the Mediterranean woodland zone. This suggests that the origins and development of the Natufian were not tied to the ecological conditions of the Mediterranean woodlands, and that the evolution of this hunting and gathering society was more complex and heterogeneous than previously thought.}
}
@article{Bayliss2015,
  title = {Quality in {{Bayesian}} Chronological Models in Archaeology},
  author = {Bayliss, Alex},
  date = {2015-08-08},
  journaltitle = {World Archaeol.},
  volume = {47},
  number = {4},
  pages = {677--700},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  issn = {0043-8243},
  doi = {10.1080/00438243.2015.1067640},
  abstract = {AbstractBayesian chronological modelling is fast becoming the method of choice for the interpretation of radiocarbon dates in archaeological and palaeoenvironmental studies around the world. Although software enabling the routine application of the method has been available for more than twenty years, more than half of published models have appeared in the past five years. Unfortunately, the pace of development in statistical methodology has not been matched by the increased care in sample selection and reporting that is required for robust modelling. Barely half the applications considered in this article provide the information necessary to assess the models presented critically. This article discusses what information is required to allow the quality of Bayesian chronological models to be assessed, and provides check-lists for authors, editors and referees, in the hope of improving current practice.}
}

@article{BatistRoe2024,
  title = {Open {{Archaeology}}, {{Open Source}}? {{Collaborative}} Practices in an Emerging Community of Archaeological Software Engineers},
  shorttitle = {Open {{Archaeology}}, {{Open Source}}?},
  author = {Batist, Zachary and Roe, Joe},
  date = {2024-07-18},
  journaltitle = {Internet Archaeology},
  shortjournal = {Internet Archaeol.},
  number = {67},
  publisher = {Internet Archaeology},
  issn = {1363-5387},
  doi = {10.11141/ia.67.13},
  abstract = {This article investigates modes of collaboration in the emerging community of practice using 'open-archaeo', a curated list of archaeological software, and data on the activity of associated GitHub repositories and users. An exploratory quantitative analysis is conducted to characterise the nature and intensity of these collaborations and map the collaborative networks that emerge from them.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Kra1988,
  title = {Updating the Past: {{The Establishment}} of the {{International Radiocarbon Data Base}}},
  shorttitle = {Updating the Past},
  author = {Kra, Renee},
  date = {1988-01},
  journaltitle = {American Antiquity},
  volume = {53},
  number = {1},
  pages = {118--125},
  issn = {0002-7316, 2325-5064},
  doi = {10.2307/281158},
  abstract = {Radiocarbon dates are essential to the understanding of chronological frameworks in many fields, but are particularly important in archaeology. An International Radiocarbon Data Base (IRDB) has been proposed to update and maintain a computerized, centralized, and standardized record of 14C data, on a global and inter-disciplinary scale, from which researchers may retrieve and utilize valuable data. Since 1985, planning conferences and workshops continue to address the issues of establishing the IRDB. The primary focus of these discussions has been the data-entry format and how to obtain continuing financial support.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Kra1989,
  title = {The {{International Radiocarbon Data Base}}: {{A Progress Report}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{International Radiocarbon Data Base}}},
  author = {Kra, Renee},
  year = {1989},
  journaltitle = {Radiocarbon},
  volume = {31},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1067--1075},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  issn = {0033-8222, 1945-5755},
  doi = {10.1017/S003382220001273X},
  abstract = {An International Radiocarbon Data Base (IRDB), an online centralized 14C data management and retrieval system has been designed and established to compile, edit and disseminate data to researchers in many scientific fields. The need for such a research tool has been apparent for some years. Since 1985, planning conferences and workshops have addressed the issues of implementing the IRDB. Workshops in Groningen and, most recently in New Haven, have led to consensus on a microcomputer-driven catalogue-type data retrieval management system, selection of an American Advisory Board and the initiation of two pilot projects. A permanent home has been found for the data base at The University of Arizona. It is hoped that our efforts toward international cooperation will culminate with the official launching of this much needed, long overdue enterprise.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{CremaBevan2021,
  title = {Inference from Large Sets of Radiocarbon Dates: Software and Methods},
  shorttitle = {{{INFERENCE FROM LARGE SETS OF RADIOCARBON DATES}}},
  author = {Crema, Enrico R. and Bevan, Andrew},
  date = {2021-02},
  journaltitle = {Radiocarbon},
  volume = {63},
  number = {1},
  pages = {23--39},
  issn = {0033-8222, 1945-5755},
  doi = {10.1017/RDC.2020.95},
  abstract = {The last decade has seen the development of a range of new statistical and computational techniques for analysing large collections of radiocarbon (14C) dates, often but not exclusively to make inferences about human population change in the past. Here we introduce rcarbon, an open-source software package for the R statistical computing language which implements many of these techniques and looks to foster transparent future study of their strengths and weaknesses. In this paper, we review the key assumptions, limitations and potentials behind statistical analyses of summed probability distribution of 14C dates, including Monte-Carlo simulation-based tests, permutation tests, and spatial analyses. Supplementary material provides a fully reproducible analysis with further details not covered in the main paper.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{AlvesEtAl2018,
  title = {The {{Worldwide Marine Radiocarbon Reservoir Effect}}: {{Definitions}}, {{Mechanisms}}, and {{Prospects}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Worldwide Marine Radiocarbon Reservoir Effect}}},
  author = {Alves, Eduardo Q. and Macario, Kita and Ascough, Philippa and Bronk Ramsey, Christopher},
  date = {2018},
  journaltitle = {Reviews of Geophysics},
  volume = {56},
  number = {1},
  pages = {278--305},
  issn = {1944-9208},
  doi = {10.1002/2017RG000588},
  abstract = {When a carbon reservoir has a lower radiocarbon content than the atmosphere, this is referred to as a reservoir effect. This is expressed as an offset between the radiocarbon ages of samples from the two reservoirs at a single point in time. The marine reservoir effect (MRE) has been a major concern in the radiocarbon community, as it introduces an additional source of error that is often difficult to accurately quantify. For this reason, researchers are often reluctant to date marine material where they have another option. The influence of this phenomenon makes the study of the MRE important for a broad range of applications. The advent of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) has reduced sample size requirements and increased measurement precision, in turn increasing the number of studies seeking to measure marine samples. These studies rely on overcoming the influence of the MRE on marine radiocarbon dates through the worldwide quantification of the local parameter ΔR, that is, the local variation from the global average MRE. Furthermore, the strong dependence on ocean dynamics makes the MRE a useful indicator for changes in oceanic circulation, carbon exchange between reservoirs, and the fate of atmospheric CO2, all of which impact Earth's climate. This article explores data from the Marine Reservoir Database and reviews the place of natural radiocarbon in oceanic records, focusing on key questions (e.g., changes in ocean dynamics) that have been answered by MRE studies and on their application to different subjects.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{PettittEtAl2003,
  title = {Palaeolithic Radiocarbon Chronology: Quantifying Our Confidence beyond Two Half-Lives},
  author = {Pettitt, P B and Davies, W and Gamble, C S and Richards, M B},
  date = {2003-12-01},
  journaltitle = {J. Archaeol. Sci.},
  volume = {30},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1685--1693},
  issn = {0305-4403},
  doi = {10.1016/S0305-4403(03)00070-0},
  abstract = {It is now three decades since Waterbolk introduced evaluation criteria to 14C chronology. Despite this, and other subsequent attempts to introduce quality control in the use of 14C data, no systematic procedure has been adopted by the archaeological community. As a result, our databases may be significantly weakened by questionable dates and/or questionable associations between dated samples and the archaeological phenomena they are intended to represent. As the use of chronometric data in general becomes more ambitious, we must pause and assess how reliable these data are. Here, we forward a set of evaluation criteria which take into account archaeological (e.g. associational, stratigraphic) and chronometric (e.g. pre-treatment and measurement) criteria. We intend to use such criteria to evaluate a large 14C dataset we have assembled to investigate Late Glacial settlement in Europe, the Near East and North Africa, supported by the Leverhulme Trust. We suggest that the procedure presented here may at least form the basis of the development of more rigorous, scientific use of 14C dates.}
}

@article{ChaputGajewski2016,
  title = {Radiocarbon Dates as Estimates of Ancient Human Population Size},
  author = {Chaput, Michelle A and Gajewski, Konrad},
  date = {2016-09-01},
  journaltitle = {Anthropocene},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {3--12},
  issn = {2213-3054},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ancene.2015.10.002},
  abstract = {Archaeological radiocarbon (14C) dates are a fundamental source of information documenting patterns in paleodemographic change from prehistoric to modern times. Several open access databases (Canadian Archaeological Radiocarbon Database, Radiocarbon Palaeolithic Europe Database, CONTEXT, RAdiocarbon Dates ONline, and AustArch) and publications which include lists of dates provide easy access to archaeological 14C data, presently totalling over 70,000 dates worldwide. Some parts of the world are more extensively sampled than others including North America, Australia and China, whereas in others the databases have not yet been prepared. A comparison of frequency distributions of 14C dates from North America and Australia to modeled estimates of historical population growth for these continents from the HYDE 3.1 database shows similarities, providing confidence in long-term estimates of population growth using both methods. Our capacity to study global demographic change is currently limited by the spatiotemporal completeness of regional 14C databases. These results suggest the systematic collection and entry of dates into an openly-accessible, global 14C database will allow for significant advances to be made in archaeology, anthropology and Quaternary paleogeography.}
}

@article{KusumgarEtAl1963,
  title = {Tata {{Institute Radiocarbon Date List I}}},
  author = {Kusumgar, S. and Lal, D. and Sarna, R. P.},
  date = {1963-01},
  journaltitle = {Radiocarbon},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {273--282},
  issn = {0033-8222, 1945-5755},
  doi = {10.1017/S0033822200036894},
  abstract = {The first series of C14 dates obtained in the C14 Laboratory of the above Institute, since it became operational in August 1961, are presented. The chemical and counting procedures adopted for the measurement of C14 in our laboratory have been described in some detail (Kusumgar et al., 1962). For the sake of completeness some points relevant to the determination of dates are described below.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{CremaEtAl2024,
  title = {Modelling Diffusion of Innovation Curves Using Radiocarbon Data},
  author = {Crema, E. R. and Bloxam, A. and Stevens, C. J. and Vander Linden, M.},
  date = {2024-05-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Archaeological Science},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Archaeological Science},
  volume = {165},
  pages = {105962},
  issn = {0305-4403},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jas.2024.105962},
  abstract = {Archaeological data provide a potential to investigate the diffusion of technological and cultural traits. However, much of this research agenda currently needs more formal quantitative methods to address small sample sizes and chronological uncertainty. This paper introduces a novel Bayesian framework for inferring the shape of diffusion curves using radiocarbon data associated with the presence/absence of a particular innovation. We developed two distinct approaches: 1) a hierarchical model that enables the fitting of an s-shaped diffusion curve whilst accounting for inter-site variations in the probability of sampling the innovation itself, and 2) a non-parametric model that can estimate the changing proportion of the innovation across user-defined time-blocks. The robustness of the two approaches was first tested against simulated datasets and then applied to investigate three case studies, the first pair on the diffusion of farming in prehistoric Japan and Britain and the third on cycles of changes in the burial practices of later prehistoric Britain.}
}

@article{Crema2022,
  title = {Statistical {{Inference}} of {{Prehistoric Demography}} from {{Frequency Distributions}} of {{Radiocarbon Dates}}: {{A Review}} and a {{Guide}} for the {{Perplexed}}},
  shorttitle = {Statistical {{Inference}} of {{Prehistoric Demography}} from {{Frequency Distributions}} of {{Radiocarbon Dates}}},
  author = {Crema, E. R.},
  date = {2022-12-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory},
  shortjournal = {J Archaeol Method Theory},
  volume = {29},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1387--1418},
  issn = {1573-7764},
  doi = {10.1007/s10816-022-09559-5},
  abstract = {The last decade saw a rapid increase in the number of studies where time–frequency changes of radiocarbon dates have been used as a proxy for inferring past population dynamics. Although its universal and straightforward premise is appealing and undoubtedly offers some unique opportunities for research on long-term comparative demography, practical applications are far from trivial and riddled with issues pertaining to the very nature of the proxy under examination. Here I review the most common criticisms concerning the nature of radiocarbon time–frequency data as a demographic proxy, focusing on key statistical and inferential challenges. I then examine and compare recent methodological advances in the field by grouping them into three approaches: reconstructive, null-hypothesis significance testing, and model fitting. I will then conclude with some general recommendations for applying these techniques in archaeological and paleo-demographic research.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{GajewskiEtAl2011,
  title = {The {{Canadian Archaeological Radiocarbon Database}} ({{Card}}): {{Archaeological 14C Dates}} in {{North America}} and {{Their Paleoenvironmental Context}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Canadian Archaeological Radiocarbon Database}} ({{Card}})},
  author = {Gajewski, K. and Munoz, S. and Peros, M. and Viau, A. and Morlan, R. and Betts, M.},
  date = {2011-01},
  journaltitle = {Radiocarbon},
  volume = {53},
  number = {2},
  pages = {371--394},
  issn = {0033-8222, 1945-5755},
  doi = {10.1017/S0033822200056630},
  abstract = {Databases of accumulated paleoecological and archaeological records provide a means for large-scale syntheses of environmental and cultural histories. We describe the current status of the Canadian Archaeological Radiocarbon Database (CARD), a searchable collection of more than 36,000 14C dates from archaeological and paleontological sites from across North America. CARD, built by the late Dr Richard Morlan of the Canadian Museum of Civilization, consists of uncalibrated 14C data as well as information about the material dated, the cultural association of the date (e.g. Paleoindian, Archaic, Woodland), and its geographic location. The database can be used to study questions relating to prehistoric demography, migrations, human vulnerability to environmental change, and human impact on the landscape, but biases relating to sampling intensity and taphonomy must first be accounted for. Currently, Canada and the northern United States are well represented in the database, while the southern United States is underrepresented. The frequency of 14C dates associated with archaeological sites increases through time from 15,000 cal yr BP until European contact, which likely reflects, among other factors, both the destruction of older cultural carbon due to erosion and dissolution and increasing population numbers through time. An exploratory analysis of the dates reveals their distribution in both time and space, and suggests that the database is sufficiently complete to enable quantitative analysis of general demographic trends.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{MichczynskiEtAl1995,
  title = {A {{Computer-Based Database}} for {{Radiocarbon Dates}} of {{Central Andean Archaeology}}},
  author = {Michczyński, Adam and Krzanowski, Andrzej and Pazdur, Mieczysław F. and Ziołkowski, Mariusz S.},
  date = {1995-01},
  journaltitle = {Radiocarbon},
  volume = {37},
  number = {2},
  pages = {337--343},
  issn = {0033-8222, 1945-5755},
  doi = {10.1017/S0033822200030812},
  abstract = {We established a database of 14C dates from archaeological sites of the Central Andes region of Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia on an IBM PC-compatible microcomputer running on an MS-DOS operating system using software package dBASE IV, version 1.1. Relevant data are stored in three DBF-type database files. The file ANDY.DBF contains information on dates and samples; REFERENC.DBF contains references to relevant publications and CALAND.DBF contains calibrated dates. The total number of records of the ANDY database slightly exceeds 2650.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Raetzel-Fabian1999,
  title = {Editorial},
  author = {Raetzel-Fabian, Dirk},
  date = {1999-11-14},
  journaltitle = {Jungsteinsite}
}

@incollection{ReingruberThissen2005,
  title = {{{14C}} Database for the {{Aegean}} Catchment ({{Eastern Greece}}, Southern {{Balkans}} and Western {{Turkey}}) 10,000–5500 Cal {{BC}}},
  booktitle = {How {{Did Farming Reach Europe}}?},
  author = {Reingruber, Agathe and Thissen, L},
  editor = {Lichter, C.},
  date = {2005},
  series = {Byzas},
  number = {2},
  pages = {295--327},
  publisher = {Ege Yayinlar},
  location = {Istanbul}
}

@article{TenopirEtAl2011,
  title = {Data {{Sharing}} by {{Scientists}}: {{Practices}} and {{Perceptions}}},
  shorttitle = {Data {{Sharing}} by {{Scientists}}},
  author = {Tenopir, Carol and Allard, Suzie and Douglass, Kimberly and Aydinoglu, Arsev Umur and Wu, Lei and Read, Eleanor and Manoff, Maribeth and Frame, Mike},
  date = {2011-06-29},
  journaltitle = {PLOS ONE},
  shortjournal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {6},
  number = {6},
  pages = {e21101},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0021101},
  abstract = {Background Scientific research in the 21st century is more data intensive and collaborative than in the past. It is important to study the data practices of researchers – data accessibility, discovery, re-use, preservation and, particularly, data sharing. Data sharing is a valuable part of the scientific method allowing for verification of results and extending research from prior results. Methodology/Principal Findings A total of 1329 scientists participated in this survey exploring current data sharing practices and perceptions of the barriers and enablers of data sharing. Scientists do not make their data electronically available to others for various reasons, including insufficient time and lack of funding. Most respondents are satisfied with their current processes for the initial and short-term parts of the data or research lifecycle (collecting their research data; searching for, describing or cataloging, analyzing, and short-term storage of their data) but are not satisfied with long-term data preservation. Many organizations do not provide support to their researchers for data management both in the short- and long-term. If certain conditions are met (such as formal citation and sharing reprints) respondents agree they are willing to share their data. There are also significant differences and approaches in data management practices based on primary funding agency, subject discipline, age, work focus, and world region. Conclusions/Significance Barriers to effective data sharing and preservation are deeply rooted in the practices and culture of the research process as well as the researchers themselves. New mandates for data management plans from NSF and other federal agencies and world-wide attention to the need to share and preserve data could lead to changes. Large scale programs, such as the NSF-sponsored DataNET (including projects like DataONE) will both bring attention and resources to the issue and make it easier for scientists to apply sound data management principles.},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{RADONB2024,
  title = {Rado.{{NB}}},
  author = {Rinne, Christoph and Kneisel, Jutta and Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Krischke, Nina and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian, Dirk and Rodens, Marcel and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Vandkilde, Helle and Wotzka, Hans-Peter},
  date = {2024},
  url = {https://radonb.ufg.uni-kiel.de}
}

@article{RADON,
  title = {{{RADON}} - {{Radiocarbon}} Dates Online 2012. {{Central European}} Database of {{14C}} Dates for the {{Neolithic}} and {{Early Bronze Age}}},
  author = {Hinz, Martin and Furholt, Martin and Müller, Johannes and Raetzel-Fabian, Dirk and Rinne, Christophe and Sjögren, Karl-Göran and Wotzka, Hans-Peter},
  date = {2012},
  journaltitle = {Jungsteinsite},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {1--4},
  url = {https://www.jna.uni-kiel.de/index.php/jna/article/view/65/116},
  abstract = {In order to understand the dynamics of cultural phenomena, scientific dating in archaeology is an increasingly indispensable tool. Only by dating independently of typology is it possible to understand typological development itself (Müller 2004). Here radiometric dating methods, especially those based on carbon isotopy, still play the most important role. For evaluations exceeding the intra-site level, it is particularly important that such data is collected in large numbers and that the dates are easily accessible. Also, new statistical analyses, such as sequential calibration based on Bayesian methods, do not require single dates, but rather demand a greater number. By their combination significantly more elaborate results can be achieved compared to the results from conventional evaluation (e. g. Whittle et al. 2011). A second premise of RADON is that of „Open Access“. This approach continues to be applied in the international research community, which we welcome as a highly positive development. The radiocarbon database RADON has been committed to this principle for more than 12 years. In this database 14C data – primarily of the Neolithic of Central Europe and Southern Scandinavia – is collected and successively augmented.}
}

@misc{RADONB,
  title = {{{RADON-B}} – {{Radiocarbon}} Dates Online (Version 2014).  {{Database}} for {{European 14C}} Dates for the {{Bronze}} and {{Early Iron Age}}},
  author = {Kneisel, Jutta and Hinz, Martin and Rinne, Christophe},
  date = {2014},
  url = {https://radon-b.ufg.uni-kiel.de},
  abstract = {The database provides a quick overview of 14C dates from Europe. The time frame was limited to the Bronze and Early Iron Ages and covers the period from 2300 BC to 500 BC. The database can be searched by geographic or chronological factors, but also according to the nature of the sample material, the sites or features. The data and related information were taken from the literature cited in each case, and due to the timing of phases and culture assignment, are subject to change. We therefore assume no responsibility for the accuracy of source data.}
}

@incollection{Lucas2004,
  title = {Beyond Chronology},
  booktitle = {The {{Archaeology}} of {{Time}}},
  author = {Lucas, Gavin},
  date = {2004},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  abstract = {Why is time important to archaeology – indeed, why should anyone write a whole book about the subject or, for that matter, read one? As Stuart Piggot once wrote, ‘Any enquiry into the past which does not reckon with the dimension of time is obviously nonsense’ (Piggott 1959: 51). It might seem obvious that time is important to archaeology simply because archaeology is about the past; it is a historical science or discipline. On that recognition, then, a book about time is not only reasonable but essential. Yet, on further reflection, one might also ask, how much is there to actually say about time? Most archaeologists, when asked about time, might think about dating and chronology and, indeed, this is perhaps what first springs to mind. Certainly, issues of dating have been, and will continue to be, of major concern to archaeologists but since this is not a book about dating techniques – and my apologies to the reader who opened this book thinking it was – what is left to say? Well, quite a lot actually. What I can at least say, in anticipation, is that this book aims to explore time as a theoretical concept and how this is understood and employed in contemporary archaeology. For it is precisely because time lies at the heart of archaeology that we may take it too much for granted, and fail to see the ways in which time, in particular the way we understand time, affects the way we do archaeology.},
  isbn = {978-0-203-00492-0},
  pagetotal = {31}
}
@article{HighamEtAl2014,
  title = {The Timing and Spatiotemporal Patterning of {{Neanderthal}} Disappearance},
  author = {Higham, Tom and Douka, Katerina and Wood, Rachel and Ramsey, Christopher Bronk and Brock, Fiona and Basell, Laura and Camps, Marta and Arrizabalaga, Alvaro and Baena, Javier and Barroso-Ruíz, Cecillio and Bergman, Christopher and Boitard, Coralie and Boscato, Paolo and Caparrós, Miguel and Conard, Nicholas J. and Draily, Christelle and Froment, Alain and Galván, Bertila and Gambassini, Paolo and Garcia-Moreno, Alejandro and Grimaldi, Stefano and Haesaerts, Paul and Holt, Brigitte and Iriarte-Chiapusso, Maria-Jose and Jelinek, Arthur and Jordá Pardo, Jesús F. and Maíllo-Fernández, José-Manuel and Marom, Anat and Maroto, Julià and Menéndez, Mario and Metz, Laure and Morin, Eugène and Moroni, Adriana and Negrino, Fabio and Panagopoulou, Eleni and Peresani, Marco and Pirson, Stéphane and family=Rasilla, given=Marco, prefix=de la, useprefix=true and Riel-Salvatore, Julien and Ronchitelli, Annamaria and Santamaria, David and Semal, Patrick and Slimak, Ludovic and Soler, Joaquim and Soler, Narcís and Villaluenga, Aritza and Pinhasi, Ron and Jacobi, Roger},
  date = {2014-08},
  journaltitle = {Nature},
  volume = {512},
  number = {7514},
  pages = {306--309},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/nature13621},
  abstract = {Accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating is used to construct a chronology of Neanderthal disappearance, showing that Neanderthals overlapped with anatomically modern humans for between about 2,000 and 5,000 years.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Lake2012,
  title = {Open Archaeology},
  author = {Lake, Mark},
  date = {2012-12-01},
  journaltitle = {World Archaeology},
  volume = {44},
  number = {4},
  pages = {471--478},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  issn = {0043-8243},
  doi = {10.1080/00438243.2012.748521}
}

@book{Libby1955,
  title = {Radiocarbon {{Dating}}},
  author = {Libby, Willard F.},
  date = {1955},
  edition = {Second},
  publisher = {University of Chicago Press}
}

@article{PratesEtAl2020,
  title = {Rapid Radiation of Humans in {{South America}} after the Last Glacial Maximum: {{A}} Radiocarbon-Based Study},
  shorttitle = {Rapid Radiation of Humans in {{South America}} after the Last Glacial Maximum},
  author = {Prates, Luciano and Politis, Gustavo G. and Perez, S. Ivan},
  date = {2020-07-22},
  journaltitle = {PLOS ONE},
  shortjournal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {15},
  number = {7},
  pages = {e0236023},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0236023},
  abstract = {The early peopling of the Americas has been one of the most hotly contested topics in American anthropology and a research issue that draws archaeologists into a multidisciplinary debate. In South America, although the background data on this issue has increased exponentially in recent decades, the core questions related to the temporal and spatial patterns of the colonization process remain open. In this paper we tackle these questions in the light of the quantitative analysis of a screened radiocarbon database of more than 1600 early dates. We explore the frequency of radiocarbon dates as proxies for assessing population growth; and define a reliable and statistically well supported lower chronological bound (not to the exact date) for the earliest human arrival. Our results suggest that the earliest chronological threshold for the peopling of South America should be between 16,600 and 15,100, with a mean estimated date \textasciitilde{} 15,500 cal BP (post Last Glacial Maximum). Population would have grown until the end of Antarctic Cold Reversal stadial \textasciitilde 12,500 cal BP at the time of the main extinctions of megafauna–, when the increase rate slows, probably as a result of the changes that occurred in the trophic niche of humans.},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{Rowley-Conwy2007,
  title = {From Genesis to Prehistory: The Archaeological Three Age System and Its Contested Reception in {{Denmark}}, {{Britain}}, and {{Ireland}}},
  shorttitle = {From Genesis to Prehistory},
  author = {Rowley-Conwy, Peter},
  date = {2007},
  series = {Oxford Scholarship Online},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  location = {Oxford},
  doi = {10.1093/oso/9780199227747.001.0001},
  abstract = {The now familiar Three Age System, the archaeological partitioning of the past into Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages, was conceived in Denmark in the 1830s. Rowley-Conwy investigates the reasons why the system was adopted without demur in Scandinavia, yet was the subject of a contest in Britain and Ireland up to the 1870s},
  isbn = {978-0-19-191743-1},
  langid = {english},
  pagetotal = {1}
}

@article{BronkRamsey2009,
  title = {Bayesian {{Analysis}} of {{Radiocarbon Dates}}},
  author = {Bronk Ramsey, Christopher},
  date = {2009},
  journaltitle = {Radiocarbon},
  volume = {51},
  number = {1},
  pages = {337--360},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  issn = {0033-8222},
  doi = {10.1017/S0033822200033865},
  abstract = {If radiocarbon measurements are to be used at all for chronological purposes, we have to use statistical methods for calibration. The most widely used method of calibration can be seen as a simple application of Bayesian statistics, which uses both the information from the new measurement and information from the 14C calibration curve. In most dating applications, however, we have larger numbers of 14C measurements and we wish to relate those to events in the past. Bayesian statistics provides a coherent framework in which such analysis can be performed and is becoming a core element in many 14C dating projects. This article gives an overview of the main model components used in chronological analysis, their mathematical formulation, and examples of how such analyses can be performed using the latest version of the OxCal software (v4). Many such models can be put together, in a modular fashion, from simple elements, with defined constraints and groupings. In other cases, the commonly used “uniform phase” models might not be appropriate, and ramped, exponential, or normal distributions of events might be more useful. When considering analyses of these kinds, it is useful to be able run simulations on synthetic data. Methods for performing such tests are discussed here along with other methods of diagnosing possible problems with statistical models of this kind.}
}

@article{RirisEtAl2024,
  title = {Frequent Disturbances Enhanced the Resilience of Past Human Populations},
  author = {Riris, Philip and Silva, Fabio and Crema, Enrico and Palmisano, Alessio and Robinson, Erick and Siegel, Peter E. and French, Jennifer C. and Jørgensen, Erlend Kirkeng and Maezumi, Shira Yoshi and Solheim, Steinar and Bates, Jennifer and Davies, Benjamin and Oh, Yongje and Ren, Xiaolin},
  date = {2024-05-01},
  journaltitle = {Nature},
  pages = {1--6},
  issn = {1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-024-07354-8},
  abstract = {The record of past human adaptations provides crucial lessons for guiding responses to crises in the future1–3. To date, there have been no systematic global comparisons of humans’ ability to absorb and recover from disturbances through time4,5. Here we synthesized resilience across a broad sample of prehistoric population time–frequency data, spanning 30,000 years of human history. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of population decline show that frequent disturbances enhance a population’s capacity to resist and recover from later downturns. Land-use patterns are important mediators of the strength of this positive association: farming and herding societies are more vulnerable but also more resilient overall. The results show that important trade-offs exist when adopting new or alternative land-use strategies.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{KatsianisEtAl2020,
  title = {An {{Aegean History}} and {{Archaeology Written}} through {{Radiocarbon Dates}}},
  author = {Katsianis, Markos and Bevan, Andrew and Styliaras, Giorgos and Maniatis, Yannis},
  date = {2020-08-17T14:06:13+00:00},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Open Archaeology Data},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  issn = {2049-1565},
  doi = {10.5334/joad.65},
  abstract = {The Journal of Open Archaeology Data (JOAD) features peer reviewed data papers describing archaeology datasets with high reuse potential. We work with a number of specialist and institutional data repositories to ensure that the associated data are professionally archived, preserved, and openly available. Equally importantly, the data and the papers are citable, and reuse is tracked. JOAD data papers are relatively quick to create, and provide you with a peer-reviewed publication to gain credit for your data. Submit a paper today! JOAD is indexed by the following services: Web of Science~(Emerging Sources Citation Index), Scopus, European Reference Index for the Humanities and the Social Sciences,~Norwegian Register for Scientific Journals, Series and Publishers,~Directory of Open Access Journals~(DOAJ),~Chronos,~Center for Open Science,~OpenAIRE,~ExLibris, academia.edu,~Journal TOCs,~CNKI,~sparrho,~~CrossRef,~JISC KB+,~SHERPA RoMEO, ~EBSCOHost,~Cengage Learning, ANVUR and Google Scholar.},
  langid = {american}
}

@article{LoftusEtAl2019,
  title = {An Archaeological Radiocarbon Database for Southern {{Africa}}},
  author = {Loftus, Emma and Mitchell, Peter J. and Ramsey, Christopher Bronk},
  date = {2019-08},
  journaltitle = {Antiquity},
  volume = {93},
  number = {370},
  pages = {870--885},
  issn = {0003-598X, 1745-1744},
  doi = {10.15184/aqy.2019.75},
  abstract = {, The Southern African Radiocarbon Database (SARD) is a new online, open-access database of published radiocarbon dates from southern African archaeological contexts. Compatible with the calibration, Bayesian modelling and mapping functionality of the OxCal software, the SARD will greatly assist in the documentation and analysis of chronological trends across the subcontinent. This article introduces the database and presents two case studies that demonstrate its utility and its integration with OxCal, comparing the temporal distribution of radiocarbon dates in two archaeologically well-investigated regions, and assessing the timing of Middle to Later Stone Age technological developments across the African subcontinent.},
  langid = {english}
}

@thesis{Batist2023,
  title = {Archaeological Data Work as Continuous and Collaborative Practice},
  author = {Batist, Zachary},
  date = {2023-09-24},
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.8373390},
  abstract = {This dissertation critically examines the sociotechnical structures that archaeologists rely on to coordinate their research and manage their data. I frame data as discursive media that communicate archaeological encounters, which enable archaeologists to form productive collaboration relationships. All archaeological activities involve data work, as archaeologists simultaneously account for the decisions and circumstances that framed the information they rely on to perform their own practices, while anticipating how their information outputs will be used by others in the future. All archaeological activities are therefore loci of practical epistemic convergence, where meanings are negotiated in relation to communally-held objectives. Through observations of and interviews with archaeologists at work, and analysis of the documents they produce, I articulate how data sharing relates distributed work experiences as part of a continuum of practice. I highlight the assumptions and value regimes that underlie the social and technical structures that support productive archaeological work, and draw attention to the inseparable relationship between the management of labour and data. I also relate this discursive view of data sharing to the open data movement, and suggest that it is necessary to develop new collaborative commitments pertaining to data publication and reuse that are more in line with disciplinary norms, expectations, and value regimes.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{CanhosEtAl2004,
  title = {Global {{Biodiversity Informatics}}: Setting the Scene for a "New World" of Ecological Forecasting},
  shorttitle = {Global {{Biodiversity Informatics}}},
  author = {Canhos, Vanderlei Perez and family=Souza, given=Sidnei, prefix=de, useprefix=false and Giovanni, Renato De and Canhos, Dora Ann Lange},
  date = {2004-11-11},
  journaltitle = {Biodiversity Informatics},
  volume = {1},
  issn = {1546-9735},
  doi = {10.17161/bi.v1i0.3},
  abstract = {Recent developments in information and communication technology are allowing new experiences in the integration, analysis and visualization of biodiversity information, and are leading to development of a new field of research, biodiversity informatics. Although this field has great potential in diverse realms, including basic biology, human economics, and public health, much of this potential remains to be explored. The success of several concerted international efforts depends largely on broad deployment of biodiversity informatics information and products. Several global and regional efforts are organizing and providing data for conservation and sustainable development research, including the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, the European Biodiversity Information Network, and the Inter-American Biodiversity Information Network. Critical to development of this field is building a biodiversity information infrastructure, making primary biodiversity data freely and openly available over the Internet. In addition to specimen and taxonomic data, access to non-biological environmental data is critical to spatial analysis and modeling of biodiversity. Adoption of standards and protocols and development of tools for collection management, data-cleaning, georeferencing, and modeling tools, are allowing a quantum leap in the area. Open access to research data and open-source tools are leading to a new era of web services and computational frameworks for spatial biodiversity analysis, bringing new opportunities and dimensions to novel approaches in ecological analysis, predictive modeling, and synthesis and visualization of biodiversity information.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Benedict2009,
  title = {A {{Review}} of {{Lichenometric Dating}} and {{Its Applications}} to {{Archaeology}}},
  author = {Benedict, James B.},
  date = {2009-01},
  journaltitle = {American Antiquity},
  volume = {74},
  number = {1},
  pages = {143--172},
  issn = {0002-7316, 2325-5064},
  doi = {10.1017/S0002731600047545},
  abstract = {Lichenometry—a method developed by geologists for dating Holocene moraines and other landforms—has many potential applications in archaeology. Maximum-diameter lichenometry can suggest ages for features that were initially lichen-free, such as the moai of Easter Island, and rock surfaces exposed by toolstone quarrying. Size-frequency analysis can provide dates for structures built of lichen-covered rocks, such as game-drive walls and blinds, meat caches, and tent rings. Both methods require local calibration curves, best constructed by measuring lichens on substrata of known exposure age. Most lichenometric studies have involved yellow members of the crustose genus Rhizocarpon, which grow slowly and can live for as long as 10,000 years. Lichenometry has been particularly successful on siliceous rock types in arctic, subarctic, and alpine-tundra environments. The effects of wildfire and of competition from foliose lichens make the technique less well suited for forested terrain. Few data are available for tropical or desert environments or for calcareous substrata. The reliability of a lichenometric date will depend on the quality of the calibration curve, the size of the sample, the nature and postoccupational history of the substratum, and the ability of the archaeologist to recognize potential disturbance factors. An ecological perspective is essential. Known archaeological applications and problems are discussed., RésuméLa liquenometría—un método desarrollado por geólogos para estimar las edades de morenas y otros relieves terrestres del Holeoceno-tiene muchos aplicaciónes potenciales en arqueología. Los diámetros máximos de líquenes pueden proveer fechas para objectos que originalmente no los poseían, por ejemplo los moai de la Isla Pascua, y las rocas de las canteras utilizadas para la fabricación de herramientas. Análisis de tamaño-frequencia puede brindar estimaciones de las edades de estructuras construidas de piedras previamente cubiertas de líquenes, tales como los muros y refugios usados para la caza y el acecho, depósitos para la carne, y los cimientos de las tiendas. Ambos métodos requieren curvas de calibración derivados localmente, mejor construidas midiendo líquenes en superficies de edad conocida. La mayoridad de estudios liquenometricos han empleado especies amarillas del género Rhizocarpon, las que crecen lentamente y pueden vivir mientras 10,000 años. La liquenometría ha sido particularmente exitosa sobre piedras siliciosas en la tundra ártica y alpina. Los efectos de fuego, y la competencia de líquenes foliosos, hacen el método menos idóneo para ser utilizado en el terreno forestal. Poca información existe sobre los medios ambientes tropicales o desérticos. La fiabilidad de una fecha liquenométrica dependeré de la calidad de la curva de calibración, la magnitud de la muestra, el carácter y la historia post-ocupacional de la superficie, y la capacidad del arqueólogo para reconocer potenciales factores de alteración. Una perspectiva ecológica es esencial. Aplicaciones y problemas arqueológicos conocidos están discutidos.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Roalkvam2023,
  title = {Shoredate: {{An R}} Package for Shoreline Dating Coastal {{Stone Age}} Sites},
  shorttitle = {Shoredate},
  author = {Roalkvam, Isak},
  date = {2023-05-31},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Open Source Software},
  volume = {8},
  number = {85},
  pages = {5337},
  issn = {2475-9066},
  doi = {10.21105/joss.05337},
  abstract = {Roalkvam, I., (2023). shoredate: An R package for shoreline dating coastal Stone Age sites. Journal of Open Source Software, 8(85), 5337, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.05337},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Bednarik2020,
  title = {The Use of Weathering Indices in Rock Art Science and Archaeology},
  author = {Bednarik, Robert G.},
  date = {2020-12-24},
  journaltitle = {Rock Art Research: The Journal of the Australian Rock Art Research Association (AURA)},
  volume = {29},
  number = {1},
  pages = {59--84},
  publisher = {Australian Rock Art Research Association},
  doi = {10.3316/ielapa.275310392544915},
  abstract = {Research into the types and processes of rock weathering plays a key role in two areas in the field of rock art studies. First, it is crucial to issues of conservation and preservation. This paper focuses on the second area of interest in weathering phenomena, in providing evidence supporting the efforts of estimating the age of rock art, most especially that of petroglyphs. In this area, weathering is arguably the most promising variable in the 'direct dating' methodology that has been developed in recent decades. The reasons for the failures of alternative dating methods are explored, leading to the proposition that weathering and related features offer the most reliable basis for future work in this field. Some of this new methodology is discussed within the overall context of the considerable difficulties generally experienced in rock art dating. Particular attention is given to the geometry of weathering, which is often most amenable to quantification, including that of the taphonomy of stone tools and rockshelters.}
}

@incollection{Whitley2012,
  title = {In {{Suspect Terrain}}: {{Dating Rock Engravings}}},
  shorttitle = {In {{Suspect Terrain}}},
  booktitle = {A {{Companion}} to {{Rock Art}}},
  author = {Whitley, David S.},
  date = {2012},
  pages = {605--624},
  publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd},
  doi = {10.1002/9781118253892.ch34},
  abstract = {This chapter contains sections titled: Abstract Rock Surfaces and Rock Engravings Rock Varnish Dating Approaches Squabbles or Issues of Fact? Aftermaths and Outcomes References},
  isbn = {978-1-118-25389-2},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{KemmersMyrberg2011,
  title = {Rethinking Numismatics. {{The}} Archaeology of Coins},
  author = {Kemmers, Fleur and Myrberg, Nanouschka},
  date = {2011-06},
  journaltitle = {Archaeological Dialogues},
  volume = {18},
  number = {1},
  pages = {87--108},
  issn = {1478-2294, 1380-2038},
  doi = {10.1017/S1380203811000146},
  abstract = {This paper sets out to re-member coins into archaeological discourse. It is argued that coins, as part of material culture, need to be examined within the theoretical framework of historical archaeology and material-culture studies. Through several case studies we demonstrate how coins, through their integration of text, image and existence as material objects, offer profound insights not only into matters of economy and the ‘big history’ of issuers and state organization but also into ‘small histories’, cultural values and the agency of humans and objects. In the formative period of archaeology in the 19th century the study of coins played an important role in the development of new methods and concepts. Today, numismatics is viewed as a field apart. The mutual benefits of our approach to the fields of archaeology and numismatics highlight the need for a new and constructive dialogue between the disciplines.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{HermankovaEtAl2021,
  title = {Inscriptions as Data: Digital Epigraphy in Macro-Historical Perspective},
  shorttitle = {Inscriptions as Data},
  author = {Heřmánková, Petra and Kaše, Vojtěch and Sobotková, Adéla},
  date = {2021-09-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Digital History},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  pages = {99--141},
  publisher = {De Gruyter Oldenbourg},
  issn = {2747-5271},
  doi = {10.1515/jdh-2021-1004},
  abstract = {Article Inscriptions as data: digital epigraphy in macro-historical perspective was published on September 1, 2021 in the journal Journal of Digital History (volume 1, issue 1).},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{Harding1999,
  title = {Establishing {{Archaeological Chronologies}}},
  booktitle = {Companion {{Encyclopedia}} of {{Archaeology}}},
  author = {Harding, Anthony},
  date = {1999},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  abstract = {All archaeologists are required to know something about the sequence of artefacts, cultures and sites which are their stock in trade, but most of them, most of the time, take the framework for the chronology of a given period or civilization for granted, on the grounds that it has been carefully built up over many years, and the foundations cannot constantly be questioned. But the ways in which that framework has been constructed may be many and various, not all of equal reliability. In this chapter the main sources for the construction of archaeological chronologies are presented, and some examples of reliable—and unreliable—chronologies discussed. To those brought up in the Judaeo-Christian tradition, the genealogical lists in the early books of the Old Testament serve as a vivid reminder of how time-depth could be expressed in the ancient world. This indeed was the basis for the calculation that has made James Ussher, Archbishop of Armagh between 1625 and 1656, famous to generations of archaeologists: that the Creation occurred in the year 4004 BC. The details of his calculation are unimportant, and the result itself merely of historical interest, but the method is significant. By assuming that a generation was of X years, and that there had been Y generations prior to defined historical events as recorded in the Bible, the years elapsed were X times Y, an absolute number of years that can be related to historical and thence to modern times.},
  isbn = {978-0-203-01759-3},
  pagetotal = {40}
}

@book{Brogger1905,
  title = {Strandliniens beliggenhed under stenalderen i det sydøstlige Norge},
  author = {Brøgger, Waldemar Christopher},
  date = {1905},
  publisher = {I kommission hos H. Aschehoug \& Company},
  langid = {danish},
  pagetotal = {392}
}

@book{Aitken1999,
  title = {Science-{{Based Dating}} in {{Archaeology}}},
  author = {Aitken, M. J.},
  date = {1999},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  location = {London},
  doi = {10.4324/9781315836645},
  abstract = {Archaeologists and archaeology students have long since needed an authoritative account of the techniques now available to them, designed to be understood by non-scientists. This book fills the gap and it offers a two-tier approach to the subject. The main text is a coherent introduction to the whole field of science-based dating, written in plain langauge for non-scientists. Additional end-notes, however, offer a a more technical understanding, and cater for those who have a scientific and mathematical background.},
  isbn = {978-1-315-83664-5},
  pagetotal = {294}
}

@book{Baillie2014,
  title = {Tree-Ring {{Dating}} and {{Archaeology}}},
  author = {Baillie, M. G. L.},
  date = {2014-10-23},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  location = {London},
  doi = {10.4324/9781315748689},
  abstract = {The analysis of tree-ring patterns, or dendrochronology, is a very exact science and an important dating technique. The basis of the method is misleadingly simple: that overlap of successive older ring patterns can generate a master chronology and samples of unknown age can then be checked against this. This book, published originally in 1982, traces the development of a specific project from its inception to the successful completion of some of the longest chronologies in Europe. In doing so it looks at some of the problems associated with the subject and at the levels of precision possible. After outlining the techniques associated with the measurement and processing of tree-ring patterns, the author traces an attempt to construct such an independent chronology in a new area. The book breaks naturally into sections conditioned by the availability of timbers and these can be listed as modern, late medieval, medieval, early medieval and prehistoric. As far as possible the results are presented in the order in which things happened, thus preserving the sense of a developing subject.},
  isbn = {978-1-315-74868-9},
  pagetotal = {272}
}

@article{WilliamsEtAl2014,
  title = {{{AustArch}}: {{A Database}} of {{14C}} and {{Non-14C Ages}} from {{Archaeological Sites}} in {{Australia}} - {{Composition}}, {{Compilation}} and {{Review}} ({{Data Paper}})},
  shorttitle = {{{AustArch}}},
  author = {Williams, Alan and Ulm, Sean and Smith, Mike and Reid, Jill},
  date = {2014},
  journaltitle = {Internet Archaeology},
  shortjournal = {IA},
  number = {36},
  issn = {13635387},
  doi = {10.11141/ia.36.6}
}

@article{Vermeersch2020,
  title = {Radiocarbon {{Palaeolithic Europe}} Database: {{A}} Regularly Updated Dataset of the Radiometric Data Regarding the {{Palaeolithic}} of {{Europe}}, {{Siberia}} Included},
  author = {Vermeersch, Pierre M},
  date = {2020-08},
  journaltitle = {Data Brief},
  volume = {31},
  pages = {105793},
  issn = {2352-3409},
  doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2020.105793},
  abstract = {At the Berlin INQUA Congress (1995) a working group, European Late Pleistocene Isotopic Stages 2 \& 3: Humans, Their Ecology \& Cultural Adaptations, was established under the direction of J. Renault-Miskovsky (Institut de Paléontologie humaine, Paris). One of the objectives was building a database of the human occupation of Europe during this period. The database has been enlarged and now includes Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic sites connecting them to their environmental conditions and the available chronometric dating. From version 14 on, only sites with chronometric data were included. In this database we have collected the available radiometric data from literature and from other more restricted databases. We try to incorporate newly published chronometric dates, collected from all kind of available publications. Only dates older than 9500 uncalibrated BP, correlated with a "cultural" level obtained by scientific excavations of European (Asian Russian Federation included) Palaeolithic sites, have been included. The dates are complemented with information related to cultural remains, stratigraphic, sedimentologic and palaeontologic information within a Microsoft Access database. For colleagues mainly interested in a list of all chronometric dates an Microsoft Excel list (with no details) is available (Tab. 1). A file, containing all sites with known coordinates, that can be opened for immediate use in Google Earth is available as a *.kmz file. It will give the possibility to introduce (by file open) in Google Earth the whole site list in "My Places". The database, version 27 (first version was available in 2002), contains now 13,202 site forms, (most of them with their geographical coordinates), comprising 17,022 radiometric data: Conv. 14C and AMS 14C (13,144 items), TL (678 items), OSL (1050 items), ESR, Th/U and AAR (2150 items) from the Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic. All 14C dates are conventional dates BP. This improved version 27 replaces the older version 26.}
}

@article{Mischka2004,
  title = {Aoristische Analyse in der Archäologie},
  author = {Mischka, Doris},
  date = {2004},
  journaltitle = {Archäologische Informationen},
  volume = {27},
  number = {2},
  pages = {233--243},
  issn = {2197-7429},
  doi = {10.11588/ai.2004.2.12685},
  abstract = {Für die Landschaftsarchäologie ist es wichtig, eine Vorstellung zu haben, wie viele Siedlungen in einzelnen archäologischen Stufen etwa gleichzeitig existierten. Da die modernen Datierungsmöglichkeiten entweder nicht ausreichen, um alle Fundplätze feinchronologisch zu datieren, oder nicht in ausreichender Anzahl zur Verfügung stehen, muß nach einer anderen Möglichkeit gesucht werden, die zeitliche Kongruenz von Fundplätzen zu bestimmen. Ausgangspunkt ist die aus der Kriminalistik entlehnte „Aoristische Analyse" (RATCLIFFE 2000), die Wahrscheinlichkeiten zum Bestehen eines Fundplatzes zu einer bestimmten Zeit angibt. Je länger eine Zeitspanne ist, innerhalb derer der Fundplatz bestanden haben kann, desto geringer die Wahrscheinlichkeit, daß der Platz in einem ausgewählten Abschnitt innerhalb dieser Spanne belegt war. Umgekehrt, je präziser ein Fundplatz datiert ist, desto größer die Wahrscheinlichkeit, daß er zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt bestanden hat. Die Verteilung der weniger genau datierten Fundplätze auf eine festgelegte Zeiteinheit, beispielsweise 25, 50 oder 100 Jahre, kann gleichmäßig, also wie in der aoristischen Analyse, oder proportional zu den besser datierten erfolgen oder derart, d a ß bestehende „Lücken" gefüllt werden.},
  issue = {2},
  langid = {ngerman}
}

@article{RabinowitzEtAl2016,
  title = {Making {{Sense}} of the {{Ways We Make Sense}} of the {{Past}}: {{The Periodo Project}}},
  shorttitle = {Making {{Sense}} of the {{Ways We Make Sense}} of the {{Past}}},
  author = {Rabinowitz, Adam and Shaw, Ryan and Buchanan, Sarah and Golden, Patrick and Kansa, Eric},
  date = {2016},
  journaltitle = {Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies},
  volume = {59},
  number = {2},
  pages = {42--55},
  issn = {2041-5370},
  doi = {10.1111/j.2041-5370.2016.12037.x},
  abstract = {The PeriodO project seeks to fill a gap in the landscape of digital antiquity through the creation of a Linked Data gazetteer of period definitions that transparently record the spatial and temporal boundaries assigned to a given period by an authoritative source. Our presentation of the PeriodO gazetteer is prefaced by a history of the role of periodization in the study of the past, and an analysis of the difficulties created by the use of periods for both digital data visualization and integration. This is followed by an overview of the PeriodO data model, a description of the platform's architecture, and a discussion of the future direction of the project.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Crema2024,
  title = {A {{Bayesian}} Alternative for {{Aoristic}} Analyses in Archaeology},
  author = {Crema, Enrico R.},
  date = {2024-01-31},
  publisher = {OSF},
  doi = {10.31219/osf.io/98qkx},
  abstract = {Aoristic analysis is often used to handle chronological uncertainties of datasets where scientific dates (e.g. 14C, OSL, etc.) are not available, and observations are described by association to archaeological periods or phases. While several advances have been made over the last two decades, the basic principle of this approach remains fundamentally the same.  Temporal windows of analyses are first divided into regularly sized time-blocks and probability weight is assigned to each of these for every observation. Weights are then aggregated by time-block, and the resulting vector of summed probabilities is interpreted as a curve representing changes in the intensity over time of a particular phenomenon. This paper reviews the basic principles and assumptions of aoristic analyses in archaeology, highlighting several issues with its application and interpretation and advocating for a Bayesian alternative implemented via baorista, a new package written in R statistical computing language. The robustness of the proposed solution is evaluated through a series of experiments based on simulated datasets, which showcase key advantages over aoristic analysis. Two specific solutions are considered, a parametric approach where data are fitted to specific growth models and a non-parametric approach that allows a visualisation of the changing frequencies of events that account for sampling error and the peculiarities of archaeological periodisation.},
  langid = {american}
}

@article{ReiterEtAl2024,
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1515/opar-2024-0015},
	title = {The BIAD Standards: Recommendations for Archaeological Data Publication and Insights From the Big Interdisciplinary Archaeological Database},
	author = {Samantha S. Reiter and Robert Staniuk and Jan Kolář and Jelena Bulatović and Helene Agerskov Rose and Natalia E. Ryabogina and Claudia Speciale and Nicoline Schjerven and Bettina Schulz Paulsson and Victor Yan Kin Lee and Elisabetta Canteri and Alice Revill and Fredrik Dahlberg and Serena Sabatini and Karin M. Frei and Fernando Racimo and Maria Ivanova-Bieg and Wolfgang Traylor and Emily J. Kate and Eve Derenne and Lea Frank and Jessie Woodbridge and Ralph Fyfe and Stephen Shennan and Kristian Kristiansen and Mark G. Thomas and Adrian Timpson},
	pages = {20240015},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Open Archaeology},
	doi = {doi:10.1515/opar-2024-0015},
	year = {2024},
}

@online{OpenKnowledgeFoundation,
  title = {The {{Open Definition}}: {{Defining Open}} in {{Open Data}}, {{Open Content}} and {{Open Knowledge}}},
  author = {{Open Knowledge Foundation}},
  url = {https://opendefinition.org/},
  urldate = {2024-11-25}
}

@Manual{Roe2024,
	title = {rintchron: Interface to IntChron},
	author = {Joe Roe},
	year = {2024},
	note = {R package version 0.1.0, commit e41627b10cde1a74bdfb7f39de07af26a7c85d56},
	url = {https://github.com/joeroe/rintchron},
}

@Manual{BirdEtAl2024,
	title = {p3k14c: P3k14C: A Synthetic Global Database of Archaeological
Radiocarbon Dates},
	author = {Darcy Bird and Kyle Bocinsky and Marc {Vander Linden}},
	year = {2024},
	note = {R package version 1.0.0, commit 1493d89866600a3a7c01848e7d3a6468fa6d10e8},
	url = {https://github.com/people3k/p3k14c},
}

@online{BronkRamsey2024,
  title = {Specification of {{Information}}},
  author = {Bronk Ramsey, Christopher},
  date = {2024-11-07},
  url = {https://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/oxcalhelp/hlp_analysis_inform.html},
  urldate = {2024-11-25},
  organization = {OxCal 4.4 Manual}
}

@online{Voorburg2012,
  title = {Archaeological {{Atlas}} of {{Antiquity}} - {{Vici}}.Org},
  author = {Voorburg, René},
  date = {2012},
  url = {https://vici.org/},
  urldate = {2024-11-25}
}

@misc{GBIF2023,
  title = {{{GBIF Backbone Taxonomy}}},
  author = {{GBIF Secretariat}},
  date = {2023},
  doi = {10.15468/39OMEI},
  langid = {english}
}

@Manual{HinzRoe2024,
	title = {xronos: Client for the 'XRONOS' Chronological Database},
	author = {Martin Hinz and Joe Roe},
	year = {2024},
	note = {R package version 0.1.1, commit ea62919054be8560888589a6b06058967f73552b},
	url = {https://github.com/xronos-ch/xronos.R}
}

@Manual{R2024,
	title = {R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing},
	author = {{R Core Team}},
	organization = {R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
	address = {Vienna, Austria},
	year = {2024},
	url = {https://www.R-project.org/},
}

@article{ClistEtAl2023,
  title = {Using the Radiocarbon Dates of {{Central Africa}} for Studying Long-Term Demographic Trends of the Last 50,000 Years: Potential and Pitfalls},
  shorttitle = {Using the Radiocarbon Dates of {{Central Africa}} for Studying Long-Term Demographic Trends of the Last 50,000 Years},
  author = {Clist, Bernard and Denbow, James and Lanfranchi, Raymond},
  date = {2023-04-03},
  journaltitle = {Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa},
  volume = {58},
  number = {2},
  pages = {235--293},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  issn = {0067-270X},
  doi = {10.1080/0067270X.2023.2215649},
  abstract = {This paper presents the first review of biases impacting Pleistocene and Holocene radiocarbon dates from Central Africa. Based on the pooling of the research expertise of the co-authors, twenty-four biases are listed, explained and documented and their impact on any radiocarbon date corpus demonstrated. To achieve this, a new corpus has been created of 1764 radiocarbon and TL assays from 601 archaeological sites published in the literature. Each date has been checked for its context. The irregular dynamics of research in space and time seriously impact the end result of previous analyses aiming to achieve a regional understanding of past demographic fluctuations. While peaks in the number of dates from the late Holocene seem to correspond to a positive demographic trend, it is suggested that the declines identified cannot be of any such use for the time being and that today’s picture does not presently support claims of a population “crash” at a regional or local level for any time period. The numbers are obscured by overall research deficits identifiable throughout the region. The maps of the dated sites presented offer good evidence of this and illustrate the vast expanses where no archaeological research has yet been carried out. The number of radiocarbon dates in Central Africa is more an indicator of the effort archaeologists have put into understanding a settlement than it is of ancient demographics. Successive waves of incoming people since c. 3500–3000 cal. BP, the two most important ones known since the 1990s, have created a cultural mosaic of coexisting technological groups. The last 40 years of research have revealed the inner complexity of these waves, some of which avoided parts of the region for centuries, thereby creating an irregular cultural mosaic of land use that is outlined by patterning in the radiocarbon dates.}
}

@article{AlcantaraPedrozainpress,
  title = {Latin {{American Radiocarbon}} on the {{Web Databases}} and {{Datasets}}: {{A Mexican}} and {{Brazilian Perspectives}}},
  author = {Alcántara, Alberto and Pedroza, Igor},
  year = {in press},
  journaltitle = {Radiocarbon}
}

@article{ArnoldLibby1951,
  title = {Radiocarbon {{Dates}}},
  author = {Arnold, J. R. and Libby, W. F.},
  date = {1951-02-02},
  journaltitle = {Science},
  volume = {113},
  number = {2927},
  pages = {111--120},
  publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
  doi = {10.1126/science.113.2927.111}
}

@article{NdeyeEtAl2022,
  title = {{{IFAN CH}}.{{DIOP RADIOCARBON LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS II}}},
  author = {Ndeye, Maurice and Athie, Adama Harouna and Kébé, Demba and Sène, Matar},
  date = {2022-04},
  journaltitle = {Radiocarbon},
  volume = {64},
  number = {2},
  pages = {397--414},
  issn = {0033-8222, 1945-5755},
  doi = {10.1017/RDC.2022.8},
  abstract = {New radiocarbon (14C) dates we obtained in our radiocarbon laboratory equipped with a liquid scintillation counter using BGO (Bi4Ge3012) tubes. The electronic stability of the counter gave a background below 0.2 cpm. Our 14C dates agree well with the interpretations done for the samples. Most of the results in these analyses were obtained on shell samples, charcoal samples, and tree leaves. Calibration of the dates with the appropriate software (Calib 7.0.4) allows better interpretation of the results and their importance in the studied regions. In this paper, we present 14C results from archaeological and environmental sites in Senegal, Mali, and Togo and report the results in our second laboratory date list.}
}

@online{RadiocarbonLabList,
  title = {Radiocarbon {{Lab Information}}},
	author = {{Radiocarbon}},
  date = {2024-10-22},
  url = {https://radiocarbon.webhost.uits.arizona.edu/laboratories},
  urldate = {2024-11-25},
  langid = {english},
  organization = {Radiocarbon}
}

@misc{Pleiades,
  title = {Pleiades: {{A Community-Built Gazetteer}} and {{Graph}} of {{Ancient Places}}},
  author = {Bagnall, Roger and Talbert, Richard J. A. and Tom, Elliott and {et al.}},
  date = {2006},
  publisher = {Ancient World Mapping Center, Institute for the Study of the Ancient World},
  location = {Chapel Hill, NY},
  url = {https://pleiades.stoa.org/}
}

@article{PlompEtAl2022,
  title = {The {{IsoArcH}} Initiative: {{Working}} towards an Open and Collaborative Isotope Data Culture in Bioarchaeology},
  shorttitle = {The {{IsoArcH}} Initiative},
  author = {Plomp, Esther and Stantis, Chris and James, Hannah F. and Cheung, Christina and Snoeck, Christophe and Kootker, Lisette and Kharobi, Arwa and Borges, Caroline and Moreiras Reynaga, Diana K. and Pospieszny, \L ukasz and Fulminante, Francesca and Stevens, Rhiannon and Alaica, Aleksa K. and Becker, Adrien and family=Rochefort, given=Xavier, prefix=de, useprefix=true and Salesse, Kevin},
  date = {2022-12-01},
  journaltitle = {Data in Brief},
  shortjournal = {Data in Brief},
  volume = {45},
  pages = {108595},
  issn = {2352-3409},
  doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2022.108595}
}

@article{WilliamsEtAl2018,
  title = {The {{Neotoma Paleoecology Database}}, a Multiproxy, International, Community-Curated Data Resource},
  author = {Williams, John W. and Grimm, Eric C. and Blois, Jessica L. and Charles, Donald F. and Davis, Edward B. and Goring, Simon J. and Graham, Russell W. and Smith, Alison J. and Anderson, Michael and Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin and Ashworth, Allan C. and Betancourt, Julio L. and Bills, Brian W. and Booth, Robert K. and Buckland, Philip I. and Curry, B. Brandon and Giesecke, Thomas and Jackson, Stephen T. and Latorre, Claudio and Nichols, Jonathan and Purdum, Timshel and Roth, Robert E. and Stryker, Michael and Takahara, Hikaru},
  date = {2018-01},
  journaltitle = {Quaternary Research},
  volume = {89},
  number = {1},
  pages = {156--177},
  issn = {0033-5894, 1096-0287},
  doi = {10.1017/qua.2017.105},
  abstract = {The Neotoma Paleoecology Database is a community-curated data resource that supports interdisciplinary global change research by enabling broad-scale studies of taxon and community diversity, distributions, and dynamics during the large environmental changes of the past. By consolidating many kinds of data into a common repository, Neotoma lowers costs of paleodata management, makes paleoecological data openly available, and offers a high-quality, curated resource. Neotoma's distributed scientific governance model is flexible and scalable, with many open pathways for participation by new members, data contributors, stewards, and research communities. The Neotoma data model supports, or can be extended to support, any kind of paleoecological or paleoenvironmental data from sedimentary archives. Data additions to Neotoma are growing and now include {$>$}3.8 million observations, {$>$}17,000 datasets, and {$>$}9200 sites. Dataset types currently include fossil pollen, vertebrates, diatoms, ostracodes, macroinvertebrates, plant macrofossils, insects, testate amoebae, geochronological data, and the recently added organic biomarkers, stable isotopes, and specimen-level data. Multiple avenues exist to obtain Neotoma data, including the Explorer map-based interface, an application programming interface, the neotoma R package, and digital object identifiers. As the volume and variety of scientific data grow, community-curated data resources such as Neotoma have become foundational infrastructure for big data science.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{NelsonWade2015,
  title = {Impact: {{Development}} of a {{Radiological Mummy Database}}},
  shorttitle = {Impact},
  author = {Nelson, Andrew John and Wade, Andrew David},
  date = {2015},
  journaltitle = {The Anatomical Record},
  volume = {298},
  number = {6},
  pages = {941--948},
  issn = {1932-8494},
  doi = {10.1002/ar.23130},
  abstract = {The Internet Mummy Picture Archiving and Communication Technology (IMPACT) radiological and context database, is a large-scale, multi-institutional, collaborative research project devoted to the digital preservation and scientific study of mummified remains, and the mummification traditions that produced them, using non-destructive medical imaging technologies. Owing to the importance of non-destructive analyses to the study of mummified human remains, the IMPACT database, website, and wiki provide a basis for anthropological and palaeopathological investigations, grounded in the most current technological imaging and communication standards, accessible through any internet connection, and protected against rapidly changing media standards. Composed of paired online radiographic and contextual databases, the IMPACT project is intended to provide researchers with large-scale primary data samples for anthropological and palaeopathological investigations. IMPACT addresses the limitations of the case-study approach to mummified human remains and contributes to the development of standards of practice in imaging of mummified remains. Furthermore, IMPACT allows researchers a greater appreciation of, and engagement with, patterns of health and disease in ancient times as well as the variability present in the mummification traditions of ancient Egypt and other cultures that sought to preserve their dead for eternity. Anat Rec, 298:941--948, 2015. \copyright{} 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{Buckland2014,
  title = {{{SEAD}} - {{The Strategic Environmental Archaeology Database Inter-linking Multiproxy Environmental Data}} with {{Archaeological Investigations}} and {{Ecology}}},
  booktitle = {Archaeology in the {{Digital Era}}: {{Papers}} from the 40th {{Annual Conference}} of {{Computer Applications}} and {{Quantitative Methods}} in {{Archaeology}} ({{CAA}}), {{Southampton}}, 26-29 {{March}} 2012},
  author = {Buckland, Philip Iain},
  editor = {Verhagen, Philip and Earl, Graeme},
  date = {2014-02-01},
  pages = {320--331},
  publisher = {Amsterdam University Press},
  doi = {10.1515/9789048519590-035},
  isbn = {978-90-485-1959-0},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{MoodyEtAl2021,
  title = {Digital Chronological Data Reuse in Archaeology: {{Three}} Case Studies with Varying Purposes and Perspectives},
  shorttitle = {Digital Chronological Data Reuse in Archaeology},
  author = {Moody, Bryony and Dye, Tom and May, Keith and Wright, Holly and Buck, Caitlin},
  date = {2021-12-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports},
  volume = {40},
  pages = {103188},
  issn = {2352-409X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103188},
  abstract = {A wealth of digital data are produced during an archaeological excavation and because so much of the fieldwork is unrepeatable, once the site is fully excavated, the digital records must be archived in a manner that best facilitates reuse. This paper presents three case studies of users wishing to reuse digital archaeological data from online repositories, with a specific focus on absolute and relative dating evidence. We discuss the problems encountered and how they reflect the wider issues of the reuse of digital archaeological data. Additionally, we provide recommendations specific to chronological data that seek to address the problems.}
}

@book{Thomsen1836,
  title = {Ledetrad Til {{Nordiske Oldkindighed}}},
  author = {Thomsen, C. J.},
  date = {1836},
  location = {Copenhagen}
}

@book{Worsaae1843,
  title = {Danmarks Oldtid oplyst ved Oldsager og Gravh\o ie},
  author = {Worsaae, J. J. A.},
  date = {1843},
  publisher = {Selskabet for Trykkefrihedens rette Brug},
  location = {Copenhagen},
  abstract = {af J. J. A. Worsaae ; Tr\ae snittene udf\o rte af A. Kittendorff.},
  langid = {danish}
}

@article{Brainerd1951,
  title = {The {{Place}} of {{Chronological Ordering}} in {{Archaeological Analysis}}},
  author = {Brainerd, George W.},
  date = {1951-04},
  journaltitle = {American Antiquity},
  volume = {16},
  number = {4},
  pages = {301--313},
  issn = {0002-7316, 2325-5064},
  doi = {10.2307/276979},
  abstract = {The article which precedes this one describes a statistical technique for the chronological placement of archaeological artifact collections. The purposes of this paper are first to describe the rationale of archaeological analysis under which the data and problem as presented to Robinson were formulated, and upon which the validity of his solution therefore depends, and second to describe analytic and interpretive work which I have based upon his results.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{LevyEtAl2021,
  title = {Chronological Networks in Archaeology: {{A}} Formalised Scheme},
  shorttitle = {Chronological Networks in Archaeology},
  author = {Levy, Eythan and Geeraerts, Gilles and Pluquet, Fr\'ed\'eric and Piasetzky, Eli and Fantalkin, Alexander},
  date = {2021-03-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Archaeological Science},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Archaeological Science},
  volume = {127},
  pages = {105225},
  issn = {0305-4403},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jas.2020.105225},
  abstract = {This paper proposes a new methodology for modelling chronological data in archaeology. We introduce the concept of ``chronological network'', a flexible model for representing chronological entities, synchronisms between them, and other chronological constraints such as termini post/ante quem and duration bounds. We propose a procedure for checking the consistency of a chronological network and for refining dating estimates from the available synchronisms and constraints. We introduce ChronoLog, a chronology software application that allows users to build a chronological network interactively. The software automatically checks the consistency of the network and computes the tightest possible chronological range for each entity, within seconds. ChronoLog is freely available online at http://chrono.ulb.be.}
}

@article{Petrie1899,
  title = {Sequences in {{Prehistoric Remains}}},
  author = {Petrie, W. M. Flinders},
  date = {1899},
  journaltitle = {The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland},
  volume = {29},
  number = {3/4},
  eprint = {2843012},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {295--301},
  publisher = {{[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Wiley]}},
  issn = {0959-5295},
  doi = {10.2307/2843012}
}

@article{Robinson1951,
  title = {A {{Method}} for {{Chronologically Ordering Archaeological Deposits}}},
  author = {Robinson, W. S.},
  date = {1951-04},
  journaltitle = {American Antiquity},
  volume = {16},
  number = {4},
  pages = {293--301},
  issn = {0002-7316, 2325-5064},
  doi = {10.2307/276978},
  abstract = {The statistical technique of this paper is based upon the empirically established fact that over the course of time pottery types come into and go out of general use by a given group of people. It is further based upon the established fact that in cultures where chronology has been determined the differential use of types takes on a form illustrated in Figure 89. The data of this diagram are hypothetical, the purpose being merely to illustrate the present discussion.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Kendall1997,
  title = {A Mathematical Approach to Seriation},
  author = {Kendall, David George},
  date = {1997-01},
  journaltitle = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences},
  volume = {269},
  number = {1193},
  pages = {125--134},
  publisher = {Royal Society},
  doi = {10.1098/rsta.1970.0091},
  abstract = {We consider the problem of seriating tombs in a cemetery, using only the presence or absence (in each tomb) of objects carrying traits believed to be chronologically significant. This information can be summarized in the form of a matrix A of zeros (indicating absence) and ones (indicating presence), where each row of the matrix is associated with a tomb, and each column with a `variety'. A mathemati\-cal investigation suggests that much (perhaps all) of the information relevant to seriation is stored in the matrix product AA', and accordingly this similarity-matrix is taken as the starting-point of a multi\--dimensional scaling procedure. Experiments with artificial data arising from a linear structure show that a two-dimensional output in the form of a horse-shoe is to be expected. If we then read off the labels of the points representing the graves, starting at one `vertex' of the horseshoe and working round it till the other is reached, we obtain an estimate of the serial order (or of the serial order reversed).}
}

@book{Ford1962,
  title = {A Quantitative Method for Deriving Cultural Chronology},
  author = {Ford, James Alfred},
  date = {1962},
  series = {Manuales T\'ecnicos},
  publisher = {Pan American Union},
  location = {Washington},
  langid = {english},
  pagetotal = {118},
  annotation = {OCLC: 3555970}
}

@article{Douglass1929,
  title = {The Secret of the {{Southwest}} Solved by Talkative Tree Rings},
  author = {Douglass, Andrew Ellicott},
  date = {1929},
  journaltitle = {National Geographic},
  volume = {56},
  number = {6},
  pages = {737--770},
  publisher = {National Geographic Society},
}

@article{BuckEtAl1991,
  title = {Combining Archaeological and Radiocarbon Information: A {{Bayesian}} Approach to Calibration},
  shorttitle = {Combining Archaeological and Radiocarbon Information},
  author = {Buck, C. E. and Kenworthy, J. B. and Litton, C. D. and Smith, A. F. M.},
  date = {1991-12},
  journaltitle = {Antiquity},
  volume = {65},
  number = {249},
  pages = {808--821},
  issn = {0003-598X, 1745-1744},
  doi = {10.1017/S0003598X00080534},
  abstract = {A recent and significant improvement in radiocarbon dating has been the increased ability of the radiocarbon laboratories to provide results combining precision with accuracy. This improvement has been accompanied by increasing recognition that the information must be expressed on the calendar, rather than on the radiocarbon, time-scale. Despite the attempts of Ottaway (1987) and Pearson (1987), archaeologists are not sufficiently aware of the statistical problems involved in the transformation from one scale to the other: `Some of the trouble lies in the ignorance of radiocarbon consumers; the many attempts to educate them can have only limited success when radiocarbon study depends on statistical concepts and methods far beyond the average archaeologist's innumerate grasp' (Chippindale 1990: 203).},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Suess1967,
  title = {Bristlecone Pine Calibration of the Radiocarbon Time Scale from 4100 {{B}}.{{C}}. to 1500 {{B}}.{{C}}},
  author = {Suess, H. E.},
  date = {1967-08-15T04:00:00Z},
  url = {https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/20895312},
  urldate = {2024-12-04},
  abstract = {C. W. Ferguson, of the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, has established a bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata) tree-ring sequence going back some 6700 years. As was shown previously by several radiocarbon laboratories, the dendrochronologically determined age of wood samples and their radiocarbon ages do not agree exactly. They may show differences of the order of several hundred years. For the period between 4100 B.C. and 1500 B.C. the radiocarbon content of some 80 bristlecone pine wood samples (i.e., an average of three measurements per century) has been determined by the La Jolla Radiocarbon Laboratory with a statistical error of less than 0.5\%. If one assumes that the bristlecone pine chronology gives the correct age, then the radiocarbon content of wood samples dating from the third millenium B.C. is between 6 and 9\% higher than that calculated with a half-life of \{sup 14\}C of 5730 years. The deviation in the \{sup 14\}C content decreases for the time between 2800 and 2200 B.C. to about 2.5\%, with a maximum in the 24th century B.C. A graphic representation of the deviations and a calibration curve for the conversion of dates to bristlecone pine dates is given. Direct comparison of the radiocarbon content of historically dated samples from ancient Egypt with that of bristlecone pine wood leads to calibrated radiocarbon ages which are compatible with evidence from historical records. (author)},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Harris1979,
  title = {The Laws of Archaeological Stratigraphy},
  author = {Harris, Edward C.},
  date = {1979-06-01},
  journaltitle = {World Archaeology},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {111--117},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  issn = {0043-8243},
  doi = {10.1080/00438243.1979.9979753},
  abstract = {The science of archaeological stratigraphy is based upon a series of laws or axioms. Several of these laws are discussed in this paper and have been adapted previously from geological sources. A new law of archaeological stratigraphy, as devised in archaeology, is presented. These laws and the study of archaeological stratigraphy have been neglected in recent decades during which time archaeologists have relied almost entirely on vague notions of the law of superposition. The subject of archaeological stratigraphy should be re-examined, particularly as regards its fundamental tenets and axioms.}
}

@article{BadaHelfman1975,
  title = {Amino Acid Racemization Dating of Fossil Bones},
  author = {Bada, Jeffrey L. and Helfman, Patricia Masters},
  date = {1975-10-01},
  journaltitle = {World Archaeology},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2},
  eprint = {16470964},
  eprinttype = {pmid},
  pages = {160--173},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  issn = {0043-8243},
  doi = {10.1080/00438243.1975.9979630},
  abstract = {The development of amino acid racemization as a dating technique holds considerable promise for resolving questions of human evolution and culture histories. The advantages of this method are: fossil bone can be directly dated; only gram quantities are needed for analysis; and the range extends beyond that of radiocarbon. Amino acid racemization rates are dependent upon both time and temperature. In order to eliminate the need for evaluating the temperature history of a bone before it can be dated by racemization, a procedure has been developed wherein the in situ racemization rate is determined from the extent of racemization in a radiocarbon-dated bone. Once this `calibration' has been completed for a particular site, other bones from the area can be dated. Racemization ages deduced using this procedure are shown to be in close agreement with radiocarbon dates. The effects which other physical factors (pH, humidity, leaching) have on racemization rates are discussed. Because of the close correlation between temperatures calculated from in situ racemization rates (under diverse environmental conditions) and actual mean annual temperatures at various sites throughout the world, we conclude that factors other than temperature have very small effects on the reaction rate. The use of amino acid racemization in dating fossil man is illustrated by the racemization analyses of several North American paleo-indian skeletons, the results of which provide additional evidence that man was present in North America more than 40,000 years ago.}
}

@article{EverndenEtAl1965,
  title = {The {{Potassium-Argon Dating}} of {{Late Cenozoic Rocks}} in {{East Africa}} and {{Italy}} [and {{Comments}} and {{Reply}}]},
  author = {Evernden, J. F. and Curtis, G. H. and Bishop, William and Brace, C. Loring and Clark, J. Desmond and Damon, Paul E. and Hay, R. L. and Hopkins, D. M. and Howell, F. Clark and Knopf, Adolph and Kretzoi, Mikl\'os and Leakey, L. S. B. and Maude, Harold E. and Richards, J. R. and Savage, Donald E. and Wright, H. E.},
  date = {1965-10},
  journaltitle = {Current Anthropology},
  volume = {6},
  number = {4},
  pages = {342--385},
  publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
  issn = {0011-3204},
  doi = {10.1086/200619},
  abstract = {A technique for the potassium-argon dating of high potassium feldspars of less than 50,000 years age is described. The technique is applied to the obtaining of high precision ages in the time-range 60,000-2,000,000 years. Sufficient data are presented to show that the time-scale of Plio-Pleistocene glaciations is greater than 10 years and that the time-scale of hominoids capable of fashioning tools by the working of stone is at least 1.75 10 years. Several other points on the time-scale of human evolution are presented. The time-scale of rift faulting in Kenya is established and the ages of several Italian volcanoes are presented.}
}

@article{DanielsEtAl1953,
  title = {Thermoluminescence as a {{Research Tool}}},
  author = {Daniels, Farrington and Boyd, Charles A. and Saunders, Donald F.},
  date = {1953-04-03},
  journaltitle = {Science},
  volume = {117},
  number = {3040},
  pages = {343--349},
  publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
  doi = {10.1126/science.117.3040.343}
}

@article{Grove2011,
  title = {A {{Spatio-Temporal Kernel Method}} for {{Mapping Changes}} in {{Prehistoric Land-Use Patterns}}},
  author = {Grove, M.},
  date = {2011},
  journaltitle = {Archaeometry},
  volume = {53},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1012--1030},
  issn = {1475-4754},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1475-4754.2010.00578.x},
  abstract = {Archaeologists are accustomed to considering both the spatial distributions of sites and the temporal distributions of dates as means of analysing the dynamics of prehistoric societies. However, spatial and temporal approaches have thus far remained largely separate, rather than being combined within a single, unified framework. A formal methodology is outlined that combines univariate kernel density estimation based on radiocarbon dates with bivariate kernel density estimation based on spatial site coordinates; the approach allows archaeologists to arrive at reconstructed land-use distributions through time that not only correct for the problematic issue of site contemporaneity, but also reflect the continuous nature of the archaeological record. The model is implemented using as a data set a series of sites from the Mesolithic of Atlantic Iberia; the results demonstrate that it is capable of providing key insights into changing patterns of land use that are not apparent from either the temporal or the spatial perspective alone.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{MaromWolkowski2024,
  title = {A note on predator-prey dynamics in radiocarbon datasets},
  author = {Marom, Nimrod and Wolkowski, Uri},
  date = {2024},
  journaltitle = {Peer Community Journal},
  volume = {4},
  issn = {2804-3871},
  doi = {10.24072/pcjournal.395},
  langid = {french}
}

@article{LawrenceEtAl2020,
  title = {An Open-Source Database for the Synthesis of Soil Radiocarbon Data: {{International Soil Radiocarbon Database}} ({{ISRaD}}) Version 1.0},
  shorttitle = {An Open-Source Database for the Synthesis of Soil Radiocarbon Data},
  author = {Lawrence, Corey R. and Beem-Miller, Jeffrey and Hoyt, Alison M. and Monroe, Grey and Sierra, Carlos A. and Stoner, Shane and Heckman, Katherine and Blankinship, Joseph C. and Crow, Susan E. and McNicol, Gavin and Trumbore, Susan and Levine, Paul A. and Vindu\v skov\'a, Olga and Todd-Brown, Katherine and Rasmussen, Craig and Hicks Pries, Caitlin E. and Sch\"adel, Christina and McFarlane, Karis and Doetterl, Sebastian and Hatt\'e, Christine and He, Yujie and Treat, Claire and Harden, Jennifer W. and Torn, Margaret S. and Estop-Aragon\'es, Cristian and Asefaw Berhe, Asmeret and Keiluweit, Marco and Della Rosa Kuhnen, \'Agatha and Marin-Spiotta, Erika and Plante, Alain F. and Thompson, Aaron and Shi, Zheng and Schimel, Joshua P. and Vaughn, Lydia J. S. and family=Fromm, given=Sophie F., prefix=von, useprefix=true and Wagai, Rota},
  date = {2020-01-06},
  journaltitle = {Earth System Science Data},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {61--76},
  publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},
  issn = {1866-3508},
  doi = {10.5194/essd-12-61-2020},
  abstract = {Radiocarbon is a critical constraint on our estimates of the timescales of soil carbon cycling that can aid in identifying mechanisms of carbon stabilization and destabilization and improve the forecast of soil carbon response to management or environmental change. Despite the wealth of soil radiocarbon data that have been reported over the past 75 years, the ability to apply these data to global-scale questions is limited by our capacity to synthesize and compare measurements generated using a variety of methods. Here, we present the International Soil Radiocarbon Database (ISRaD; http://soilradiocarbon.org, last access: 16 December 2019), an open-source archive of soil data that include reported measurements from bulk soils, distinct soil carbon pools isolated in the laboratory by a variety of soil fractionation methods, samples of soil gas or water collected interstitially from within an intact soil profile, CO2 gas isolated from laboratory soil incubations, and fluxes collected in situ from a soil profile. The core of ISRaD is a relational database structured around individual datasets (entries) and organized hierarchically to report soil radiocarbon data, measured at different physical and temporal scales as well as other soil or environmental properties that may also be measured and may assist with interpretation and context. Anyone may contribute their own data to the database by entering it into the ISRaD template and subjecting it to quality assurance protocols. ISRaD can be accessed through (1) a web-based interface, (2) an R package (ISRaD), or (3) direct access to code and data through the GitHub repository, which hosts both code and data. The design of ISRaD allows for participants to become directly involved in the management, design, and application of ISRaD data. The synthesized dataset is available in two forms: the original data as reported by the authors of the datasets and an enhanced dataset that includes ancillary geospatial data calculated within the ISRaD framework. ISRaD also provides data management tools in the ISRaD-R package that provide a starting point for data analysis; as an open-source project, the broader soil community is invited and encouraged to add data, tools, and ideas for improvement. As a whole, ISRaD provides resources to aid our evaluation of soil dynamics across a range of spatial and temporal scales. The ISRaD v1.0 dataset is archived and freely available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2613911 (Lawrence et al., 2019).},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{SilvaSteele2014,
  title = {New Methods for Reconstructing Geographical Effects on Dispersal Rates and Routes from Large-Scale Radiocarbon Databases},
  author = {Silva, Fabio and Steele, James},
  date = {2014-12-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Archaeological Science},
  volume = {52},
  pages = {609--620},
  issn = {0305-4403},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jas.2014.04.021},
  abstract = {We introduce a methodology for reconstructing geographical effects on dispersal and diffusion patterns, using georeferenced archaeological radiocarbon databases. Fast Marching methods for modelling front propagation enable geographical scenarios to be explored regarding barriers, corridors, and favoured and unfavoured habitat types. The use of genetic algorithms as optimal search tools also enables the derivation of new geographical scenarios, and is especially useful in high-dimensional parameter spaces that cannot be characterized exhaustively due to computer runtime constraints. Model selection is guided by goodness-of-fit statistics for observed and predicted radiocarbon dates. We also introduce an important additional model output, namely, modelled phylogenies of the dispersing population or diffusing cultural entity, based on branching networks of shortest or 'least cost' paths. These 'dispersal trees' can be used as an additional tool to evaluate dispersal scenarios, based on their degree of congruence with phylogenies of the dispersing population reconstructed independently from other kinds of information. We illustrate our approach with a case study, the spread of the Neolithic transition in Europe, using a database from the literature (Pinhasi, Fort and Amerman 2005). Our methods find support for a geographical model in which dispersal is limited by an altitudinal cut-off and in which there is a climate-related latitudinal gradient in rate of spread. This model leads to a deceleration in front propagation rate with geodesic distance, which is also consistent with models of the propagation of the Neolithic transition under space competition with pre-existing populations of hunter-gatherers. Our genetic algorithms meanwhile searched the parameter space and found support for an alternative model involving fast spread along the northern Mediterranean coast and the Danube/Rhine riverine corridor. Both these models outperformed the geography-free Great Circle distance model, and both also outperformed another, almost geography-free, model that constrains dispersal to land to and near-offshore coastal waters. The adjusted coefficient of determination for modelled and observed radiocarbon dates for first arrival supports the GA-derived model; the shortest path network analysis, however, gives greater support to the model with altitudinal cut-off and latitudinal gradient in dispersal rate, since it produces branching 'dispersal trees' that are more congruent with these archaeological sites' clade memberships (as defined by archaeological material culture).}
}

@article{HannahEtAl2022,
  title = {Project {{Radiocarbon}}},
  author = {Hannah, Emma and Carlin, Neil and Griffiths, Seren and Gaydarska, Bisserka and Swan, R\'on\'an and Corns, Anthony},
  date = {2022},
  journaltitle = {Archaeology Ireland},
  volume = {36},
  number = {3},
  eprint = {27198744},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {14--17},
  publisher = {Wordwell Ltd.},
  issn = {0790-892X},
  url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/27198744},
  urldate = {2024-12-04}
}